Python functions and methods
1. String Methods
s = "hello world"
• print(s.upper()) # HELLO WORLD
• print(s.lower()) # hello world
• print(s.title()) # Hello World
• print(s.capitalize()) # Hello world
• print(s.strip()) # Removes spaces from start and end
• print(s.replace("world", "Python")) # hello Python
• print(s.split()) # ['hello', 'world']
• print(s.find("o")) # 4 (Index of first 'o')
• print(s.count("o")) # 2
• print(s.startswith("he")) # True
• print(s.endswith("ld")) # True
• print(max(s)) # w (Highest ASCII)
• print(min(s)) # (Space has lowest ASCII)
• print(len(s)) # 11 (Total characters)
2. List Methods
lst = [3, 1, 4, 2]
• lst.append(6)
• print(lst) # [3, 1, 4, 2, 6]
• lst.insert(2, 10)
• print(lst) # [3, 1, 10, 4, 2, 6]
• lst.remove(3)
• print(lst) # [1, 10, 4, 2, 6]
• print(lst.pop()) # 6 (Removes last element)
• print(lst.index(10)) # 1 (Index of 10)
• print(lst.count(2)) # 1 (Occurrences of 2)
• lst.sort()
• print(lst) # [1, 2, 4, 10]
• lst.reverse()
• print(lst) # [10, 4, 2, 1]
• lst.extend([7, 8])
• print(lst) # [10, 4, 2, 1, 7, 8]
• lst.clear()
• print(lst) # []
• lst = [3, 1, 4, 2] # Reset list
• print(max(lst)) #4
• print(min(lst)) #1
• print(len(lst)) #4
3. Tuple Methods
tup = (10, 5, 8, 5, 2)
• print(tup.count(5)) # 2 (Occurrences of 5)
• print(tup.index(8)) # 2 (Index of first 8)
• print(max(tup)) # 10
• print(min(tup)) #2
• print(len(tup)) #5
4. Dictionary Methods
d = {"a": 10, "b": 20, "c": 5}
• print(d.keys()) # dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c'])
• print(d.values()) # dict_values([10, 20, 5])
• print(d.items()) # dict_items([('a', 10), ('b', 20), ('c', 5)])
• print(d.get("a")) # 10
• print(d.pop("b")) # 20 (Removes 'b')
• print(d.popitem()) # ('c', 5) (Removes last item)
• print(len(d)) # 1 (Only 'a' left)
• d.update({"d": 40})
• print(d) # {'a': 10, 'd': 40}
• d.clear()
• print(d) # {}
• d = {"a": 10, "b": 20, "c": 5} # Reset dictionary
• print(max(d)) # c (Keys are compared alphabetically)
• print(min(d)) #a
• print(max(d.values())) # 20
• print(min(d.values())) # 5
5. Set Methods
s = {4, 2, 8, 1}
• s.add(6)
• print(s) # {1, 2, 4, 6, 8}
• s.remove(2)
• print(s) # {1, 4, 6, 8}
• s.discard(10) # No error if 10 is not in the set
• print(s) # {1, 4, 6, 8}
• print(s.pop()) # Removes and returns a random element
• s.clear()
• print(s) # set()
• s1 = {1, 2, 3}
• s2 = {3, 4, 5}
• print(s1.union(s2)) # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• print(s1.intersection(s2)) # {3}
• print(s1.difference(s2)) # {1, 2}
• print(s1.symmetric_difference(s2)) # {1, 2, 4, 5}
• print(max(s1)) # 3
• print(min(s1)) # 1
• print(len(s1)) # 3
Final Notes:
• Each method is in a separate line for clarity.
• Dictionaries require .values() for max() and min().
• Tuple methods are fewer since they are immutable.
• Set methods focus on unique elements and mathematical operations.
Difference Between Function and Method
• A function is independent and can be called globally.
• A method is associated with an object and is called using object.method().