Question Bank – Unit Ⅰ & Ⅱ

UNIT Ⅰ

1-Mark Questions:

1). LASER is a short form of ……………..

2). The life time of electron in meta stable state is of the order of
a) 10-9 S. b) 10-3 S.
c) 10-8 S. d) 10-7 S.

3). In the population inversion

a) The number of electrons in higher energy state is more than the ground state.
b) The number of electrons in lower energy state is more than higher energy state.
c) The number of electrons in higher and lower energy state are same.
d) None of these.
4). The characteristics of laser beam are
a) Highly directional b) Highly intense
c) Highly monochromatic d) All of them
5). The method of population inversion in the He-Ne laser is
a) Molecular collision b) Direction conversion
c) Optical pumping d) Electron impact
6). The state of population inversion is also known as
a) Positive temperature state b) Negative temperature state
c) Equilibrium state d) None of the above
7). The condition of total internal reflection is that
a) the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle
b) the angle of incidence is less than critical angle
c) the angle of incidence is equal to critical angle
d) None of these
8). The main principle of optical fiber is……….
9). Multimode step index fiber has ___________
a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical apert
10). The numerical aperture of an optical fiber does not depend on:
a) Refractive index of the core.
b) Refractive index of the cladding.
c). Refractive index of the sheath.
d). None of these.

2-Mark Questions:

1. Define the term LASER.

2. What is the principle of laser operation?
3. What is population inversion in lasers?
4. Define stimulated emission of radiation.
5. What is optical fiber?
6. What is meant by numerical aperture in optical fibers?
7. Explain what is a graded index fiber?
8. What is total internal reflection, and how is it related to optical fibers?
9. Differentiate between spontaneous and stimulated emission.
10. What are the basic components of a laser system?

3-Mark Questions:

1. Explain the concept of population inversion in laser action.

2. Differentiate between step-index and graded-index optical fibers.
3. Write a short note on He-Ne laser.
4. What are the advantages of optical fiber communication over traditional copper cables?
5. Explain the working principle of semiconductor lasers.
6. Describe the different types of losses in optical fibers.
7. The He-Ne system is capable of lasing at 3.3913 µm. Determine the energy difference in
eV between the upper and lower energy levels.
8. What are the conditions required for total internal reflection in an optical fiber?
9. Explain the importance of core and cladding in optical fibers.
10. At what wavelength are the rates of spontaneous and stimulated emission equal at
temperature 300K?
5-Mark Questions:

1. Explain the working of a ruby laser with a neat diagram.

2. Derive the expression for acceptance angle and numerical aperture in optical fibers.
3. Describe the structure and working of an optical fiber communication system.
4. Explain the working principle, construction, and applications of He-Ne lasers.
5. Discuss in detail the types of optical fibers based on mode and refractive index profile.
6. In a photoelectric experiment, it was found that the stopping potential decreases from
1.85V to 0.82V as the wave length of incident light is varied from 300nm to 400nm.
Calculate the value of Planck’s constant?

7. Discuss fiber optic sensors and their applications.

8. What are the different types of laser beam interactions with materials?
9. Explain the concept of attenuation and dispersion in optical fibers.
10. Obtain the relation between Einstein’s coefficients.

10-Mark Questions:

1. Explain the principle of laser action with Einstein’s coefficients and the conditions for
laser generation.
2. Describe the construction and working of a semiconductor laser with a neat diagram.
3. Discuss the characteristics of laser light and how they differ from ordinary light.
4. Explain the applications of lasers in medicine, industry, and communication.
5. Derive the equation for population inversion and explain the significance of stimulated
emission.
6. Explain in detail the working of a He-Ne laser with necessary energy-level diagrams.
7. Discuss in detail the different types of optical fibers based on refractive index and mode
of propagation
8. a). Explain the principle, construction, and working of optical fibers with neat diagrams

b). Derive the numerical aperture equation for an optical fiber and explain its
significance.

9. a). Explain the different types of losses in optical fibers and methods to minimize them.

b). Describe the working of an optical fiber communication system with a block diagram
10. a). Explain the concept of total internal reflection and its role in optical fiber transmission.

b). Describe the applications of fiber optics in medical, industrial, and telecommunication
fields.

UNIT Ⅱ

1-Mark Questions:

1). What is the fundamental principle behind the concept of quantization of energy levels in
quantum mechanics?
a) Energy is continuous and can take any value.
b) Energy is discrete and can only take specific values.
c) Energy is proportional to the square of the wavelength.
d) Energy is directly proportional to the frequency.
2). Which of the following is a key concept in the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?
a) You can know both the position and momentum of a particle with perfect accuracy.
b) The more accurately you know the position of a particle, the less accurately you know its
momentum.
c) The energy of a particle is always quantized.
d) The speed of light is constant in all inertial frames of reference
3. What does the Schrödinger equation describe?
a) The motion of classical particles.
b) The motion of quantum particles.
c) The behavior of electromagnetic waves.
d) The behavior of sound waves.
4). The wavelength of the matter waves is independent of:
a) mass b) velocity
c) charge d) momentum
5). Assuming the velocity to be the same, which particle is having the longest wavelength
a) an electron b) a proton
c) a neutron d) an α-particle
6). The equation of motion of matter-wave was derived by:
a) Heisenberg b) Bohr
c) de-Broglie d) Schrodinger
7). If the momentum of a particle is increased to four times, then the de-Broglie wavelength
will become:
a) two times b) four times
c) half times d) one-fourth times
8). The main principle of optical fiber is……….
9). 1. Multimode step index fiber has ___________
a) Large core diameter & large numerical aperture
b) Large core diameter and small numerical aperture
c) Small core diameter and large numerical aperture
d) Small core diameter & small numerical apart
10). A single-mode fibre has low intermodal dispersion than a multimode.
a) True b) False

2-Mark Questions:

1). What is the significance of the Schrödinger equation?

2). Define Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.

3). What is the physical significance of a wave function?

4). State the Pauli’s exclusion principle.

5). What is a Bloch function and explain its significance?

6). Define energy bands in solids.

7). What is the Fermi level?

8). Distinguish between a conductor and an insulator.

9). Define the Brillouin zone?

10). Define the density of states in a solid.

3-Mark Questions:

1). Explain the wave-particle duality concept with an example.

2). What are eigenvalues and eigenfunctions in quantum mechanics?

3). Explain the significance of Bloch’s theorem in solid-state physics.

4). Briefly explain the phenomenon of ultraviolet catastrophe.

5). Explain the Fermi-Dirac distribution function and draw its temperature dependence curve.

6). Explain the concept of the effective mass of an electron in a crystal.

7). Explain the basic assumptions of classical free electron theory.

8). Discuss the role of the probability density function in quantum mechanics.

9). Explain the basic assumptions of Quantum free electron theory.

10). Explain the significance of the Kronig-Penney model.

5-Mark Questions:

1). Derive the time-independent Schrödinger equation and discuss its significance.

2). Explain quantum theory of Black body radiation.

3). Describe the postulates of photoelectric effect and explain the effect using quantum

theory.

4). Discuss the limitations of Classical free electron theory and explain the development of

quantum free electron theory.

5). Explain the concept of Brillouin zones and their importance in solid-state physics.

6). Describe the E-K diagram and explain the concept of effective mass of electron.

7). Explain the Kronig-Penney model and its role in band theory.

8). Discuss the effect of temperature on the conductivity of semiconductors.

9). Explain Bloch’s theorem and derive the expression for electron wave functions in a
periodic potential.

10). Discuss the differences between metals, semiconductors, and insulators based on band
theory.
10-Mark Questions:

1). Derive and explain the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. How does it impact quantum
mechanics?

2). Explain the Schrödinger equation for a particle in a potential well and solve it for bound
states.

3). Discuss in detail the band theory of solids and how it explains electrical conductivity in
different materials.

4). a). Explain Bloch’s theorem and derive its expression for an electron in a periodic

potential.

b). Describe the Kronig-Penney model in detail and explain how it leads to the formation

of allowed and forbidden energy bands.

5). Define what is a black body and explain what is ultraviolet catastrophe and derive in

detail how Planck resolved this phenomenon.

6). Discuss in detail the assumption of classical free electron theory, its merits and limitations

in detail.

7). Explain the quantum mechanical treatment of electrons in a periodic lattice using the

nearly free electron model. What are its merits and limitations?

8). a). Explain what is a wave function and what is its physical significance.

b). Derive an expression for a time-independent Schrodinger equation

9). a). Describe the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect. Give the quantum interpretation

of the effect. Write down the photoelectric equation and explain the terms.

b). Calculate the velocity of photo electron when a light of wavelength 2000Ǻ is incident

on a metal surface. The work function of the metal is 2.5eV, me = 9.1*10-31 kg

10). a). Describe the quantum free electron theory and its limitations.

b). In detail explain the E-K diagram and explain the concept of the effective mass of

electrons.