BLOCK CHAIN BASED PRODUCT TRACEABILITY SYSTEM FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGAGEMENT

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

In today's interconnected global economy, supply chains have become increasingly complex,
involving multiple stakeholders, processes, and technologies. The rise of e-commerce and
international trade has further compounded these complexities, leading to challenges in product
authenticity, safety, and accountability. Consumers are becoming more aware and concerned about
the origins of the products they purchase, driving the demand for greater transparency and
traceability throughout the supply chain. Traditional methods of tracking products, often reliant on
paper-based records or centralized databases, are prone to errors, fraud, and inefficiencies. As a
result, there is a pressing need for innovative solutions that enhance traceability and ensure the
integrity of product information.

Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising solution to address these challenges. By

providing a decentralized, tamper-proof ledger, blockchain enables secure, transparent, and real-time
tracking of products throughout the supply chain. Each transaction is recorded in a block that is
linked to the previous one, forming an immutable chain of information that can be accessed by
authorized parties. This transparency not only fosters trust among supply chain participants but also
allows consumers to verify the authenticity of products and their journey from origin to point of sale.

In this project, we propose the development of a blockchain-based product traceability system that
integrates with existing supply chain processes to enhance visibility and accountability. The system
will utilize MetaMask for user authentication, enabling participants to securely interact with the
blockchain through their Ethereum addresses. By leveraging Ganache, a local Ethereum blockchain,
we can simulate and test the functionality of our application in a controlled environment.

The system will enable suppliers to register products by entering essential details such as product
name, origin, and batch number. Upon registration, a unique tracking ID will be generated and stored
in a MySQL database, ensuring traceability from the moment of production. As products move
through the supply chain, participants will be able to update their status (e.g., "Shipped," "Received")
in real time. These updates will be recorded with timestamps, creating a comprehensive audit trail
that can be referenced by stakeholders at any point in the supply chain.

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Furthermore, our system will implement role-based access control (RBAC) to ensure that only
authorized users can modify product data. This feature is crucial for maintaining data integrity and
accountability, as it allows for granular control over who can access and alter sensitive information.
All user actions will be logged for traceability, contributing to a secure and transparent environment.
Through this project, we aim to bridge the gap between traditional supply chain management
practices and the transformative potential of blockchain technology. By providing a secure, user -
friendly platform for product traceability, we hope to empower stakeholders across the supply chain
to operate with greater efficiency and confidence. Ultimately, our system aims to enhance consumer
trust in products by providing clear, verifiable information about their origins and handling
throughout the supply chain.

In conclusion, as supply chains continue to evolve, embracing advanced technologies such as block
chain is essential for addressing the demands of modern consumers and ensuring the integrity of
products in the marketplace. This project represents a significant step toward realizing that vision,
offering a comprehensive solution for product traceability that aligns with the principles of
transparency, security, and accountability.

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Kouhizadeh, M., & Sarkis, J. (2018). "Sustainable Supply Chain Management: A Literature
Review on Block chain Technology." Sustainability, 10(10), 3656.
Abstract: This paper reviews the current literature on block chain technology in sustainable
supply chain management. It identifies key themes, challenges, and opportunities for
integrating block chain in sustainable practices.
Advantages: Enhances transparency and traceability; promotes sustainability in supply
chains.
Disadvantages: Implementation complexity; high initial costs.
Future Scope: Further empirical studies on the impact of block chain on supply chain
sustainability.

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/10/3656

2. Saberi, M., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, D. A., & D. M. M. E. D. S. E. (2019). "Block chain
Technology: A New Framework for Supply Chain Management." International Journal of
Production Economics, 211, 109-119.
Abstract: This paper presents a framework for applying blockchain technology in supply
chain management, focusing on enhancing efficiency and transparency.
Advantages: Streamlines processes; improves data integrity.
Disadvantages: Scalability issues; requires technological adaptation.
Future Scope: Investigating blockchain interoperability in supply chains.

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925527318301373

3. Hu, Y. A. N., Liu, K. Y., & K. Z. (2020). "A Review of Blockchain Technology
Applications in Supply Chain Management." Computers in Industry, 117, 103193.
Abstract: This review highlights various applications of blockchain in supply chain
management, assessing its benefits and potential drawbacks.
Advantages: Offers a decentralized framework; enhances security.
Disadvantages: Regulatory challenges; energy consumption concerns.
Future Scope: Developing standardized protocols for blockchain use in supply chains.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166361519310816

4. K. K. T. R. F. & A. C. (2019). "The Role of Blockchain Technology in Food Supply Chains:

A Systematic Review." Food Control, 100, 84-96.
Abstract: This systematic review examines the role of blockchain in food supply chains,
focusing on traceability and food safety.
Advantages: Increases food safety; enhances consumer trust.
Disadvantages: Limited scalability; varying technological readiness among stakeholders.
Future Scope: Case studies on blockchain implementation in diverse food supply chains.

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713518316805

5. Y. M. & F. P. (2021). "Traceability in the Food Supply Chain: A Review of Blockchain

Applications." Foods, 10(4), 883.
Abstract: This review explores blockchain applications for traceability in food supply
chains, emphasizing benefits for stakeholders.
Advantages: Enhances traceability; reduces fraud.
Disadvantages: Requires extensive cooperation among supply chain participants.
Future Scope: Evaluating blockchain's effectiveness in real-world food supply chain
scenarios.

URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/4/883

6. Kouhizadeh, M., & Sarkis, J. (2020). "Blockchain Technology and Sustainable Supply
Chain Management: An Empirical Study." Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, 119897.
Abstract: This empirical study investigates how blockchain technology can be leveraged for
sustainable supply chain management practices.
Advantages: Promotes sustainable practices; enhances accountability.
Disadvantages: Potential high costs; requires significant changes in existing systems.
Future Scope: Longitudinal studies on sustainability impacts of blockchain in supply chains.

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652619325685

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2.1 Summary of literature survey:

The study proposed a blockchainbased platform that enables the secure and efficient exchange of
product traceability system providers. The system utilized smart contract to enforce data access
controls and ensure user search for their needs on developing a blockchain based data sharing
platform that enable secure and transparent sharing of product traceability system between users and
providers the study emphasized the importance of data privacy and consent management in product
system the study proposed a decentralized product system using block chain technology. It
highlighted the benefits of blockchain such as data immutability and temper resistance to ensure the
integrity and privacy of users’ records.

The review highlights the transformative potential of block chain technology in supply chain
management, focusing on transparency, traceability, and sustainability. Key advantages include
enhanced accountability, improved data integrity, and decentralized frameworks. Notable
applications are in food supply chains, promoting safety and consumer trust. However, challenges
like implementation complexity, scalability issues, regulatory barriers, and high costs limit its
adoption. Most studies emphasize block chain’s role in streamlining processes and ensuring security
while identifying gaps in empirical research and standardized protocols. Future directions suggest
case studies, longitudinal studies on sustainability, and exploring block chain interoperability. The
findings underline block chain's ability to revolutionize supply chains but stress the need for more
practical and scalable solutions.

The survey identifies critical gaps in existing research. There is a lack of empirical studies exploring
block chain's long-term impact on sustainability, particularly in diverse sectors. The need for
standardized protocols and interoperability among block chain systems is also highlighted. Case
studies and practical evaluations in real-world scenarios are essential to fully understand it’s
potential. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges by developing scalable
solutions, conducting longitudinal studies, and fostering collaboration among supply chain
participants. Overall, block chain technology demonstrates transformative potential but requires
strategic efforts to overcome its current limitations and unlock its full benefits in supply chain
management.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES
Secure User Authentication:

The system uses MetaMask for user authentication, enabling participants to log in securely using
their Ethereum wallet addresses. Blockchain technology ensures that user identities are verified in a
decentralized manner, reducing the risks of unauthorized access and identity fraud.

Unique Product Identification:

Suppliers can register products by providing details such as name, origin, and batch number. Each
product is assigned a unique tracking ID, ensuring easy identification and traceability throughout the
supply chain. This ID serves as a digital fingerprint, linking all product-related data.

Real-Time Status Updates:

Supply chain participants, including suppliers, manufacturers, and retailers, can update the product's
status at each stage (e.g., "Shipped," "Received") in real time. These updates create a dynamic view
of product movements, improving operational visibility and decision-making.

Comprehensive Product Search:

A search mechanism is included to allow users to track products by entering their unique tracking
IDs. This feature provides detailed traceability history, including movement and status updates,
enabling stakeholders to access critical information on demand.

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):

RBAC is implemented to assign permissions based on user roles (e.g., supplier, manufacturer, and
retailer). This ensures that only authorized users can modify product information, enhancing security
and preventing unauthorized access to sensitive data.

Immutable Audit Trails:

Every action taken within the system, such as status updates or user modifications, is recorded with a
timestamp. These audit trails are immutable and provide a transparent history of interactions,
ensuring accountability and trust among stakeholders.

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Enhanced Transparency:

The blockchain system offers stakeholders a clear view of the product's journey from origin to
destination. This transparency fosters trust and allows participants to verify product authenticity and
adherence to quality standards.

Integration with Existing Systems:

The system is designed to integrate seamlessly with traditional supply chain processes, leveraging
blockchain for additional features like security and traceability. This hybrid approach ensures smooth
adoption without disrupting current workflows.

Fraud Prevention:

By utilizing blockchain’s tamper-proof ledger, the system significantly reduces the risk of data
manipulation and product fraud. This feature ensures that all recorded data is reliable and cannot be
altered, promoting a trustworthy supply chain.

Consumer Confidence:

The system empowers consumers by providing verifiable information about product origins and
handling processes. This transparency enhances consumer trust in the quality and authenticity of the
products they purchase.

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CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 System Framework

4.1 System Framework

The image illustrates a product traceability system for supply chain management and outlines the
key participants and flow of goods from production to consumption. The design showcases how a
traceability system ensures transparency, accountability, and data accessibility at every stage. Below
is a detailed explanation of each stage ddepicted in the image

1. Manufacturer:
o The supply chain starts with the manufacturer, where a product is created or
assembled.
o The product is labelled with a unique tracking ID (e.g., QR code or barcode) that
links to detailed product information stored in the traceability system
system.
o The information includes product origin, batch number, production date, and other
metadata.
2. Logistics:
o Once products are ready, logistics providers handle the transportation.
o The traceability system captures real
real-time updates regardingg product movement (e.g.,
time of pickup, transit routes, and status) via logistics partners.
o Each update is stored on the blockchain, creating an immutable and transparent record
of the transportation phase.

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3. Distribution:
o Products arrive at distribution centres, where they are sorted, stored, and prepared for
further shipment.
o The traceability system ensures that all updates from the distribution stage, such as
incoming and outgoing product records, are securely logged and available for
tracking.
4. Point of Sale (Retailers):
o Products are delivered to retail points of sale, where they are made available to end
consumers.
o The tracking ID remains active, enabling retailers to access product data to verify
authenticity, batch details, or inventory management.
o Updates such as sales status or product transfers to stores are logged into the
traceability system.
5. Consumers:
o End consumers can scan the product's QR code or barcode to access the product's full
traceability data.
o Information such as manufacturing details, logistics history, and authenticity
verification builds consumer trust in the product.
o Consumers can validate that the product is genuine, ethically sourced, and delivered
through a transparent supply chain.
6. Business Users:
o Business users, such as supply chain managers, logistics partners, and stakeholders,
use the traceability system to monitor real-time data on product movements.
o They analyse the information to optimize processes, address delays, and ensure
accountability throughout the supply chain.
o At the centre of the diagram, the traceability system serves as the backbone that
connects all stages and participants in the supply chain.It captures and stores product-
related data securely using blockchain technology.
o It provides a transparent, tamper-proof record accessible to business users, retailers,
and consumersReal-time updates ensure all stakeholders have visibility into product
status, improving operational efficiency and reducing fraud.

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CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1Methodology for Product traceability system using blockchain

The blockchain-based product traceability system ensures end-to-end visibility, immutability, and
accountability across the supply chain. By leveraging blockchain technology, the system captures
and records product information at every stage, providing real-time updates and ensuring data
transparency for all stakeholders.

Step 1: Product Initialization: The manufacturer registers the product on the blockchain by
generating a unique identifier (e.g., QR code or barcode) linked to essential product metadata, such
as product name, origin, manufacturing date, and batch number.

Step 2: Supply Chain Transactions: Each time the product changes hands (e.g., from logistics
providers to distributors and retailers), the blockchain records the transaction details. Data includes
timestamps, location updates, and status changes, ensuring every step is traceable and verifiable.

Step 3: Smart Contract Implementation: Smart contracts automate key operations, such as
updating product statuses, validating shipment information, and ensuring data consistency across
participants. These self-executing contracts eliminate manual errors and increase process efficiency.

Step 4: Off-chain and On-chain Data Management:

On-chain: Stores critical product movement records, tracking IDs, and timestamps.

Off-chain: Maintains supplementary product details (e.g., descriptions, certifications, and images) in
an external database (e.g., MySQL) for efficient data querying.

Step 5: Role-Based Access and User Interaction:

The system enforces role-based access control (RBAC), granting permissions based on stakeholder
roles.

Manufacturers: Register product data.

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Logistics Providers: Log shipment updates.

Distributors/Retailers: Update inventory and verify authenticity.

Consumers: Verify the product's origin and trace its journey.

Step 6: Consumer Verification:

End-users scan the product's unique QR code to retrieve its entire history recorded on the
blockchain.This includes information about manufacturing, transportation, and retailing, ensuring
transparency and authenticity.

o Blockchain Platform: Ethereum (for decentralized, tamper-proof records).

o Smart Contracts: Automate traceability operations and enforce validations.
o Web Application: A Django-based user interface for data input and retrieval.
o Data Storage: MySQL for off-chain metadata and efficient data querying.

Step7: Security Mechanisms:

o Immutable Ledger: Ensures data integrity and prevents unauthorized tampering.

o Wallet Authentication: Ethereum wallets (e.g., MetaMask) verify user identity.
o Encrypted Communication: HTTPS ensures secure data transmission.

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5.2 Methodology for supply chain management

 Product Registration: Manufacturers initiate the process by registering each product on

the blockchain. A unique identifier, such as a QR code or barcode, is created for each
product, linking it to essential metadata, including product name, origin, manufacturing
date, and batch number.
 Transaction Recording Across the Supply Chain: As the product moves through the
supply chain—passing from logistics providers to distributors and eventually retailer
search transaction is recorded on the blockchain. The recorded data includes timestamps,
location updates, and status changes, ensuring the product’s journey is fully traceable and
verifiable.
 Integration of Smart Contracts: Smart contracts play a critical role by automating key
processes. They update product statuses, validate shipment information, and enforce
compliance with predefined conditions. These contracts reduce manual errors and
enhance process efficiency.

Data Management: On-chain and Off-chain:

o On – chainData: Critical tracking details, such as movement logs,timestamps, and

tracking IDs, are stored on the blockchain for immutability.
o Off-chain Data:Supplementary product details including description, certification
and image resources are stored in external database (ex.MySQL) to optimize data
storage.

 Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) The system ensures security by assigning role-
based permissions to stakeholders:

o Manufacturers: Responsible for registering product details.

o Logistics Providers: Log shipment updates and transportation statuses.
o Distributors and Retailers: Update inventory details and verify product authenticity.
o Consumers: Scan product QR codes to access traceability data and validate authenticity.

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 Consumer Interaction and Verification: End-users can scan the unique QR code of a
product to access its entire history. The blockchain provides transparency, allowing
consumers to verify the product’s origin, authenticity, and journey through the supply
chain.
 Technical Implementation:

o Blockchain Platform: The Ethereum blockchain ensures decentralized and tamper-proof

record-keeping.
o Smart Contracts: Enforce traceability and automate operations.
o User Interface: A web-based application, built using Django, facilitates interactions for
all stakeholders.
o Database Integration: MySQL supports off-chain data storage and efficient querying.

 Security Measures:

o Immutable Ledger: Prevents unauthorized alterations to recorded data.

o Wallet-Based Authentication: Ethereum wallets (e.g., MetaMask) ensure secure user
access.
o Encrypted Communication: HTTPS secures data transmission, ensuring confidentiality
and integrity.

 Process Efficiency and Trust Building: The system enhances supply chain
transparency by providing real-time tracking and immutable records. By ensuring that all
stakeholders, including consumers, have access to reliable product data, the system
builds trust, improves accountability, and supports sustainable supply chain practices.

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CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE USED
6.1 Hardware usage

6.1 Hardware usage

 Server with minimum specifications (e.g., Intel i5, 8GB RAM, 1TB HDD)

Hardware plays a crucial role in the implementation of a blockchain

blockchain-based
based product traceability
system for supply chain management. A server with minimum specifications, such as an Intel i5
processor, 8GB of RAM, and 1TB of HDD storage, is essential to support the system's
computational and storage requirements. These specifications are sufficient to handle the
demands of blockchain operations, including the execution of smart contra
contracts,
cts, maintenance of
distributed ledgers, and facilitation of data input/output processes across multiple nodes.

The server serves as a central node or participant in the blockchain network, where it contributes
to the consensus mechanism by validating transactions
transactions and adding new blocks to the chain. The
Intel i5 processor ensures adequate computational power to handle complex cryptographic
operations, which are critical for securing the system against tampering and unauthorized access.
The 8GB RAM supports efficient multitasking and processing of large datasets, ensuring that the
server can handle concurrent requests from different stakeholders, such as manufacturers,
logistics providers, distributors, and consumers. Additionally, the 1TB HDD provides ample

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storage capacity for maintaining off-chain data, such as product descriptions, certifications, and
images, while the blockchain itself stores critical on-chain data, including timestamps,
transaction details, and product IDs.

The hardware also enables the seamless integration of supporting software components, such as a
web-based application built on Django and a MySQL database for off-chain storage. It ensures
that stakeholders can access the system reliably, whether they are recording product movements,
updating inventory details, or verifying product authenticity through QR code scans.
Furthermore, the server’s robust specifications contribute to the system’s scalability, allowing it
to accommodate increasing numbers of transactions and users as the supply chain grows.

In terms of security, the hardware specifications support the implementation of wallet-based

authentication, encrypted communications, and other security protocols that protect sensitive data
and maintain the integrity of the blockchain network. This ensures that the system operates
efficiently while upholding transparency and trust among all participants in the supply chain.

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6.2 Testing device

6.2 Testing device

 Device for testing (e.g., laptop, tablet)

Hardware plays an integral role in implementing a blockchain-based

blockchain based product traceability system
for supply chain management. A server with minimum specifications, such as an Intel i5
processor, 8GB of RAM, and 1TB of HDD storage, provides the foundation for handling
computational
ional and storage needs. This server ensures the seamless operation of blockchain
mechanisms, including transaction validation, smart contract execution, and ledger maintenance.
The robust processing power of the Intel i5 processor is essential for executing
executi cryptographic
algorithms that secure the system, while 8GB RAM facilitates multitasking and efficient data
processing. The 1TB HDD offers ample storage for off-chain
off chain data such as certifications, product
descriptions, and audit logs, ensuring smooth oper
operation
ation even with increasing data volumes.

The server functions as a pivotal node in the blockchain network, ensuring synchronization
across distributed nodes and supporting stakeholders in recording, retrieving, and verifying
supply chain data. It enables the
he implementation of web
web-based
based applications and databases for off-
off
chain data storage, fostering ease of access for participants. The hardware scalability ensures that
the system can adapt to growing supply chain demands, accommodating higher transaction
volumes
lumes and new participants seamlessly. Security measures like wallet
wallet-based
based authentication and

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encrypted communication protocols are also supported, ensuring the protection of sensitive
information and enhancing trust among stakeholders.

Testing devices, including laptops and tablets, play a critical role in validating the blockchain-
based system's functionality. These devices are used throughout the development and
deployment phases to simulate user interactions and ensure all components operate cohesively.
Equipped with adequate computational resources, laptops and tablets replicate real-world
scenarios, allowing developers to test data synchronization, transaction processes, and smart
contract execution. This hands-on testing ensures the system meets the usability and functional
requirements of all participants, including manufacturers, distributors, and consumers.

Through these testing devices, developers can identify and resolve performance issues, verify
system interoperability with external tools like QR code scanners, and refine role-based access
controls to ensure proper authorization across user roles. Moreover, these devices help evaluate
the user interface, guaranteeing that it is intuitive and accessible for all supply chain stakeholders.
By rigorously testing the blockchain network in controlled environments, these devices ensure
the system’s reliability, scalability, and operational efficiency before its full-scale deployment.
This comprehensive approach to hardware and testing device integration underpins the success of
blockchain-based product traceability in modern supply chain management.

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CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARE USED

7.1XAMPP for MySQL:

 XAMPP is an open-source software that provides a simple way to set up a local server
environment for web development. It includes tools like Apache, MySQL, PHP, and Perl,
making it highly versatile for various development needs. In the context of a blockchain-
based product traceability system for supply chains, XAMPP plays a crucial role and most
commonly usable server nowadays and in managing a MySQL database. While blockchain is
used for securely storing and validating transaction data across a decentralized network,
XAMPP’s MySQL component is ideal for handling non-critical, mutable data that
complements blockchain storage.
 This supplementary data may include user preferences, metadata, and system logs that do not
require the blockchain's immutability. By using XAMPP, developers can easily set up a
centralized testing environment to simulate interactions between the blockchain network and
the database. Easily accessible service provider and it provides a user-friendly interface to
create and test database schemas, run complex queries, and analyze supply chain data. This
combination enhances the system's capability to generate insights and reports efficiently.
 XAMPP is cost-effective, being open-source, and ensures cross-platform compatibility,
making it accessible to developers on Windows, macOS, and Linux. It simplifies debugging
through detailed logs and enables quick backups for off-chain data. Its support for APIs
allows seamless communication between the blockchain ledger and the MySQL database,
ensuring synchronized data handling. This integration enables a robust prototype
development process, facilitates scalability testing, and is an excellent tool for training and
education in supply chain and blockchain concepts. By leveraging XAMPP, the traceability
system becomes more efficient and transparent, secure, and user-friendly during both the
development and operational phases.

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7.2Ganache for Ethereum development:

 Ganache is a popular tool for Ethereum development, offering a personal blockchain for
deploying, testing, and debugging smart contracts. It provides a local Ethereum environment
where developers can simulate blockchain behavior without requiring a connection to the
main Ethereum network. Ganache allows the creation of multiple accounts with predefined
balances, enabling seamless testing of transactions, contracts, and gas usage. It ensures rapid
prototyping by offering instant block mining, which speeds up the development process.
 Ganache provides a user-friendly graphical interface to monitor blockchain activity,
including real-time data on transaction statuses, event logs, and balances. Developers can use
it to debug smart contracts efficiently with detailed error messages and stack traces. It is
compatible with Ethereum development frameworks like Truffle, facilitating smooth
integration into the development workflow. Additionally, Ganache supports forked networks,
allowing testing against the state of live Ethereum networks. As an essential tool for
Ethereum-based projects, Ganache ensures cost-effective, secure, and efficient development
of decentralized applications (dApps) and blockchain systems.

7.3 Meta Mask for block chain interaction:

 MetaMask is a widely used browser extension and mobile app that acts as a crypto wallet and
gateway for interacting with blockchain networks. It enables users to manage
cryptocurrencies, store private keys securely, and connect to decentralized applications (d
Apps) on Ethereum and other compatible blockchains. MetaMask simplifies blockchain
interaction by providing an intuitive interface for sending and receiving transactions and
managing tokens.
 Developers use MetaMask to integrate their (d Apps) with blockchain networks, allowing
seamless interactions such as executing smart contracts and verifying blockchain data. It
supports custom RPC configurations, enabling connections to various Ethereum test nets,
main nets, and private blockchain networks like those created with Ganache. MetaMask
enhances security by encrypting private keys locally on the user’s device and requiring
authentication for transactions.

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 Its built-in Web3 API support makes it compatible with JavaScript frameworks for
decentralized application development. MetaMask’s integration ensures accessibility for end-
users and developers alike, playing a critical role in blockchain-based systems by providing a
secure, user-friendly interface for blockchain interactions.

7.4Django for web framework:

 Django is a high-level Python web framework that enables the rapid development of secure
and scalable web applications. Known for its "batteries-included" philosophy, Django
provides pre-built modules for authentication, database management, and routing, reducing
development time. In the context of blockchain-based systems, Django can be used to create
the web interface or dashboard for users to interact with the blockchain, such as tracking
product traceability data.
 Django follows the Model-View-Template (MVT) architecture, ensuring clear separation
between business logic and user interfaces. Its ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) simplifies
database interactions, making it easy to store and retrieve non-blockchain data, such as user
accounts, product metadata, or supplementary supply chain records. Django's built-in admin
interface is particularly useful during development, offering a quick way to manage data
models and test functionalities.
 With robust security features like protection against SQL injection, cross-site scripting
(XSS), and cross-site request forgery (CSRF), Django ensures the safety of the system. The
framework’s scalability makes it suitable for handling the growing demands of supply chain
networks. Additionally, Django’s compatibility with RESTful APIs allows seamless
integration with blockchain systems, enabling data exchange between the blockchain and the
web interface.
 Django supports third-party libraries for additional functionality, such as data visualization
tools to display supply chain analytics. It includes a robust testing framework to ensure the
reliability of the application. Its modular design allows developers to easily add or modify
features without disrupting the entire system. Django also includes tools for
internationalization, making it suitable for global applications.
 The framework is compatible with major relational databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
SQLite, ensuring flexibility in backend configurations. Its open-source nature and extensive
documentation make Django accessible to developers of all skill levels. By leveraging
Django for web development in blockchain-based systems, developers can deliver a secure,
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efficient, and user-friendly interface that enhances the overall functionality and user
experience.

7.5 Python (3.x) for backend development:

 Python (3.x) is a versatile and powerful programming language widely used for backend
development due to its simplicity, readability, and extensive library support. It serves as an
ideal choice for building the backend of blockchain-based systems, enabling efficient
communication between the web interface and the blockchain network. Python's clean syntax
accelerates development and enhances maintainability, making it suitable for both novice and
experienced developers.
 For blockchain-based product traceability systems, Python facilitates seamless integration
with blockchain platforms like Ethereum through libraries such as web3.py, which is
essential for interacting with smart contracts, querying blockchain data, and sending
transactions. Python's support for asynchronous programming using libraries like
Asencioensures the backend can handle multiple concurrent requests efficiently, crucial for
real-time supply chain data updates.
 Python’s extensive standard library includes tools for data handling, cryptography, and API
integration. Cryptographic libraries like perceptome enable secure hashing and encryption for
sensitive data in the supply chain. Its support for frameworks like Django and Flask allows
developers to build scalable and secure web applications, providing RESTful APIs for
interacting with blockchain and other system components.
 Python’s ORM capabilities, such as those provided by Django or SQL Alchemy, simplify
database interactions, enabling efficient management of off-chain data. Its compatibility with
relational and NoSQL databases ensures flexibility in backend storage solutions. The
language's testing frameworks, like unittest and pytest, facilitate comprehensive testing of
backend logic and APIs, ensuring reliability.
 Python supports integrations with external services, enabling developers to build features
such as notifications, analytics, or AI-driven insights into the supply chain. Its open-source

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naturee and a vast ecosystem of libraries make Python cost

cost-effective
effective and highly customizable
for various project needs.
 With its ability to handle advanced data structures, Python is also used for analyzing and
visualizing supply chain data, offering insights in
into
to performance and efficiency. The
language’s cross-platform
platform compatibility ensures that the backend can run on diverse server
environments, whether on-premises
premises or in the cloud.
 Python (3.x), with its balance of simplicity, power, and an active developer community,
co is a
cornerstone for backend development in blockchain-based
blockchain systems.

CHAPTER 8.

HARDWARE
ARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 Isometric illustration of hardware implementation

Fig 8.1: Isometric illustration of hardware implementation

The hardware implementation for a blockchain

blockchain-based
based product traceability system requires a server
with adequate specifications to manage blockchain nodes, user interactions, and database storage. A
server equipped with an Intel i5 processor, 8GB RAM, and 1TB HDD is the recommended
minimum. This configuration ensures smooth operation of blockchain platforms, web frameworks,
and database management systems like MySQL.For Ethereum-based
Ethereum based blockchain development,
Ganache can run locally on the server to simulate a blockchain network. This requires sufficient
processing power and memory to manage smart contracts and transactions during testing. A robust
server setup minimizes delays and ensures consistent performance under varying loads.Testing
devices, such as laptops or tablets,
ts, are necessary for end-user
end user interaction simulations. These devices

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should be compatible with MetaMask, which serves as the blockchain wallet for authentication.
These devices must also support modern web browsers for running the Django-based web
application interface.Additional hardware, such as secure storage for private keys and backup
systems, ensures data integrity and protection. A high-speed internet connection is crucial for
seamless data synchronization between blockchain nodes and off-chain components like the MySQL
database.Power backup solutions, such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), are also vital to
maintain uninterrupted operation of the server and network components. This setup ensures a reliable
environment for real-time product tracking and updates across the supply chain.

CHAPTER 9.
FLOWCHART DIAGRAMS

Fig 9.1Flowchart Diagram

The flowchart demonstrates the sequence of activities in the product traceability system, such as
authentication, registration, and tracking updates.

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Fig 9.2 Architecture Diagram

The architecture diagram shows the interaction between the blockchain (MetaMask + Ganache),
Django backend, and MySQL for managing the traceability system.

Fig 9.3 Design Diagram

The design diagram provides a high-level view of system components, focusing on user roles,
product data, and status updates.

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Fig 9.4 Sequence Diagram

The sequence diagram showcases the authentication process, product registration, and updates.

Fig 9.5 Use Case Diagram

The use case diagram illustrates primary system functions, such as product registration, updates, and
traceability.

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Fig 9.6 Block Diagram

This block diagram illustrates system-level interactions between components.

Fig 9.7Component Diagram

This diagram shows the deployment of components, emphasizing MetaMask and Ganache integra

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CHAPTER 10.
APPLICATIONS AND ADAVANTAGES

10.1 APPLICATIONS:

1. EnhancedTransparencyand Trust:
Blockchain creates an immutable and decentralized ledger, ensuring that all stakeholders
have access to consistent and transparent data. This prevents data tampering and fosters trust
among participants by making every transaction visible and verifiable.
2. Improved Product Authenticity Verification:
The system enables stakeholders to verify the origins and handling of products by tracking
their journey through the supply chain. This helps identify counterfeit goods and ensures that
only genuine, compliant products reach consumers.
3. Real-Time Tracking and Status Updates:
Participants can update product statuses in real time, such as when items are shipped,
received, or processed. These updates are timestamped and recorded, providing an accurate
and up-to-date view of the supply chain for better decision-making.
4. Enhanced Security Through Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):
By implementing RBAC, the system restricts data access and modification based on user
roles, ensuring that only authorized individuals can make changes. This safeguards sensitive
information and maintains data integrity.
5. Efficient Recall Management:
In the event of a defective or contaminated product, blockchain allows quick tracing back to
specific batches or sources. This speeds up recall processes, reduces losses, and ensures
consumer safety by targeting only the affected products.
6. Reduced Fraud and Errors:
Eliminating paper-based records and centralized databases minimizes the risk of errors and
fraud. Blockchain ensures that once data is recorded, it cannot be altered, making the system
highly reliable and tamper-proof.
7. Integration with Existing Technologies:
The system seamlessly integrates with tools like MetaMask for user authentication and
Ganache for Ethereum-based interactions. This ensures that the blockchain system can be
easily adopted without disrupting current supply chain operations.

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8. Streamlined Compliance with Regulations:

Blockchain provides an auditable record of all transactions and product movements, helping
businesses meet regulatory requirements. It simplifies compliance processes by offering
transparent and easily accessible documentation for inspections.
9. Enhanced Consumer Confidence:
With the ability to verify product authenticity and traceability, consumers feel more confident
in the safety and quality of their purchases. This transparency enhances trust in brands and
promotes long-term customer loyalty.
10. Facilitation of Sustainable Practices:
By tracking sourcing and production details, the system ensures accountability in sustainable
practices. Businesses can provide proof of environmentally friendly processes, appealing to
sustainability-conscious consumers and partners.

10.2 ADVANTAGES:

1. Data Integrity and Security:

Blockchain ensures data immutability, meaning once information is recorded, it cannot be
altered or deleted. This feature protects product data from tampering and fraud, guaranteeing
that stakeholders can rely on the accuracy of the recorded information.
2. Enhanced Transparency:
By decentralizing data storage, blockchain allows all participants in the supply chain to
access consistent, real-time information. This transparency builds trust and ensures that all
activities, from sourcing to delivery, are visible to authorized users.
3. Improved Accountability:
Blockchain automatically logs every transaction with details such as timestamps and user
actions. This creates an audit trail that identifies the responsible party for any action, ensuring
traceability and promoting ethical practices among participants.
4. Faster Problem Resolution:
In the event of a quality issue or contamination, blockchain enables quick identification of
affected products. This capability helps isolate problems, streamline recall processes, and
minimize financial and reputational losses.
5. Fraud Prevention:
Traditional centralized systems are vulnerable to manipulation and data breaches, but

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blockchain's tamper-proof design mitigates these risks. The decentralized structure ensures
that no single entity can alter data, reducing opportunities for fraudulent activities.
6. Cost Efficiency:
Blockchain automates processes like recordkeeping, tracking, and verification, reducing the
need for manual labor and paperwork. This streamlining leads to operational savings,
especially in auditing and compliance.
7. Real-Time Updates and Insights:
The system allows stakeholders to track products and update their status in real time. This
feature improves supply chain efficiency by providing immediate insights into product
movements and inventory levels.
8. Compliance Simplification:
Blockchain creates an immutable record of all transactions, which simplifies compliance with
industry regulations and standards. Businesses can easily demonstrate their adherence during
audits or inspections, saving time and effort.
9. Consumer Trust:
With blockchain, consumers can verify product origins, authenticity, and handling history.
This transparency builds confidence in the quality and safety of products, fostering stronger
relationships between brands and their customers.
10. Support for Sustainability Goals:
Blockchain tracks sourcing and production practices, enabling businesses to validate claims
of sustainability. This alignment with eco-friendly initiatives appeals to consumers and
partners committed to environmental responsibility.

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CHAPTER 11.
SNAPSHOTS

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CONCLUSION

The Blockchain-Based Product Traceability System for Supply Chain Management addresses critical
gaps in transparency, security, and accountability within supply chains. By integrating blockchain
technology with traditional supply chain processes, this system enhances traceability, ensuring that
product information is both tamper-proof and easily accessible to all stakeholders.This blockchain-
based solution bridges the gap between traditional supply chain practices and the increasing need for
technological innovation. By leveraging the decentralized nature of blockchain, the system ensures
that all transactions are permanently recorded, fostering unparalleled transparency. The integration of
role-based access controls adds a crucial layer of security, limiting data modification rights to
authorized stakeholders, thereby reducing the risk of tampering. Furthermore, the system’s ability to
provide real-time updates enhances operational efficiency, enabling swift responses to supply chain
disruptions. These features not only elevate the reliability of product traceability but also contribute
to building consumer confidence in the authenticity and safety of goods. This project underscores
blockchain’s transformative potential in supply chain management, setting the stage for broader
adoption across industries while promoting sustainable and accountable business practices. features
such as role-based access control (RBAC), real-time tracking, and immutable audit trails
significantly improve data integrity and foster trust among participants. Utilizing tools like
MetaMask for user authentication and Ganache for Ethereum blockchain simulation, the system
exemplifies the potential of blockchain technology in creating a decentralized and secure
infrastructure for managing supply chains.This innovative approach not only streamlines operations
but also empowers consumers by providing verifiable information about product origins and
handling. The implementation of unique tracking IDs linked to a MySQL database ensures end-to-
end traceability, while role-based access controls safeguard data from unauthorized modifications.

Ultimately, this project demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of adopting blockchain for supply
chain management. It lays a foundation for future advancements that align with the increasing
demand for transparency, sustainability, and efficiency in global trade. The proposed solution not
only mitigates risks associated with fraud and inefficiency but also sets a new benchmark for
reliability and accountability in supply chains.

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SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

The proposed blockchain-based product traceability system provides a strong foundation for
enhancing transparency, security, and accountability in supply chain management. However, several
areas can be explored for future improvements and expansions to increase its effectiveness and
scalability.

1. Integration with IoT and Smart Sensors: Future iterations of the system can incorporate
IoT devices and smart sensors to enable automated real-time data collection. These devices
can provide live updates on product conditions such as temperature, humidity, and location,
ensuring better monitoring of perishable goods and high-value products.
2. Scalability to Large-Scale Supply Chains: While the current implementation uses Ganache
for local blockchain simulation, deploying the system on a public or hybrid blockchain (such
as Ethereum Main net or Hyperledger Fabric) can improve real-world applicability. Research
into optimizing gas fees and transaction speeds will be crucial for large-scale adoption.
3. Interoperability with Existing Enterprise Systems: To enhance usability, the system can
be integrated with existing supply chain management (SCM) software such as SAP, Oracle
SCM, and ERP systems. Developing standardized APIs and middleware solutions can
facilitate seamless adoption by various stakeholders.
4. Enhanced Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Future improvements can involve more
granular access control policies using attribute-based encryption (ABE) and decentralized
identity management solutions. This would enhance security by limiting access based on
specific conditions, roles, and permissions.
5. Smart Contract Optimization: The efficiency of smart contracts can be further improved by
reducing gas consumption and optimizing contract logic. Implementing Layer-2 solutions
such as rollups or state channels can help in reducing blockchain congestion and improving
transaction speeds.
6. Regulatory Compliance and Legal Frameworks: Blockchain-based supply chain solutions
need to comply with various international regulations and industry standards. Future research
can focus on aligning the system with legal frameworks such as GDPR, FDA regulations, and
ISO standards for supply chain security.
7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Predictive Analytics: Incorporating AI and machine
learning algorithms can enhance predictive analytics for supply chain optimization. AI-driven

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insights can help in forecasting demand, detecting anomalies, and mitigating risks associated
with product authenticity and counterfeit goods.
8. User-Friendly Mobile Application: Developing a mobile application with an intuitive
interface can enhance accessibility for supply chain participants and consumers. Features
such as QR code scanning, blockchain verification, and real-time tracking can further
improve user experience.

By addressing these future research areas, the blockchain-based traceability system can evolve into a
more comprehensive and scalable solution, ensuring a more transparent, efficient, and secure global
supply chain ecosystem.

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