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Chapter 3 Operational Amplifiers

This document covers the characteristics and operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps), including ideal and practical configurations, gain types, and various applications such as inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It explains the fundamental properties of op-amps, their mathematical operations, and performance parameters. Additionally, it discusses specific applications like voltage followers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators.

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14 views21 pages

Chapter 3 Operational Amplifiers

This document covers the characteristics and operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps), including ideal and practical configurations, gain types, and various applications such as inverting and non-inverting amplifiers. It explains the fundamental properties of op-amps, their mathematical operations, and performance parameters. Additionally, it discusses specific applications like voltage followers, summing amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators.

Uploaded by

abebebe642
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Electronics II

Chapter III
Operational Amplifiers
contents
• Characteristics and operation of Op-Amp
• The ideal Op-Amp circuit analysis
• Inverting, non-Inverting and voltage follower Op-Amps
• Open loop and closed loop voltage gains in Op-Amps
• Op-Amp performance parameters
• Application of Op-Amps in Linear circuits

Tuesday, May 3, 2022 2


Basic Op-Amp
Operational amplifier (op-amp) is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input
impedance (ideally Infinite) and low output impedance (Ideally Zero).
One of the inputs is called the inverting input (-) the other non-inverting input (+). Usually is a
single output.

33
Why operational?
An op-amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, differentiation, integration, logarithmic….
i.e. op-amp can sum signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or
differentiate it.
The ability of the op-amp to perform these mathematical operations is
the reason why it is called an operational amplifier.

4
The ideal Op-Amp

The ideal Op-Amp has characteristics that simplify analysis of Op-Amp


circuits. Ideally, Op-Amps have infinite voltage gain, infinite
bandwidth , infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite
fain for differential input signal, zero gain for common-mode input
signal and infinite CMRR.

5
Practical Op-Amp Circuits
• Practical op-amps have characteristics that often can be treated as ideal
for certain situations, but can never actually attain ideal characteristics.
• In addition to finite gain, bandwidth, and input impedance, they have
other limitations.

6
6
Block Diagram of Op-Amp
Internally, the typical Op-Amp has a differential input, a voltage amplifier and a push-pull
output.

+
Push-pull
Differential Voltage
amplifier
Vin amplifier amplifier(s) Vout
output
– input stage gain stage
stage

77
Op-Amp Gain
Op-Amps have a very high gain. They can be connected open-loop or
closed-loop.

• Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback


from output back to the input. In the open-loop configuration the
gain can exceed 10,000 (In the case of 741 op-amp the gain is
200V/mV).

• Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the


gain of an op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a
negative feedback. A negative feedback reduces the gain and
improves many characteristics of the op-amp.
8
8
Inverting/ Non-Inverting Op-Amps
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier
 Rf Rf
Vo  V1 Vo  (1  )V1
R1 R1

9
9
Inverting Amplifier
• An inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the non-inverting
input is grounded and the signal is applied through a resistor to the
inverting input.
• Feedback forces the inputs to be nearly Rf
identical; hence the inverting input is very
close to 0 V. The closed-loop gain of the Ri
inverting amplifier is –
Vout
Rf Vin +
Acl (I)  
Ri
0 V (virtual ground)
Non-inverting Amplifier
• A non-inverting amplifier is a configuration in which the signal is on the non-
inverting input and a portion of the output is returned to the inverting input.

+
• Feedback signal Vf to be equal to Vin, hence Vin Vout
is across Ri. With basic algebra, you can show Vin –
Rf
that the closed-loop gain of the non-inverting Vf Feedback
circuit
amplifier is: Ri

Rf
Acl (NI)  1 
Ri
Impedance Parameters
–

• ZIN(d) : The differential input impedance is ZIN(d)

the total resistance between the inputs


+

• ZIN(cm) : The common-mode input –

impedance is the resistance between each ZIN(cm)

input and ground +

• Zout: The output impedance is the resistance –


Zout
viewed from the output of the circuit.
+
Op-amp Applications: Voltage-follower (Buffer)

• A special case of the non-inverting amplifier is when Rf =0 and Ri = ∞.


This forms a voltage follower or unity gain buffer with a gain of 1.

Vin +
• The input impedance of the voltage follower is very Vout
high, producing an excellent circuit for isolating one – Rf
82 kW
circuit from another, which avoids "loading" effects.
Ri
3.3 kW
Op-amp Applications: Summing Amplifier

• A summing amplifier is an op-amp circuit that combines several inputs


and produces an output which is the weighted sum of the inputs.
Op-amp Applications: Integrator
• An integrator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to the
integral of the input signal.
Op-amp Applications: Differentiator
• A differentiator is an op-amp circuit whose output is proportional to
the rate of change of the input signal.
Proof: Acl(NI)
Proof: Acl(I)
Proof: Zin(NI)
Proof: Zout(NI)
Proof: Z(I)

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