57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport

November 4, 2013

NAME
Fluids-ID

Quiz 10. An oil film drains steadily down the side of a vertical wall, as shown
on the Figure. After an initial development at the top of the wall, the film
becomes independent of 𝑧𝑧 and of constant thickness (𝛿𝛿). Assume that 𝑤𝑤 =
𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥), pressure gradient is negligible, and shear stress (𝜏𝜏) at the free surface
is zero.

A. Solve Navier-Stokes for 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥).

B. If the oil is SAE 30W (𝜌𝜌 = 891 kg/m3 and 𝜇𝜇 = 0.29 kg/m⋅s), 𝛿𝛿 = 2 mm,
and the plate width (into the paper) 𝑊𝑊=1 m and height 𝐻𝐻=2 m, find
(a) the maximum velocity 𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , (b) flow rate 𝑄𝑄, (c) average velocity
�, (d) shear stress on the wall 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 , and (e) the friction drag force act-
𝑤𝑤
ing on the plate 𝐷𝐷.

Continuity: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

+ + =0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Momentum: 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌 � + 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 �=− − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + + �
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 𝜕𝜕𝑧𝑧 2
Flow rate:
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑉𝑉 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐴𝐴

Average velocity: � = 𝑄𝑄 ⁄𝐴𝐴

𝑤𝑤
Shear stress: 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜏𝜏 = 𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Friction drag: 𝐷𝐷 = 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 ⋅ 𝑆𝑆, where 𝑆𝑆 = wetted area
Note: Attendance (+2 points), format (+1 point)
Part A:

The assumption of parallel flow, 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑣𝑣 = 0 and 𝑤𝑤 = 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥), satisfies continuity and makes the x and z
momentum equations irrelevant. We are left with the z momentum equation

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕 2 𝑤𝑤
𝜌𝜌 �0 + 0 × +0× + 𝑤𝑤 × 0� = −(0) − 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 + 𝜇𝜇 � 2 + 0 + 0�
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥

There no convective acceleration and the pressure gradient is negligible due to the free surface. We are
left with a second order linear differential equation for 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥)

𝑑𝑑2 𝑤𝑤 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
=
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝜇𝜇
 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport
November 4, 2013

Integrating

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜇𝜇
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2
𝑤𝑤 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝐶𝐶2
2𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
At the free surface, 𝜏𝜏(𝛿𝛿) = 𝜇𝜇 = 0, or � = 0, hence 𝐶𝐶1 = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌⁄𝜇𝜇
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=𝛿𝛿

At the wall, 𝑤𝑤(0) = 0 = 𝐶𝐶2

Therefore

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌

𝑤𝑤 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 = (𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿) (+4.5 points)
2𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇 2𝜇𝜇

Part B:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
(a) Maximum velocity is where = (2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝛿𝛿) = 0 or 𝑥𝑥 = 𝛿𝛿, thus
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝜇𝜇

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝛿𝛿 2 (891)(9.81)(0.002)2
𝑤𝑤𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑤𝑤(𝛿𝛿) = − 2𝜇𝜇
=− (2)(0.29)
= −0.06 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 (+0.5 point)

(b) Flow rate is

𝛿𝛿 𝛿𝛿
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑥𝑥 3 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝛿𝛿 3 𝑊𝑊
𝑄𝑄 = � 𝑤𝑤(𝑥𝑥) ⋅ (−𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊) = −𝑊𝑊 ⋅ � � − 𝛿𝛿𝑥𝑥 2 �� =
0 2𝜇𝜇 3 0
3𝜇𝜇

(891)(9.81)(0.002)3 (1)
∴ 𝑄𝑄 = (3)(0.29)
= 8.04 × 10−5 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑠𝑠 (+0.5 point)

(c) Average velocity is

𝑄𝑄 𝑄𝑄 8.04×10−5
𝑤𝑤
�= = = (1)(0.002)
= 0.04 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 (+0.5 point)
𝐴𝐴 𝑊𝑊⋅𝛿𝛿

(d) Wall shear stress is

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 = 𝜇𝜇 � = 𝜇𝜇 ⋅ (2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝛿𝛿)� = −𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = −(891)(9.81)(0.002) = −17.48 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=0 2𝜇𝜇
𝑥𝑥=0

(+0.5 point)

(e) Friction drag is

𝐷𝐷 = 𝜏𝜏𝑤𝑤 ⋅ 𝑆𝑆 = 𝜏𝜏 ⋅ (𝑊𝑊 ⋅ 𝐻𝐻) = (−17.48)(1)(2) = −35 𝑁𝑁 (+0.5 point)

 ENG:2510 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport
November 11, 2015

NAME
Fluids-ID
Quiz 11. The drag, D, on a sphere moving in a fluid can be expressed as D =
f(d,V,ρ,µ) where d is the spear diameter, V is the sphere velocity, ρ and µ are
respectively the density and viscosity of the fluid. (a) Develop a suitable set of
pi terms by using the d, V, and ρ as the repeating variables. (b) Drag D = 10 N
for a sphere, with a diameter d = 5 cm, moving at V = 4 m/s in water. For a
balloon with d = 1 m diameter rising in air, determine the velocity V and the
drag D, if the pi terms in (a) are same for both the sphere and the balloon.
(For water, ρ = 999 kg/m3 and µ = 1.12 × 10-3 N⋅s/m2; For air, ρ = 1.23 kg/m3
and µ = 1.79 × 10-5 N⋅s/m2)

Note: Attendance (+2 points), format (+1 point)

Solution:

(a) From the pi theorem, 5 -3 = 2 pi terms required.

Π" = 𝜇 ⋅ 𝜌 ' ⋅ 𝑉 ) ⋅ 𝑑 +
𝑀𝐿." 𝑇 ." 𝑀𝐿.0 '
𝐿𝑇 ." ) 𝐿 +
= 𝑀 1 𝐿1 𝑇 1
𝜇
∴ Π" = (+2 points)
𝜌𝑉𝑑

Π3 = 𝐷 ⋅ 𝜌 ' ⋅ 𝑉 ) ⋅ 𝑑 +
𝑀𝐿𝑇 .3 𝑀𝐿.0 '
𝐿𝑇 ." )
𝐿 +
= 𝑀 1 𝐿1 𝑇 1
𝐷
∴ Π3 = (+2 points)
𝜌𝑉 3 𝑑 3

(b) Let S: sphere and B: balloon

For Π" ,

𝜇 𝜇
=
𝜌𝑉𝑑 5
𝜌𝑉𝑑 6

𝜌5 𝜇6 𝑑5
𝑉6 = 𝑉 (+1 points)
𝜌6 𝜇5 𝑑6 5
999 kg m0 1.79×10.B N ⋅ s m3 0.05 m m m
= 4 = 2.6 (+0.5 points)
1.23 kg m0 1.12×10.0 N ⋅ s m3 1m s s

For Π3 ,
 ENG:2510 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport
November 11, 2015

𝐷 𝐷
=
𝜌𝑉 3 𝑑 3 5
𝜌𝑉 3 𝑑 3 6
3 3
𝜌6 𝑉6 𝑑6
𝐷6 = 𝐷5 (+1 points)
𝜌5 𝑉5 𝑑5
3 3
1.23 kg m0 2.6 m s 1m
= 10 N = 2.1 N (+0.5 points)
999 kg m0 4 m s 0.05 m
P2. Water (γ = 62.4 lb/m3 and ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3) flows steadily in a pipe and exits to the
atmosphere as a free jet through a nozzle-end that contains a filter as shown in Fig. 1. If the
head loss ℎ! for the flow through the nozzle-end is 2.5 ft, determine (a) the pressure at the
flange section and (b) the axial component Ry of the anchoring force needed to keep the
nozzle stationary. The flow is in a horizontal plane such that the sections (1) and (2) are at
the same elevation in the vertical plane and the weight of the nozzle and the water in it does
not contribute to the anchoring force.

(a) Energy equation

𝐴! 0.12
𝑉! = 𝑉! = 10 = 12 ft s +𝟏
𝐴! 0.1

𝑝! 𝑉!! 𝑉!!
+ = + ℎ!
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉!! − 𝑉!! 12! − 10!

𝑝! = 𝛾 + ℎ! = 62.4 + 2.5 = 𝟏𝟗𝟖. 𝟔 𝐥𝐛 𝐟𝐭 𝟐 + 𝟐
2𝑔 2×32.2

(b) 𝑦-momentum equation

−𝑅! + 𝑝! 𝐴! = 𝜌𝐴! 𝑉! 𝑉! sin 30∘ − 𝜌𝐴! 𝑉! 𝑉! +𝟔

𝑅! = 𝑝! 𝐴! − 𝜌𝐴! 𝑉!! sin 30∘ + 𝜌𝐴! 𝑉!!

!
= 198.6 0.12 − 1.94 0.1 12 sin 30∘ + 1.94 0.12 10 !

∴ 𝑅! = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 𝐍 +𝟏
 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport
November 7, 2014

NAME
Fluids-ID

Quiz 9. The exit plane of a 0.20 m diameter pipe is partially blocked by a plate with a hole in it that pro-
duces a 0.10 m diameter stream as shown in the figure. The water velocity in the pipe is 5 m/s.
Gravity and viscous effects are negligible. Determine (a) the pressure at inlet by using Bernoulli’s
equation and the conservation of mass, (b) the force needed to hold the plate against the pipe.
Hint:
1) Gravity is negligible. Momentum equation:
2) Flow is incompressible, steady flow.
3) Density of water, 𝜌𝜌 = 998 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚3 𝜕𝜕
∑𝑭𝑭 = � 𝑽𝑽𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 + � 𝑽𝑽𝜌𝜌𝑽𝑽 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑨𝑨
4) Pressure at (2), 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Bernoulli’s equation:

1 1
𝑝𝑝1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑝𝑝2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧2
2 2

(1) (2)

Note: Attendance (+2 points), format (+1 point)

Solution:

By use of conservation of mass

𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2

Thus,

𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴1 (0.2𝑚𝑚)2
𝑉𝑉2 = 4
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝜋𝜋 × (5 m/s) = 20 m/s
𝐴𝐴2 (0.1𝑚𝑚)2
4
(+1 point)

Assuming z1=z2 and p2=0, Bernoulli’s equation reduces to

1
𝑝𝑝1 = 𝜌𝜌(𝑉𝑉22 − 𝑉𝑉12 )
2
(+2 points)
1 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 2 𝑚𝑚 2
𝑝𝑝1 = �998 3 � ��20 � − �5 � � = 187 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
2 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
(+0.5 point)
 57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport
November 7, 2014

Linear momentum equation

∑𝐹𝐹 = 𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 − 𝑉𝑉1 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1

Since 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑚𝑚̇ = 157 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝐹 = 𝑝𝑝1 𝐴𝐴1 − 𝑚𝑚̇(𝑉𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑉1 )
(+3 points)
Thus,
𝜋𝜋 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = (187 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) � (0.2𝑚𝑚)2 � − �157 � ��20 � − �5 �� = 3520 𝑁𝑁
4 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠
(+0.5 points)