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Lecture 2 - Euclidean and Extended Euclidean Algorithm

The document outlines Lecture 2 of a course on Cryptography and Network Security, focusing on integer arithmetic, binary operations, and the extended Euclidean algorithm. It discusses concepts such as integer division, divisibility, and the importance of positive remainders in division. Additionally, it includes an assignment for students to investigate WhatsApp's encryption and security features, as well as their internet banking systems.

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R. RAMAN
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10 views25 pages

Lecture 2 - Euclidean and Extended Euclidean Algorithm

The document outlines Lecture 2 of a course on Cryptography and Network Security, focusing on integer arithmetic, binary operations, and the extended Euclidean algorithm. It discusses concepts such as integer division, divisibility, and the importance of positive remainders in division. Additionally, it includes an assignment for students to investigate WhatsApp's encryption and security features, as well as their internet banking systems.

Uploaded by

R. RAMAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Cryptography and Network Security

Branch: B.Tech
Lecture – 2: Euclidean and Extended Euclidean Algorithms

Department of Computer Science and Engineering


Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj-211004
Integer Arithmetic

• In integer arithmetic, we use a set and a few operations.


• Reviewed here to create a background for modular arithmetic.
• The set of integers, denoted by Z, contains all integral numbers (with
no fraction) from negative infinity to positive infinity
Binary Operations
• In cryptography, we are interested in three binary operations applied
to the set of integers.
• A binary operation takes two inputs and creates one output.
Example #1
Integer Division
• In integer arithmetic, if we divide a by n, we can get q and r.
• The relationship between these four integers can be shown as

Example #2
Integer Division
Integer Division
• When we use a computer or a calculator, r and q are negative
when a is negative.
• How can we apply the restriction that r needs to be positive?
• The solution is simple, we decrement the value of q by 1 and
we add the value of n to r to make it positive.
Integer Division
• Graph of division algorithm
Divisibility
• If a is not zero and we let r = 0 in the division relation, we get

• If the remainder is zero, n | a


• If the remainder is not zero, n | a
Example #3
Divisibility
• Properties
Divisibility
Divisibility
Divisibility

Example #4
Divisibility
Divisibility

Example #5
Divisibility
Class Exercise #1
Divisibility
• Extended Euclidean Algorithm

Given two integers a and b, we often need to find other two


integers, s and t, such that

The extended Euclidean algorithm can calculate the gcd (a, b)


and at the same time calculate the value of s and t.
Divisibility
Divisibility
• It is left Intentionally blank
Divisibility
Divisibility
Divisibility
Divisibility
Assignment #1

• Explore and Investigate the following and submit a report by clearly


mentioned your name and registration number in MS Word
• WhatsApp End to End Encryption Algorithm
• Security and Privacy Features in WhatsApp
• Internet Banking of your respective accounts

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