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The document contains comprehensive notes on C programming for 12th class students, covering key concepts such as syntax errors, data types, control structures, functions, and arrays. It includes definitions, examples, and explanations of various programming elements, making it a useful resource for learning C programming. Additionally, it outlines the historical background of the C language and provides insights into programming languages and software development.

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17 views16 pages

Untitled Document

The document contains comprehensive notes on C programming for 12th class students, covering key concepts such as syntax errors, data types, control structures, functions, and arrays. It includes definitions, examples, and explanations of various programming elements, making it a useful resource for learning C programming. Additionally, it outlines the historical background of the C language and provides insights into programming languages and software development.

Uploaded by

njv01012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Science Notes PDF 12th Class:

C Programming Theory – Short Questions and Answers


1. Define Syntax Error with Any Two Examples:

A syntax error occurs when the code violates the grammar


rules of the C language.​
Examples:

●​ int 2num = 5; // Invalid variable name​

●​ printf("Hello") // Missing semicolon​

2. Why is C Called a Case-Sensitive Language? Give One Example:

C treats uppercase and lowercase letters as different.​


Example: int NUM; and int num; are two distinct
variables.

3. Basic Structure of a C Program:


c
CopyEdit
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
// Code
return 0;
}

4. Define #include or #define:

●​ #include: Includes header files. Example: #include


<stdio.h>​

●​ #define: Defines constants. Example: #define PI


3.14​

5. What is IDE (Integrated Development Environment)?

An IDE is a software application that provides comprehensive


facilities to programmers for software development. Example:
Code::Blocks, Dev-C++.

6. Rules to Declare Identifiers:

●​ Must begin with a letter or underscore​

●​ Cannot be a keyword​
●​ No special characters or spaces​

●​ Case-sensitive​

●​ Can include letters, digits, and underscores​

7. Five Escape Sequences in C:

●​ \n – New Line​

●​ \t – Tab​

●​ \\ – Backslash​

●​ \" – Double Quote​

●​ \a – Alert (Beep)​

8. Five Format Specifiers/Conversions:

●​ %d – Integer​

●​ %f – Float​
●​ %c – Character​

●​ %s – String​

●​ %lf – Double​

9. Operator Precedence in C:

1.​Parentheses ()​

2.​Unary ++, --, !​

3.​Multiplicative *, /, %​

4.​Additive +, -​

5.​Relational <, >, <=, >=​

6.​Equality ==, !=​

7.​Logical &&, ||​

8.​Assignment =, +=, -=​


9.​Comma ,​

10. Four Standard Library Functions:

●​ printf()​

●​ scanf()​

●​ strlen()​

●​ sqrt()​

11. What is Address of Operator (&)?

Used to get the memory address of a variable.​


Example:

c
CopyEdit
int a = 5;
printf("%p", &a);

12. Unconditional Control Transfer (goto):


Transfers control to a labeled statement.​
Example:

c
CopyEdit
goto label;
// ...
label:
printf("Jumped here");

13. if-else Conditional Control Structure:

Used for decision-making.​


Example:

c
CopyEdit
if (x > 0)
printf("Positive");
else
printf("Negative");

14. What is a Function? Three Uses:

A block of code that performs a task.​


Uses:
●​ Code reuse​

●​ Modularity​

●​ Simplifies debugging​

15. Function Prototype/Declaration:

Declares the function before its use.​


Example: int add(int, int);

16. What is an Array? How is it Declared?

An array is a collection of variables of the same type.​


Example: int numbers[5];

17. What is a String? Examples:

A string is a sequence of characters ending with a null


character \0.​
Examples: "Hello", "C Programming"

18. Advantages of Array:


●​ Stores multiple values​

●​ Saves memory​

●​ Easy data access​

●​ Efficient searching/sorting​

●​ Reduces code redundancy​

19. What is a Computer Language?

A language used to instruct computers.​


Examples: C, Java, Python

20. Types of Computer Languages:

●​ Machine Language​

●​ Assembly Language​

●​ High-Level Language​

21. Types of Programming Languages by Structure:


●​ Procedural (C)​

●​ Object-Oriented (C++, Java)​

●​ Functional (Haskell)​

●​ Logic-based (Prolog)​

22. What is a Computer Program? Example:

A set of instructions for a computer.​


Example: printf("Hello");

23. Define Software:

Software is a set of instructions that direct a computer to


perform specific tasks.

24. Historical Background of C Language:

Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It evolved


from the B language.

25. Writing Algorithm Using Pseudocode:


Example: Add Two Numbers

mathematica
CopyEdit
Start
Input a, b
Sum = a + b
Print Sum
End

26. Purpose and Symbols of Flowchart:

Flowcharts visually represent an algorithm.​


Symbols:

●​ Start/End – Oval​

●​ Process – Rectangle​

●​ Decision – Diamond​

●​ Input/Output – Parallelogram​

27. What is a Variable? Rules to Define:


A variable is a named memory location.​
Rules: Start with a letter, no spaces, no special characters,
not a keyword.

28. What is a Constant?

A constant is a fixed value that doesn’t change during


execution. Used to avoid magic numbers.

29. What is a Header File?

Contains predefined functions.​


Example: #include <math.h>

30. What is a C Statement?

A command in a C program.​
Example: x = x + 1;

31. Purpose of Keywords in C:

Reserved words used for specific purposes.​


Examples: int, return, if

32. Preprocessor Directive with Example:


Instructions to the compiler.​
Example: #define MAX 100

33. What are Identifiers? Example:

Names used to identify variables, functions, etc.​


Example: main, sum

34. Input Statement Example:


c
CopyEdit
scanf("%d", &num);

35. Output Statement Example:


c
CopyEdit
printf("Result: %d", num);

36. What is a Format Specifier?

Indicates data type during input/output.​


Examples: %d, %f, %c, %s
37. Address Operator Code Example:
c
CopyEdit
int a = 10;
printf("%p", &a);

38. Methods to Write Comments in C:

●​ Single-line: // comment​

●​ Multi-line: /* comment */​

39. Define and Explain Escape Sequences:

Special characters with \\ used for formatting output.​


Examples: \n, \t, \\, \"

40. Define Data Type. Types in C:

Specifies the type of data.​


Types: int, float, char, double

41. What is an Operator? Types in C:


Performs actions on variables.​
Types: Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment, Bitwise

42. Control Structures Used in C:

●​ Sequence​

●​ Selection (if, switch)​

●​ Iteration (for, while, do-while)​

●​ Jump (break, continue, goto)​

43. Iteration or Repetition Control Structure:

Repeats a block of code.​


Examples: for, while, do-while

44. Types of I/O Functions in C:

Input: scanf(), getchar()​


Output: printf(), putchar()

45. Define Function and Its Types:


A function is a block of reusable code.​
Types:

●​ Library Functions​

●​ User-Defined Functions​

●​ Recursive Functions​

46. Programmer/User-Defined Functions Example:


c
CopyEdit
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

47. Advantages of User-Defined Functions:

●​ Reusability​

●​ Modularity​

●​ Easy debugging​
●​ Improved readability​

●​ Code reduction​

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