2.

5 Trigonometric and hyperbolic formulas

Trigonometric relationships
sin(A ± B) = sinAcosB ± cosAsinB (2.171)
cos(A ± B) = cosAcosB ∓ sinAsinB (2.172)
tanA ± tanB
tan(A ± B) = (2.173)
1 ∓ tanAtanB
1
cosAcosB = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)] (2.174)
2
1
sinAcosB = [sin(A + B) + sin(A − B)] (2.175)
2
1
sinAsinB = [cos(A − B) − cos(A + B)] (2.176) 2
2

cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 (2.177) 1

sin
cos

x
sec2 A − tan2 A = 1 (2.178) 0

csc A − cot A = 1
2 2
(2.179)
−1

tan x
sin2A = 2sinAcosA (2.180) −2
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
cos2A = cos A − sin A
2 2
(2.181) x

2tanA
tan2A = (2.182)
1 − tan2 A
sin3A = 3sinA − 4sin3 A (2.183)
cos3A = 4cos3 A − 3cosA (2.184)

A+B A−B
sinA + sinB = 2sin cos (2.185)
2 2
A+B A−B
sinA − sinB = 2cos sin (2.186) 4
2 2
csc x
sec x

2
A+B A−B
co

cosA + cosB = 2cos cos (2.187)

tx

2 2 0

A+B A−B
cosA − cosB = −2sin sin (2.188) −2
2 2
−4
2 1
cos A = (1 + cos2A) (2.189) −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
2 x
1
sin A = (1 − cos2A)
2
(2.190)
2
1
cos3 A = (3cosA + cos3A) (2.191)
4
1
sin3 A = (3sinA − sin3A) (2.192)
4
Hyperbolic relationshipsa
sinh(x ± y) = sinhxcoshy ± coshxsinhy (2.193)
cosh(x ± y) = coshxcoshy ± sinhxsinhy (2.194)
tanhx ± tanhy
tanh(x ± y) = (2.195)
1 ± tanhxtanhy
1
coshxcoshy = [cosh(x + y) + cosh(x − y)] (2.196)
2
1
sinhxcoshy = [sinh(x + y) + sinh(x − y)] (2.197)
2
1
sinhxsinhy = [cosh(x + y) − cosh(x − y)] (2.198)
2
4
co
cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 (2.199) 2
sh
x
tanhx
sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1 (2.200) 0
tanhx
coth2 x − csch2 x = 1 (2.201) −2

hx
sin
−4
sinh2x = 2sinhxcoshx (2.202)
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
cosh2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x (2.203) x

2tanhx
tanh2x = (2.204)
1 + tanh2 x
sinh3x = 3sinhx + 4sinh3 x (2.205)
cosh3x = 4cosh x − 3coshx
3
(2.206)

x+y x−y
sinhx + sinhy = 2sinh cosh (2.207)
2 2 4
x+y x−y
sinhx − sinhy = 2cosh sinh (2.208) 2
2 2 sech x
cothx

x+y x−y 0
coshx + coshy = 2cosh cosh (2.209) cs
ch
2 2 −2
x

x+y x−y
coshx − coshy = 2sinh sinh (2.210) −4
2 2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
1
cosh2 x = (cosh2x + 1) (2.211) x
2
1
sinh2 x = (cosh2x − 1) (2.212)
2
1
cosh3 x = (3coshx + cosh3x) (2.213)
4
1
sinh3 x = (sinh3x − 3sinhx) (2.214)
4
a These can be derived from trigonometric relationships by using the
substitutions cosx → coshx and sinx → isinhx.
Trigonometric and hyperbolic definitions

de Moivre’s theorem (cosx + isinx)n = einx = cosnx + isinnx (2.215)

1  ix −ix  1  x −x 
cosx = e +e (2.216) coshx = e +e (2.217)
2 2
1  ix −ix  1  x −x 
sinx = e −e (2.218) sinhx = e −e (2.219)
2i 2
sinx sinhx
tanx = (2.220) tanhx = (2.221)
cosx coshx

cosix = coshx (2.222) coshix = cosx (2.223)

sinix = isinhx (2.224) sinhix = isinx (2.225)

cotx = (tanx)−1 (2.226) cothx = (tanhx)−1 (2.227)

secx = (cosx)−1 (2.228) sechx = (coshx)−1 (2.229)

cscx = (sinx)−1 (2.230) cschx = (sinhx)−1 (2.231)

1.6
Inverse trigonometric functionsa
  ar
cc
os
x x
arcsinx = arctan (2.232) 1 nx
(1 − x2 )1/2 arcta
  in
x
(1 − x2 )1/2 ar
cs
arccosx = arctan (2.233)
x
 
1 0 1
arccscx = arctan (2.234) x
(x2 − 1)1/2
  1.6
arcsecx = arctan (x2 − 1)1/2 (2.235)
arccsc x

cx
arcse
arc

 
cot

1
x

1
arccotx = arctan (2.236)
x
π
arccosx = − arcsinx (2.237)
2
a Valid in the angle range 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2. Note that arcsinx ≡ sin−1 x etc. 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
Inverse hyperbolic functions
  2

arsinhx ≡ sinh−1 x = ln x + (x2 + 1)1/2 (2.238) for all x x

1 nh
ta
  ar

x
osh
arcoshx ≡ cosh−1 x = ln x + (x2 − 1)1/2 x≥1
0

arc
(2.239) nh x
−1 arsi
 
1 1+x
artanhx ≡ tanh−1 x = ln (2.240) |x| < 1 −2
2 1−x −1 0 1
  x
−1 1 x+1
arcothx ≡ coth x = ln (2.241) |x| > 1
2 x−1
  4
−1 1 (1 − x2 )1/2
arsechx ≡ sech x = ln + 0<x≤1
x x 3

arcoth x
(2.242)
  2
1 (1 + x2 )1/2 arc
arcschx ≡ csch−1 x = ln + x = 0
ar
se
sch
x
x x 1 ch
x
(2.243)
0 1 2
x