1.

introduction to Mobile Computing

User mobility refers to as users who have access to similar
communication services at different places.

Example:
User can have a mobile and he can login to his mail account from any
desktop to check or compose emails.

Device portability refers to the movement of a communication device

with or without a user.
Device Portability:
The communication device moves (with or without the user)

Example:
A mobile phone system which is a mechanism presents either within
the device system or within the network handover the control from one
transmitter to another if the signal is weak.

In order to achieve device portability we may have to use another

mechanism called wireless.

The term wireless refers to accessing a network as a communication

media without the use of a wire i.e communication takes place in the
form of electromagnetic waves.
Applications of Wireless networks:

Vehicles
- transmission of news, road condition, weather, music/video via
DAB+/DVB-T2/LTE
- personal communication using GSM/UMTS/LTE
- positioning via GPS/Galileo/Glonass/Beidou
- local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents,
guidance system, redundancy
- vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in
advance for maintenance

Emergencies
- early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first
diagnosis
- Wireless networks are the only means of communication in case of
natural disasters such as earthquakes.
 Traveling salesmen
- direct accessApplications
to customerIIfiles stored in a central location
- consistent databases for all agents
- mobile office

Replacement of fixed networks

- remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities
- flexibility for trade shows
- LANs in historic buildings

Entertainment, education, ...

- outdoor Internet access
- intelligent travel guide with up-to-date locationHisdependent
to
information ry
Info

- ad-hoc networks for multi user games

 Location dependent services
Location aware services
In many cases it is important for an application to know location
information for further activities
- what services, e.g., printer, phone, server etc. exist in the local
environment
Several services that may depend on actual loation can be distinguished
as
1. Follow-on services
- automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to
the current location

2. Information services
- “push”: e.g., current special offers in the supermarket
- “pull”: e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cheese Cake?

3 Support services
- caches, intermediate results, state information etc. “follow” the mobile
device through the fixed network

4. Privacy
- who should gain knowledge about the location
 Cellular Systems
● Early mobile radio systems was to achieve a large coverage area by
using a single, high powered transmitter with an antenna mounted
on a tall tower.
● This approach achieved very good coverage,
● It was impossible to reuse those same frequencies throughout the
system, since any attempts to achieve frequency reuse would result
in interference.
For example: the Bell mobile system in New York City in the 1970s could
only support a maximum of twelve simultaneous calls over a
thousand square miles.
● Faced with the fact that government regulatory agencies could not
make spectrum allocations in proportion to the increasing demand
for mobile services,
● Soradio telephone system was reconstructed to achieve high
capacity with limited radio spectrum while at the same time covering
very large areas.
 Cellular Systems
● The cellular concept were introduced for solving the problem of spectral
congestion and user capacity.
● It offered very high capacity in a limited spectrum allocation without any
major technological changes.
● The cellular concept is a system-level idea which calls for replac ing a
single, high power transmitter (large cell) with many low power transmitters
(small cells), each providing coverage to only a small portion of the service
area.
● Each base station is allo cated a portion of the total number of channels
available to the entire system, and nearby base stations are assigned
different groups of channels so that all the available channels are assigned
to a relatively small number of neighboring base stations.
● Neighboring base stations are assigned different groups of channels so
that the interference between base stations (and the mobile users under
their control) is minimized
 Cellular Systems
● As the demand for service increases (i.e., as more channels are needed within a particular
area), the number of base stations may be increased, thereby providing additional radio
capacity with no additional increase in radio spectrum.
● . Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels to be used within a small
geographic area called a cell.
● Base stations in adjacent cells are assigned channel groups which contain completely
different channels than neighboring cells.
● The base station antennas are designed to achieve the desired coverage within the particular
cell.
● By limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries of a cell, the same group of channels
may be used to cover different cells that are separated from one another by distances large
enough to keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
● The design process of selecting and allocating channel groups for all of the cellular base sta
tions within a system is called frequency reuse or frequency planning
 Cellular Systems
● Figure below Illustrates the cellular frequency reuse concept. Cells with the same
letter use the same set of frequencies.
● A cell cluster is outlined in bold and replicated over the coverage area.
● In this example, the cluster size, N, is equal to seven, and the frequency reuse
factor is 1/7 since each cell contains one-seventh of the total number of available
channels.
● In order to maximize capacity over a given coverage area (i.e., to maximize C in
Equation (1)
● The frequency reuse factor of a cellular system is given by 1/N, since each cell
within a cluster is only assigned 1/N of the total available channels in the system.
 Cellular Systems
—the geometry of hexagons is such that the number of cells per cluster, N, can
only have values which satisfy Equation (2)
where i and j are non-negative integers.
To find the nearest co-channel neighbors of a particular cell, one must do the
following:
(1) move i cells along any chain of hexagons and then
(2) turn 60 degrees counter-clockwise and move j cells. This is illustrated in
Figure 3.2 for i = 3 and j = 2
(example, N = 19).
N =i² + i*j + j²-------------(2)