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01 Fem

The document outlines the fundamental concepts and general steps of the Finite Element Method (FEM), which approximates continuous fields by dividing them into finite elements. It discusses applications, advantages, and various FEM software packages, as well as detailed notes on stiffness matrices and displacement functions. An example is provided to illustrate the process of solving for displacements, strains, and stresses in a 1-D bar under load.

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Mutya Billasalsa
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15 views22 pages

01 Fem

The document outlines the fundamental concepts and general steps of the Finite Element Method (FEM), which approximates continuous fields by dividing them into finite elements. It discusses applications, advantages, and various FEM software packages, as well as detailed notes on stiffness matrices and displacement functions. An example is provided to illustrate the process of solving for displacements, strains, and stresses in a 1-D bar under load.

Uploaded by

Mutya Billasalsa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Sabrina Harahap

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF FEM


A continuous field of a certain domain having infinite degrees of
freedom is approximated by a set of piecewise continuous models
with a number of finite regions called elements. The number of
unknowns defined as nodes are determined using a given relationship
i.e.{F}=[K]*{d}.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT OF FEM

Domain 
x

 Red line-Continuous field


Domain with degrees of freedom over the entire domain.
Blue line-Finite number of
linear approximations
with the finite number of
x


x
elements
 Subdomain e

Domain divided with subdomains


with degrees of freedom

1

2
5 6
3
4
x
GENERAL STEPS
1) Discretize the domain
a) Divide domain into finite elements using appropriate
element types (1-D, 2-D, 3-D, or Axisymmetric)
2) Select a Displacement Function
a) Define a function within each element using the nodal
values
3) Define the Strain/Displacement and Stress/strain
Relationships
4) Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix and Equations
a)Derive the equations within each element
GENERAL STEPS

5) Assemble the Element Equations to Obtain the


Global or Total Equations and Introduce
Boundary Conditions
a)Add element equations by method of superposition
to obtain global equation
6) Solve for the Unknown Degrees of Freedom
(i.e primary unknowns)
7) Solve for the Element Strains and Stresses
8) Interpret the Results
APPLICATIONS
Stress Analysis
 Truss and frame analysis
 Stress concentration
Buckling
Vibration analysis
Heat transfer
Fluid flow
ADVANTAGES OF FEM
Model irregularly shaped bodies
Compute General load conditions
Model bodies composed of different materials
Solve unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary
conditions
Able to use different element sizes in places where
loads or stresses are concentrated
Handle non-linear behavior using linear
approximations
Reduce System Cost
FEM PACKAGES

Large Commercial Programs


 Designed to solve many types of problems
 Can be upgraded fairly easily
 Initial Cost is high
 Less efficient
Special-purpose programs
 Relatively short, low development costs
 Additions can be made quickly
 Efficient in solving their specific types of problems
 Can’t solve different types of problems
FEM PACKAGES

Algor IMAGES-3D
ANSYS MSC/NASTRAN
COSMOS/M SAP90
STARDYNE GT-STRUDL
NOTE ON STIFFNESS MATRIX
For a 1-D bar, the stiffness matrix is derived from the
stress/strain relationship in Hooke’s law and the definitions
of stress and strain.

σx = Eεx. ; σx = P/A ; εx = du/dx = (d2x – d1x)/L

By substitution: -f1x = EA (d2x – d1x)


L
f1x = EA (d1x – d2x) L E
L
Similarly for f2x: f2x = EA (d2x – d1x) A
f1 f2
L
Combining into matrix form, the stiffness matrix is defined d1x d2x
as

[k] = EA 1 -1
L
-1 1
NOTE ON THE DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION
•For a given set of nodes there exists a function that approximates
the displacement at any position along the bar.
•This function, called the displacement function, is derived from
Pascal’s Triangle.
•A new constant is introduced into the function for every node in
the discretized domain.

For 1-D u(x) = a1 + a2x + a3x2 + …


NOTE ON THE DISPLACEMENT FUNCTION
If a 1-D bar is broken into 2 elements, the displacement function
would be u(x) = a + a x + a x2.
1 2 3

Putting it into matrix notation: u(x) = [1 x x2] a1


a2
By knowing the distances to the nodes a3
and the displacements at those nodes, the
equation becomes: u1 1 0 0 a1
u2 2
a2 , where
= 1 x 2 x2
u3 1 x 3 x32 a3

x1 = 0, x2 and x3 are the distances to the nodes and u1, u2, and u3 are the displacements.

The coefficients are found by solving the equation.


EXAMPLE
E 2E

a A b A P

L L

Determine displacements of materials a and b if


the load P is applied to the end of the bar given
the above information.
EXAMPLE CON’T.
1) Discretize the domain with appropriate elements.

Element a Element b

f1 f3 = P
1 2 3
u1 u2 u3

f1 2 f21 f22 2 3 f3 = P
1

u1 u2 u2 u3
EXAMPLE CON’T.
2) Select a displacement function
There will be new term for each element, and the terms are

derived from Pascal’s triangle.


1 2 3

u1 u2 u3

u(x) = a1 + a2x + a3x2


EXAMPLE CON’T.
3) Define stress/displacement and stress/strain relationships
σx = Eεx εx = du/dx
4) Derive the element stiffness matrix and element equations

{F} = [k]{d} [k] = stiffness matrix

{F} = Force [k] = EA 1 -1


L
{d} = displacement -1 1
a b
EA 1 -1 EA
f1 u1 f22 2 -2 u2
= L , =
f21 L
-1 1 u2 f3 u3
-2 2
EXAMPLE CON’T.
5) Construct Global equation and introduce boundary
conditions and known variables.

f1 EA 1 -1 0 Global Equation
= u1
f21+f22 L -1 3 -2 u2
f3 u3
0 -2 2

B.C.: (x =0) u1 = 0
Known variables: f3 = P and f2 = f21+f22 = 0
EXAMPLE CON’T.
6) Solve for unknowns.

f1 EA 1 -1 0 0
0 =
L u2
P -1 3 -2 u3

0 -2 2
f1 = -EAu2 0 = EA(3u2-2u3) P = EA(2u3-2u2)
L L L

u2 = PL u3 = 3PL
EA 2EA f1 = -P
EXAMPLE CON’T.
7) Solve for the element strains and stresses.

εa = P = u2 σa = Eεa = P
EA L A

εb = 3P = u3 σa = 2E εb = P
2EA L 3 A

8) Interpret the Results

•After solving for the displacements, the coefficients of the


displacement function can be determined.
REFERENCES
Logan, Daryl L. A First Course in the Finite Element Method
Using Algor. Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA. 2001
http://www.finite-element-method.info
http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~chandra/courses/eml4536/
http://urbana.mie.uc.edu/yliu/FEM-
525/FEM_Lecture_Notes_Liu_UC.pdf
VIDEO
SCHEDULE
1st meeting : February 17 09:30-12:10
2nd meeting : March 7 14:00-
3rd meeting : March 10 09:30-12:10
4th meeting : March 14 14:00-
5th meeting : March 17 09:30-12:10

WA: 085242667344

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