Final Project For CA_2

On
Sub – INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING AND
PROGRAMMING IN C
&
TOPIC: - Data storage in computing system & Logic gates in
computing system

B.Sc. Data Science :- 2024 – 2028

Co-ordinated by –
PROF. SWAPAN DAS
PROTRAYED BY :-
ARPAN DEY
(24234030505, 1TH SEM)
 Acknowledgement
The project opportunity that I had was a great chance for learning
and
research work of the subject of Data storage in computing system &
Logic gates in computing system
and also, for personal as well as professional
development. I am very obliged for having Prof. SWAPAN DAS as a
project guide and a mentor throughout the project.
Firstly, I express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to the
computing and analytics department who gave me an opportunity to
carry out my project at the esteem college NSHM Knowledge Campus.
Also, I express my special thanks to my team mate for equally helping
me out throughout my project. Again, I would like to thank my guide
for sparing her valuable time in spite of his busy schedule.
CONTENTS -----------------------------------------------------------------

DATA STORAGE IN COMPUTING SYSTEM 4

What is data 4
Knowing about data storage 4
Evolution of data storage 5
Punch Card 5
Magnetic tape drive 6
Hard disk by IBM 6
Cassette Tape 7
Floppy Disk 8
Compact disk 8
Solid state drive 9
ZIP drive 9
DVD 10
SD Card 10
USB Flash Drive 11
Bluray disk 11
Cloud Storage 11

LOGIC GATES IN COMPUTER SYSTEM 12

AND 12
OR 12
NOT 13
NAND 13
NOR 13
XOR 14
XNOR 14

Conclusion 15

Resources 15
What is Data Storage -
Data storage is the process of using technology to save and retrieve digital information
on devices like computers, hard drives, and other media. This information can be
anything from personal photos and videos to business data, documents, and more.

KNOWING ABOUT DATA STORAGE -

❖ At present in modern computers there are basically three types of storage

system.

❖ 1st of all we all know RAM. So, this is called as the primary memory.

❖ Then the secondary memory come. RANDOM ACESS MEMORY. Then ROM.
READ ONLY MEMORY.

❖ Then the tertiary storage comes. Basically, that is the pen drives, CD, DVD,
SSD and more.
Elevation of Data Storage –
Punch Card → Magnetic tape drive → Hard Drive by IBM → Cassette Tape → Floppy
Disk → Compact Disk (CD) → Solid State Drive (SSD) → Zip Drive → DVD → Storage
Space Card (SD Card) → USB Flash Drive → Bluray Disk → Cloud Storage.

PUNCH CARD –

The earliest known storage device was the punch card, which was invented
by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801. The punch card was used to control
weaving machines and was capable of storing up to 80 characters of data or 1.2
kb data.
 MANGATIC TAPE DRIVE –
In 1928 Fritz Pflueger developed, and in 1929 patented a magnetic recording
tape using oxide bonded to a strip of paper or film. A tape drive is a device that stores
computer data on magnetic tape, especially for backup and archiving purposes. It can
replace 1920 punch cards. It can hold up to 225 kb of data.

HARD DISK DRIVE BY IBM –

IBM has been involved in the development of hard disk drives (HDDs) since the
1950s, including the world's first commercial HDD:
• IBM Model 350 Disk File
The first commercial HDD, shipped in 1956, was part of the IBM 305 RAMAC
system. It was a large device that weighed over a ton and was made up of 50 24-
inch disks that could store up to 3.75 MB of data.
CASSETTE TAPE –
The Compact Cassette was invented in 1963. This is also commonly called a cassette
tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape-recording
format for audio recording and playback. It can hold up to 0.66 mb of data in each
side.
FLOPPY DISK –
The floppy disk drive, also known as diskette, is a removable magnetic storage
medium that allows recording of data. IBM first introduced it as a 8-in diskette in 1971.
In the middle of 1970s, a 5.25 diskette was introduced. It can hold up to 0.8 to 1.2 mb
of data.

COMPACT DISK –
Compact disc (CD), a moulded plastic disc containing digital data that is scanned by
a laser beam for the reproduction of recorded sound and other information. It can store
up to 700 mb of data
SOLID STSTE DRIVE –
Solid-state drives (SSDs) are the most common storage drives today. SSDs are
smaller and faster than hard disk drives (HDDs). SSDs are noiseless and allow PCs
to be thinner and more lightweight. Hard disk drives (HDDs) are more common in older
devices. It can store up to 20 mb then, but in now days it can store up to 100 Tb of
data.

ZIP DRIVE –
The Zip drive is a removable floppy disk storage system that was announced by
Iomega in 1994 and began shipping in March 1995. Considered medium-to-high-
capacity at the time of its release, Zip disks were originally launched with capacities of
100 MB, then 250 MB, and finally 750 MB.
DVD –
The medium can store any kind of digital data and has been widely used to store video
programs (watched using DVD players), software and other computer files. DVDs offer
significantly higher storage capacity than compact discs (CD) while having the same
dimensions. It can store up to 4.5 gb of data.

STORAGE SPACE CARD –

Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary, non-volatile, flash memory
card format the SD Association (SDA) developed for use in portable devices. Secure
Digital. (SD, SDHC, SDXC, SDUC). It can store up to 8 mb to 512 mb data.
USB FLASH DRIVE –
A USB drive, also referred to as a flash drive or memory stick, is a small, portable
device that plugs into the USB port on your computer. USB drives are commonly used
for storage, data backup, and transferring files between devices. It can store up to
1gb to 2 tb data.

BLURAY DISK –
A Blu-ray drive is an optical disc drive that reads and writes Blu-ray discs, a type of
high-capacity optical disc used to store and play back high-definition video and other
digital content. Blu-ray discs are typically used in high-end computers and video game
consoles with high-definition display capabilities.

CLOUD STORAGE –
Cloud storage is a service that allows users to store data on servers located off-site,
instead of on their own devices. A third-party provider manages and secures the data,
and users can access it over the internet. According to research till now it stores 1zb
of data.
As it is internet based so it has no picture.
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits. They perform
basic logical functions that are fundamental to digital circuits. Most electronic devices
we use today will have some form of logic gates in them.

So, there are three universal logic gates. They are AND Gate, NOT Gate and OR Gate.
These are very basic and simple gates.

AND Gate –
The AND gate is named so because, if 0 is false and 1 is true, the gate acts in the
same way as the logical "and" operator. The following illustration and table show the
circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input
terminals are on the left, and the output terminal is on the right.) The output is "true"
when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." In other words, the output
is 1 only when both inputs are 1.
Truth Table

OR Gate –
The OR gate gets its name from behaving like the logical inclusive "or." The output is
true if one or both of the inputs are true. If both inputs are false, then the output is
false. In other words, for the output to be 1, at least one input must be 1.

Truth Table
NOT Gate –
A logical inverter, sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of
electronic inverter devices, has only one input. A NOT gate reverses the logic state. If
the input is 1, then the output is 0. If the input is 0, then the output is 1
Truth Table

Apart from these three gates, there are some other gates, they are –

NAND Gate –
The NAND (Negated AND) gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It
acts in the manner of the logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is
false if both inputs are true. Otherwise, the output is true. Another way to visualize it is
that a NAND gate inverts the output of an AND gate. The NAND gate symbol is an
AND gate with the circle of a NOT gate at the output.

Truth Table

NOR Gate –
The NOR (NOT OR) gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output
is true if both inputs are false. Otherwise, the output is false.
XOR Gate –
The XOR (exclusive-OR) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The
output is true if either, but not both, of the inputs are true. The output is false if both
inputs are "false" or if both inputs are true. Similarly, the output is 1 if the inputs are
different but 0 if the inputs are the same.
Truth Table

XNOR Gate –
The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination of an XOR gate followed by an
inverter. Its output is true if the inputs are the same and false if the inputs are different.

Truth Table
 CONCLUSION

In this pdf file we learnt about the logic gates and their usage in making
important mechanical devices like transistor, diode, computer processors
etc...
we also learnt about data storage devices and their evolution. It also
helped me to learn about the topics deeply. Lastly, I would like to thank
our professor to give us this assignment.

RESOURCES
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• https://in.pinterest.com
• https://www.youtube.com/