lab examples with full code that cover various concepts related to pointers, including the

address operator, pointer operator, expressions, arithmetic, strings, and arrays. These
examples can be implemented using Dev C++:

1. Swap two numbers using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

void swap(int a, int b) { int temp = *a; *a = *b; *b = temp; }

int main() { int x = 5, y = 10; cout << "Before swapping: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl;
swap(&x, &y); cout << "After swapping: x = " << x << ", y = " << y << endl; return 0; } ```

2. Access array elements using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int* ptr = arr; cout << "Array elements: "; for (int i =
0; i < 5; i++) { cout << *(ptr + i) << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ```

3. Find the length of a string using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

int stringLength(const char* str) { int length = 0; while (*str) { length++; str++; } return
length; }

int main() { const char* str = "Hello, World!"; cout << "Length of the string: " <<
stringLength(str) << endl; return 0; } ```

4. Concatenate two strings using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

void stringConcatenate(char str1, const char str2) { while (*str1) { str1++; } while (*str2)
{ *str1 = *str2; str1++; str2++; } *str1 = '\0'; }
int main() { char str1[50] = "Hello"; const char* str2 = ", World!"; cout << "Before
concatenation: " << str1 << endl; stringConcatenate(str1, str2); cout << "After concatenation:
" << str1 << endl; return 0; } ```

5. Access array elements using pointer arithmetic: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int* ptr = arr; cout << "Array elements: "; for (int i =
0; i < 5; i++) { cout << *(ptr++) << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ```

6. Find the sum of elements in an array using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace
std;

int arraySum(int* arr, int size) { int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { sum += *(arr +
i); } return sum; }

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); int sum =
arraySum(arr, size); cout << "Sum of array elements: " << sum << endl; return 0; } ```

7. Reverse an array using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

void reverseArray(int* arr, int size) { int* start = arr; int* end = arr + size - 1; while (start <
end) { int temp = *start; *start = *end; *end = temp; start++; end--; } }

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); cout << "Before
reversing: "; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { cout << arr[i] << " "; } cout << endl;
reverseArray(arr, size); cout << "After reversing: "; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { cout <<
arr[i] << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ```
 8. Access array elements using pointer expressions: ```cpp #include using namespace
std;

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int* ptr = arr; cout << "Array elements: "; for (int i =
0; i < 5; i++) { cout << ptr[i] << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ```

9. Increment array elements using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

void incrementArray(int* arr, int size) { for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { (*arr)++; arr++; } }

int main() { int arr[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }; int size = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); cout << "Before
increment: "; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { cout << arr[i] << " "; } cout << endl;
incrementArray(arr, size); cout << "After increment: "; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { cout <<
arr[i] << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ```

10. Access 2D array elements using pointers: ```cpp #include using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[3][3] = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} }; int* ptr = *arr; cout << "2D
Array elements: "; for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) { cout << *(ptr + i) << " "; } cout << endl; return
0; } ```

0; } ```
Second lab examples covering various concepts related to pointers in C++:

Example 1: Address Operator ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int num = 10; int* ptr = &num; // pointer variable storing the address of num

// Printing the address of num

cout << "Address of num: " << ptr << endl;

// Printing the value stored at the address pointed by ptr cout << "Value at the address pointed
by ptr: " << *ptr << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 2: Pointer Operator ```cpp

include
using namespace std;

int main() { int num = 10; int* ptr; // pointer variable

ptr = &num; // assigning the address of num to ptr

// Printing the value stored at the address pointed by ptr cout << "Value at the address pointed
by ptr: " << *ptr << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 3: Expression ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int num1 = 10; int num2 = 5; int* ptr = &num1; // pointer variable storing the
address of num1

// Adding the value of num2 to the value pointed by ptr

*ptr += num2;

// Printing the updated value cout << "Updated value at the address pointed by ptr: " << *ptr
<< endl;

return 0;

} ```
Example 4: Arithmetic ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int num = 10; int* ptr = &num; // pointer variable storing the address of num

// Incrementing the value pointed by ptr

(*ptr)++;

// Printing the updated value cout << "Updated value at the address pointed by ptr: " << *ptr
<< endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 5: Strings ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { char str[] = "Hello, World!"; char* ptr = str; // pointer variable pointing to the
first character of str
// Printing individual characters of the string using pointer arithmetic

while (*ptr != '\0') {

cout << *ptr;

ptr++;

return 0;

} ```

Example 6: Arrays ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; int* ptr = arr; // pointer variable pointing to the
first element of arr

// Accessing array elements using pointer arithmetic

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

cout << "Value at index " << i << ": " << *(ptr + i) << endl;

return 0;

} ```
Example 7: Pointer to Pointer ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int num = 10; int* ptr = &num; // pointer variable storing the address of num int
ptrToPtr = &ptr; // pointer to pointer variable storing the address of ptr

// Printing the value stored at the address pointed by ptrToPtr

cout << "Value at the address pointed by ptrToPtr: " << **ptrToPtr << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 8: Dynamic Memory Allocation ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int* ptr = new int; // dynamically allocating memory for an integer

*ptr = 10; // storing a value in the dynamically allocated memory

// Printing the value stored in the dynamically allocated memory cout << "Value in the
dynamically allocated memory: " << *ptr << endl;
delete ptr; // freeing the dynamically allocated memory

return 0;

} ```

Example 9: Pointers and Functions ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

void square(int* num) { num = (*num) (*num); // squaring the value pointed by num }

int main() { int num = 5;

// Passing the address of num to the square function

square(&num);

// Printing the updated value of num cout << "Updated value of num: " << num << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 10: Pointers and Arrays as Function Arguments ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

// Passing the array and its size to the printArray function

printArray(arr, sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]));

return 0;

Example 1: Address Operator ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int num = 10; int* ptr = &num; // pointer variable storing the address of num

// Printing the address of num

cout << "Address of num: " << ptr << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 2: Pointer Arithmetic ```cpp

include

using namespace std;

int main() { int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; int* ptr = arr; // pointer variable pointing to the
first element of arr

// Accessing array elements using pointer arithmetic

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

cout << "Value at index " << i << ": " << *(ptr + i) << endl;

return 0;

} ```

Example 3: String and Arrays ```cpp

include
using namespace std;

int main() { char str[] = "Hello, World!"; char* ptr = str; // pointer variable pointing to the
first character of str

// Printing individual characters of the string using pointer arithmetic

while (*ptr != '\0') {

cout << *ptr;

ptr++;

return 0;