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Problem-Solving Notes

The document outlines the objectives and steps involved in problem-solving, including defining a problem, proposing and evaluating solutions, and developing algorithms. It explains the components of a problem, such as input, process, storage, and output, and introduces the concepts of variables and constants in programming. Additionally, it describes algorithms' characteristics and methods of representation, including pseudocode and flowcharts.

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8 views2 pages

Problem-Solving Notes

The document outlines the objectives and steps involved in problem-solving, including defining a problem, proposing and evaluating solutions, and developing algorithms. It explains the components of a problem, such as input, process, storage, and output, and introduces the concepts of variables and constants in programming. Additionally, it describes algorithms' characteristics and methods of representation, including pseudocode and flowcharts.

Uploaded by

suwayne.84
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem-Solving

Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:
1. Define a problem clearly.
2. Propose and evaluate multiple solutions.
3. Determine the most efficient/best solution.
4. Develop and represent an algorithm for the chosen solution.

Problem-solving process:

Problem-Solving The process of working through details of a problem to reach a solution


- Problem Definition: Clearly stating what the problem is.
- Propose Solutions: Coming up with different ways to solve the problem.
- Evaluate Solutions: Weighing the benefits and drawbacks of each proposed solution.
- Develop Algorithms: Develop and represent an algorithm for the chosen solution.
- Test and validate the solution

Breaking a Problem Into its Parts


- Input: The information or materials needed to start the process.
- Process: The steps taken to convert the input into output.
- Storage: Where information or materials are kept during the process.
- Output: The final result or product of the process.

Discussion: How do we make a sandwich? what steps are involved in making a sandwich?
- Input: Bread, lettuce, tomato, etc.
- Process: Layering the ingredients.
- Output: The completed sandwich.
- Storage: Keeping the sandwich in a container.

What are variables and constants


Variable: An area of storage whose value can change during processing.
- Constant: A value that never changes.
- Examples: Provide programming examples, such as:
- Variable: `score = 0` (the score can change)
- Constant: `PI = 3.14` (the value of PI never changes)

-Integer: A whole number (e.g., -1, 0, 5).


- Floating-point (decimal): A number that can have a decimal point (e.g., 3.14, 0.5).
- Character: A single letter, number, or symbol (e.g., 'A', '1', '$').
-String: A series of Characters
- Literal: A fixed value that is directly used in the code (e.g., 10, 3.14, 'B').
Algorithms

An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem in a finite/limited amount of steps.

Characteristics of an Algorithms
- Finite Number of Steps: Algorithms must have a clear beginning and end.
- Precise: Each step must be clearly defined and unambiguous.
- Flow of Control: There should be a logical sequence that connects each step.
Problem-Solving

- Terminate: An algorithm must eventually come to an end after completing its steps.

Ways of Representing an Algorithm


(1) Pseudocode: Are English-like statements used to represent an algorithm.
(2) Flowchart: A graphical representation of an algorithm.
Example(Pseudocode)
START
READ NUM1,NUM2INPUT STATEMENT
SUM= NUM1+NUM2Assignment Statement
DISPLAY SUM  OUTPUT Statement
STOP

Pseudocode key terms/ Commands


- Read/Input: To get user input.
- Store: To save values.
- Write/Output/Display: To show results.
- If-then/If-then-else/NESTEDIF: For conditional statements.
- For loop/While loop: For repeating actions.
-CASES: For different alternatives.
N.B Pseudocode uses both Arithmetic, Relational(<,>,=), Logical Operators (AND,OR,NOT)

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS Example(Flowchart)

START/END
START

Process

READ num1
Decision TRUE READ num2

Sum=num1+num2
NO

Flow
PRINT SUM
Lines

STOP

INPUT/OUTPUT

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