Trigonometry Sheet

Author: Rishov Chakraborty

Basic Identities
• sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
• sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
• csc2 θ − cot2 θ = 1
• tan θ = sin θ
cos θ

• cot θ = cos θ
sin θ

• sec θ = 1
cos θ

• csc θ = 1
sin θ

General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations

• If sin x = 0, then x = nπ, where n ∈ Z
• If cos x = 0, then x = (2n + 1) π2 , where n ∈ Z
• If tan x = 0, then x = nπ, where n ∈ Z
• If sin x = 1, then x = 2nπ + π2 , where n ∈ Z
• If sin x = −1, then x = 2nπ − π2 , where n ∈ Z
• If cos x = 1, then x = 2nπ, where n ∈ Z
• If cos x = −1, then x = (2n + 1)π, where n ∈ Z
• If sin x = sin α, then x = nπ + (−1)n α, where n ∈ Z
√
3
– If sin x = 2 = sin π3 , then x = nπ + (−1)n π3 , where n ∈ Z
• If cos x = cos α, then x = 2nπ ± α, where n ∈ Z
√
3
– If cos x = 2 = cos π6 , then x = 2nπ ± π6 , where n ∈ Z
• If tan x = tan α, then x = nπ + α, where n ∈ Z
√
– If tan x = 3 = tan π3 , then x = nπ + π3 , where n ∈ Z

• If sin2 x = sin2 α or cos2 x = cos2 α or tan2 x = tan2 α, then x = nπ ± α,

where n ∈ Z

1
Compound Angles
• sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
• sin(A − B) = sin A cos B − cos A sin B
• cos(A + B) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B
• cos(A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

• tan(A + B) = tan A+tan B

1−tan A tan B

• tan(A − B) = tan A−tan B

1+tan A tan B

Multiple Angles
• sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 tan θ
1+tan2 θ

1−tan2 θ
• cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 2 cos2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 θ = 1+tan2 θ

• tan 2θ = 2 tan θ
1−tan2 θ

• sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ

• cos 3θ = 4 cos3 θ − 3 cos θ
3 tan θ−tan3 θ
• tan 3θ = 1−3 tan2 θ

• sin 4θ = 4 sin θ cos θ(1 − 2 sin2 θ) = 4 sin θ cos3 θ − 4 cos θ sin3 θ

• cos 4θ = 1 − 8 sin2 θ cos2 θ = 8 cos4 θ − 8 cos2 θ + 1 = 1 − 8 sin2 θ + 8 sin4 θ

4 tan θ(1−tan2 θ)
• tan 4θ = 1−6 tan2 θ+tan4 θ

Sub-Multiple Angles
q
• sin θ2 = ± 1−cos θ
2
q
• cos θ2 = ± 1+cos θ
2
q
• tan θ2 = ± 1−cos θ
1+cos θ =
sin θ
1+cos θ = 1−cos θ
sin θ

2
Transformations of Sums and Differences into Prod-
ucts
• sin C + sin D = 2 sin C+D C−D



2 cos 2

• sin C − sin D = 2 cos C+D

sin C−D



2 2

• cos C + cos D = 2 cos C+D cos C−D

2 2

• cos C − cos D = −2 sin C+D sin C−D C+D D−C

2 2 = 2 sin 2 sin 2

Transformations of Products into Sums and Dif-

ferences
• 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)
• 2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B)

• 2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)

• 2 sin A sin B = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)

Products of Sines and Cosines

• sin(A + B) sin(A − B) = sin2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − cos2 A
• cos(A + B) cos(A − B) = cos2 A − sin2 B = cos2 B − sin2 A

Values of Trigonometric Functions for Specific An-

gles
• θ = 18◦ = π
10
√
– sin 18◦ = 5−1
4
√ √
10+2 5
– cos 18◦ = 4
√
– tan 18◦ = √ 5−1
√
10+2 5

• θ = 36◦ = π
5
√ √
10−2 5
– sin 36◦ = 4
√
– cos 36◦ = 5+1
4
√ √
10−2 5
– tan 36◦ = √
5+1

3
 • θ = 54◦ = 3π
10
√
– sin 54◦ = cos 36◦ = 5+1
4
√ √
10−2 5
– cos 54◦ = sin 36◦ = 4
√
– tan 54◦ = cot 36◦ = √ 5+1√
10−2 5

• θ = 72◦ = 2π
5
√ √
10+2 5
– sin 72◦ = cos 18◦ = 4
√
– cos 72◦ = sin 18◦ = 5−1
4
√ √
10+2 5
– tan 72◦ = cot 18◦ = √
5−1

• θ = 7.5◦ = π
24
√ √ √ √
2− 3
– sin 7.5◦ = √
2 2
= 6−4
2

√ √ √ √
2+ 3
– cos 7.5◦ = √
2 2
= 6+ 2
4
√ √ √
– tan 7.5◦ = √2−√3 = 2 − 3
2+ 3

• θ = 15◦ = π
12
√ √
– sin 15◦ = sin(45◦ − 30◦ ) = 6− 2
4
√ √
– cos 15◦ = cos(45◦ − 30◦ ) = 6+ 2
4
√
– tan 15◦ = tan(45◦ − 30◦ ) = 2 − 3

Conditional Identities (If A + B + C = π)

• sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C

• cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = −1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C

• tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
• cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1

• sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C = 1 − 2 cos A cos B cos C

• cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 1 + 2 cos A cos B cos C

4
Important Series
sin( nβ
2 )
• sin α + sin(α + β) + sin(α + 2β) + . . . + sin(α + (n − 1)β) = sin( β
sin(α +
2)
(n−1)β
2 )
sin( nβ
2 )
• cos α + cos(α + β) + cos(α + 2β) + . . . + cos(α + (n − 1)β) = sin( β
cos(α +
2)
(n−1)β
2 )

Range of Trigonometric Expressions

√ √
• a cos θ + b sin θ has a range of [− a2 + b2 , a2 + b2 ]

Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Brief )

• sin−1 x + cos−1 x = π
2

• tan−1 x + cot−1 x = π
2

• sec−1 x + csc−1 x = π
2
 
• tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1 x+y
1−xy
 
• tan−1 x − tan−1 y = tan−1 x−y
1+xy

Best of luck for your JEE preparation!