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Operating System Concepts

The document explains deadlock in operating systems, illustrating it with an example of two processes waiting for each other's resources. It outlines methods for detecting deadlock, such as Resource Allocation Graphs and Wait-for Graphs, and discusses strategies for overcoming it, including prevention and recovery. Additionally, it covers process management steps, types of operating systems, and differentiates various memory management concepts.

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2 views2 pages

Operating System Concepts

The document explains deadlock in operating systems, illustrating it with an example of two processes waiting for each other's resources. It outlines methods for detecting deadlock, such as Resource Allocation Graphs and Wait-for Graphs, and discusses strategies for overcoming it, including prevention and recovery. Additionally, it covers process management steps, types of operating systems, and differentiates various memory management concepts.

Uploaded by

ssemwogerere.ashiraf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System Concepts

1. Explain Deadlock with Illustration

Deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting
for the other to release a resource.

Example:
Consider two processes, P1 and P2, and two resources, R1 and R2:
1. P1 holds R1 and requests R2.
2. P2 holds R2 and requests R1.
Since both are waiting indefinitely, a deadlock occurs.

2. Different Ways of Detecting Deadlock & How to Overcome It

Detection Methods:
- Resource Allocation Graph (RAG): A cycle in the graph indicates deadlock.
- Wait-for Graph: A directed cycle suggests deadlock.
- Deadlock Detection Algorithm: Detects deadlock dynamically.

Ways to Overcome Deadlock:


- Prevention: Avoid circular wait conditions.
- Avoidance: Use Bankers Algorithm.
- Recovery: Terminate processes or preempt resources.

3. Explain Steps Taken in Process Management

Process management steps:


1. Process Creation: A new process is created.
2. Process Scheduling: Determines execution order.
3. Execution: The process runs and utilizes CPU.
4. Waiting: Process waits for I/O or resources.
5. Termination: Process ends after execution.

4. Explain Any Four Types of OS

1. Batch OS: Executes tasks in batches without user intervention.


2. Time-Sharing OS: Allows multiple users to share resources.
3. Distributed OS: Runs across multiple machines as a single system.
4. Real-Time OS: Used for time-critical applications like medical systems.

5. Differentiate the Following in Relation to Memory Management

(i) Internal vs. External Fragmentation

- Internal Fragmentation: Unused memory within allocated blocks.


- External Fragmentation: Wasted memory between allocated blocks.

(ii) Segmentation vs. Paging

- Segmentation: Divides memory logically into segments.


- Paging: Divides memory into fixed-size pages.

(iii) Dynamic Loading vs. Dynamic Linking

- Dynamic Loading: Loads parts of a program only when needed.


- Dynamic Linking: Links program components at runtime.

(iv) Logical vs. Physical Address Space

- Logical Address: Generated by CPU.


- Physical Address: Actual memory location in RAM.

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