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Lecture 2

The per unit system expresses electrical quantities like voltage and current as a fraction of base values, simplifying analysis in power systems. Advantages include consistency across varying equipment ratings, independence from transformer side connections, and applicability to both single and three-phase systems. Using per unit values streamlines computations and error detection in power system analysis.

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13 views3 pages

Lecture 2

The per unit system expresses electrical quantities like voltage and current as a fraction of base values, simplifying analysis in power systems. Advantages include consistency across varying equipment ratings, independence from transformer side connections, and applicability to both single and three-phase systems. Using per unit values streamlines computations and error detection in power system analysis.

Uploaded by

Nur Mohammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

• Per Unit system

➢ It is usual to express voltage, current, voltamperes and impedance of an electrical circuit in per unit (or percentage) of base or reference values
of these quantities. The per unit value of any quantity is defined as:

𝑷𝒉𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑸𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 =
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒚

• Advantages of per unit system:


• Following are the advantage of working with pu values to analyze power systems:

Per unit values of equipment (generators, transformers, etc.) that have widely varying ratings normally fall within a narrow range while their
actual ohmic values differ from equipment to equipment having different ratings. Therefore, pu values can also be selected, when ohmic
values of impedances are not available, from tables which provide average values of various categories of equipment. Also, since the range of
pu values of different categories of equipment is known, it is easier to detect errors in data or computation.

Per unit values of quantities, when the base values are appropriately selected, are independent of the side of the transformer to which they
are connected. On the other hand, ohmic values have to be referred to one side of the transformer.

Per unit values are independent of the type of the power system, that is, whether the power system is single phase or three phase. Although
the voltage bases on the two sides of a transformer in a three-phase circuit must have a definite relationship, the pu values of impedances are
independent of the way in which transformers are connected.

The equipment, supplied by manufacturers, provides the equipment parameters in pu on the name plate rating.

Analyses of power systems are simplified considerably by using pu values.


• Per unit voltage:

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