Aug 202.

3 : * UNTT-1*

Data
TH an ndvdual unt thct contotns a rmectae

cbich doesnt have mning

Tformation:
T4 s a combnatfor ot dota hal contatns a
mesat
ohtch has spectfte meantng.
’pala Communicatfen depend1 ontbex elernets CCoroponerti):
Seder
" ReceiveT Mesagntrt
"petocol cset ct ules)
Medam (Tansmission medum]
k Commni cation means chaing infomoton locally
* Data conmentaotion means dta is betoeen
tuo dev lcec via Some tansmisston.medim.
’ Data can, be in the fem of text, numbers, Auckio, viceo,
Rulel pl Rule
Rulet
Rule tbp1
Rule 3
Rulea
melur Receiver

Mesopsender notleax1
Bastc Data Comunicatien mael.

* Requterrerts of Data cormuntoatton:

shenslegonse
Delbvev : Corvect necei ver
2 Accuvar::co
Coect
3 Time(iness : Conect tirne
4 Jitter : Isterval me oç bata ust s Same time

Chata ts dded torto packets]

 NetoK >Eq for Stmplea mde:
The Set f noer or devces aye conneted (o)
Cerrmniation ttoks

Comter Netoork Eg fo haf cuplez;

The set of artoromas cidia) Computes that are s D
Cemected togelhe by commusicatbn tinks.h
Ea fo -fll duplex:
* Raste componeots of CN :
1 Souuce] Serder
2 Transmiaston ten

3 Transnsson mllum
Neto¡t fs divided ioto 2
4Receiver UNI CASTING : One to one
Tansmtssion Techrelogiec.
5 Destiation. MULTI CASTING: One to many
ohetouxreals BROAD CASTING: one to al
2. SCaecbistane) pAN (pesonalised Netoork)
ANCLOal -Area Netoo8)
hansnitte firasmisson MAN CMetropatan Netucsr )
Melium
Tet> Dgtal bigtal Aralg Analogl Dlqal
aN ChdeArea Netost )
Irtemet
DlgHal lhst Text
’b for ont asting: (pees to feev /potnt to potnl)
’Thammtter conerts the eag whtch is kooon to
hansmission melm
Receiver Conyeots the ohicb s koHo to
Destination
* Data Floo: Eg for Mutfcastrg
D)
Soplex mode
}Diffevent trmes - ttaf dupleseoh D2 | Dy DG

t Fatl duplex.
 key Eleerts of ptoco l
Eq for Bnoad atirg
syota - stuttue of the mescoq
a Semattes - Meantrg f the mess of each elent
8.speed/synchenizc kquercer-tow faet the bytes
-Lhatsapp, Tv chaonel. Eaarple post Cad. tianfened.
PAN:
Level I : d l t
I metes.
The letter Ps wottten a kept eo a pot bo,
brstane fs notthen
Level 2 :
E sireless Mouse The letter e toansferied to the Cocal post office.
LAN Level3:
Dåstarce Ps otho 1o/100 meteos
Uses Seveval, tansmsson mdicurns ltke raioa,
Roorn, kab. buseet

MAN: Dstana s io beten |Km-loorm Level4:

Letter is tanofered to -the destnton post offre
Level 5: vteid
WAN:
DåstanCL Coursl sette gven to theneeiveso

Tnternet: oppleq::ooporhow
DetaDce
Tf ofes thtt l he cenrtes ane connecte in
Netuoork:
Gograpal manDes
Corrbtrotby ap bardme ad softare ’ TopottR fes tthal
that serds the data from one to anotheo. stuctue of the Neto0E.
’ Compte Netuosr -’ore ore devter ar onnected] by usinj a chamel
Cornstsfing f phystcal, mpertsad Called link Teo Linke a alled as
Topdg.
Softare Conststng af Tostycctton set that miata a
toget the SenNces froro tbe Serdes ad eeive Tes f Topglogie
1. Me sh:
ard potocols
Protocol:
cosbsch Syctem s comerta to -the ench Sydem af the
Netot.
govesn the Commencaton
. eemest betien to Commenatton patee
 -Adv:
t No.of cables ae vey less p bie

3 besgn ts ea
less.
4- Cost fs
ts veduced
Reclundany f the mesage"seducedo oL
also
G No of To pots ae
clevices ls Dedaled lonk
The tioe between two
the
Ds-Adv;
f the Cable s fatled,then
because
because of ddccfed
(nkg t Not robust will be affecled
of data. erthe netoon
2 Guavate -fon he tiansrsslon fautt Jdentrficatton Ec dfftut
3 Rotst-The eottre netwonr -offece ohen
12 one

Lhk 1s failed.
Central Contolle
Dis Ady: HUB
LNocf o pots a reqhed fnceasecl then -te Netcoyr
inceoecl
Cocears -For loo devtces, H Nequses '4950 toks.
Catelny
3- TneBallatton Complex
(Mene ro.of ces ave

* 2.Bus Topalogy Cach devtce has dedtated totnt to point nk ony

tbto cesal orstroller (HOB)
devie
-’ tn Star topoleqy9. hene es no dtiet unk fom
to devie
Catsle ’ erstal cortoller act as an
exchng LUth one devte
Bus
ts a mtipolt and long cuantk to Serd data to Cortoller CtHtoB) ad tOB Ser
cabe acs
as a bacebere eohth Connecte to atl dees af data to another devtes
the Netuon,
’Noaf ubes equtsed fo n devtces s n -’ No.foyes Nequbed, for m devles is "n" e
E eeptane rchange
Ethenet LAN
 Dis Adv
Adv: devtce fa2Ls then he efhe deri
, NotRohst (cohen one
bad)
toB s
Ckthen the popeolsy
Seoustty heub dert oo otll be effected) onna
GuarateeCcwben the the
d ta,osa
when the moe no. devtes a
c
cSFU be presert eve 9. Tares mose tire
Lank.
contacllngbased on liD6S Ef tfee fs a faruse of
4. Robust
5 Ilo ports ae l e s s . b s 2 5 Tsee Tzcpdog*
D'sAdr:
1 If hub fails, etie retoOt
faiis.
Tte
3 No
tarng
Secetl
4 Costly uoth espect to ttop. combnfon of star tOpola.
Tee
topoleqy
LAN

+Rirg Topology >Net a conholet.

Ak

Can obseve Bs
-topol-gd
Evesy evte ts connecteto ts ad'iaerst devle.
(Neighbau
devttes).
’ No.of coies fo o devtes
’Nof Ilo posts ane 2.
o
osb Losher

a.Gecnontee
3. Cest s les bécew no oties
ATto potts are less. t s a Combtntioo deffevent types of
5 Robust nhen the devicee r TnCyead hoose Angtfes bih
fdy: It condtrates the funettons ohtch ae icquves to
the ao bts fom Sender to rereheo.
3.scalabt
3.Robut
’ It concestsles abatt electieat e, mechaof al -fenctions
and chacctetsts of thetranGtsston meltum
> pcedure ,functons f the tansfsson mdur ae cl
DiSAdv:
Pyetal devtes also
1. Cernplex desigm data
2.coctty Tnfactuctuse -’ phgiaal tayer ts usefl fo the mvement of
Irtenet bits betioen Sender and ecetvé,
TCP/IP Functions ;
OsI I;pbyctcal chanactetstes of metom, Tte feces,bevtie.
-Refererse Malel Practaal 11

koye r polosto Repeerl the biie. -postie -for ecading, decaing tachigua
3 Data e -No.of brts tansmted sttftn the Scond.
AppltatFon
- bata ate t Serder a t
Gpresenltion 4- Sychonlzatto af data vte eceives Shald be
Sesston Tianspoit - Tp Ccommon clocr),

3. Netooor
NetucoTD 5 Line confiquatten (potrt -to potrt, Mutti potrt)
G. Dala floo
DataloE tost to NetDO
ame
1Topolo -phyctcal Stucture af -the NetoorK
Phyetcal Jeoo biz
2 DotaLink La
121h
The tansfer of deto frorm node o another node.
’In osT model, these s an
irstexfae belkveen each lat is espontble -fsosfor moviI fame
Hhey deffer n functions
as
fon one ttop to another ttop
’The mescoge is divded ioto Severcl tes t ) Source
Detnion
each las
’The data Can be move fon Sender to
SC Cetve to refve aa
sender (to and fom) Nodes /+tor End system
ttop to ttopto tHop to
-Hop
ttop Hop
 Funetion:
Furtions: Selectton /Routirg - pacrel selects the eaileto; 1eoch
nto fiames
hcming-pactets ave divided the destnatBon. ol
the of eact fiome s 2. Loqtcol Acche s Tp cddesshaed
fame diff
Some
3Nvavlgble lengh Fsomig -he lengt f
aeta ’storttrg and edig bt cantb Destfoaten hs
KooU SousCe
Tpases Ipaddess
selects the
2 phytal trlchessig NIc(Neloot Inleface Carc)phycal ) Based cn the desttoartfo IP acdses,
cttetita
3-Floo costol ’ checps -the pata ctle of he Sercder and eceht
>ota nctte of the necefves 8houlnt be leg than the e d
4. Eo% Cootool eno fiee fos e, 4: Transpgrt La prees to pces cconuntiatton.
IH s veponte f
n the
6 Acess corstol. ’uhch cevtoe (s capable_to aces the tunbooohg Apeib progpam unning
detta. io a etipott connection.
each pactel to the Conect Coropertes.
to -the coTNecl pes of the
8. Network aer:
oseto evi Pacrets fom usce to the cenect comperter
desttoatten. Functions.
Souvce - bestroton. port Ahess
A RSegmentcto anc esserrble - Foa reasemble, Seqrert
DOmher
a- s 1 o s olshauld have Squerce

Hopto tepto topto

RI
Hop Hop top
R2
- SoLvc to
betinoion omantctin

2R3 Ry Poces to poees

COmmn ction
5.segsion Laye:
Funttons: de i * Compariston b oST G Tcp-PM
Dlalec stsclthanedy Caknznsf
parameters OsI Model
3.Sypchronizartton, -Thee ll b Seme check pott to ches
the mesta ge if tfe pager
paesentatoh ay 1 Full form oST stards for open TCPlIp stads fer
’ checr peints o Syochntzationpcint ae equied Syterns Trterconnectton Transmieton contd
For erample ther are Sco0 poges Protoco/ Tnternet
data tos each to Pooe protocol
ef data e tnseisf a checr potrt If any
netansm Ssion
ccas that parttcular check poirst dotpage ave Tetsanm 2.
TH has 1 lees
not the enfe acoo poge of
daa. It fs

6 pesertatton ta: 4: Approach

H is espansibe ahoct Synta and Seromantter
Vertcally oFprched Tt ts hotzcraly
oFpcachei
f tfe tnfoornatin at both ssdec s. Delveny Lbelivesy of the pacea
Funetions: guaanteed tn osI ts not quaareed n
Model
TeP) IP MadeL
Tanslattoo
GReplacerment Replacarrert of tools ard Replactrg he tools
encption-Security
Compeion - educe the Stze. chang Can easily be ts rot easyias t is

’ Serde-bepencent fomat rto Coromon -ormat t is less rellabke than H ts more ellable ;
commen format brto Recetver Dependert -format TCP/ IP moel tfan ost Motl.lo)
It provces dferent seves to the seTS
These ae Seveal' tpes of
( Mall Seovices Sevtee:
2. File Sevtoes

3Directosj Seavtes.
 TRensnssion medeim ts us totanfer at fom Sender
eceilen
*Iransmission Medium:Teo clc phyetal taye an
Tee ane too tpesvrt trn
1 Guided imadia(iived)
ost Motel
Y TCp/IP-and o
3.Ungided medlaluoiieless)t
oApplicotfon clase fed i to 3 tHpes.
Applicatton ’ Again Guided melo fs
tTofcted palr able
HTTA DNS SNMP|ELNET coaial cabe
Preserstatton SMTPFTP
3Fbie optte Cabe
Sesston
’nGickd mediot ts clast fied ioto 3 tspes
( Miconves

2. Radiouaver
Transport SC TP
3Tnfiad waveç.
loreln dogs
* Ttsted par cable
osultd o s tots te
tuoo ox mo
Thts Constst of tsisted
hetey.The cabes a e
NetuorE TCMP TGMP in a shape l8re a
dece the aaust of erlemal lefatan=
(Tstenet) aru each ther to
|RARP AR

rscalatys Gconductos
Data line
protocot cefred by be cenderyirg
Phytoal netuocts Chost to netucot) H Rs 2 tpes
1. STp Conshelkd eted a)
2. STp (shielded Totsfed ai)
Tegnemceiorn Medtap
Fo Gcmpk, uns hieled Teotsted pat1 ued tn telep hore.
Sender RecelVen

hyctial lage glcal Layer sth dta rate o Mbps l1 v od

 Wave.
i* Coaial Cable.:
Coppes cabe ocde a laf of
Contsts of a nuata Rado ve and mCoave Infared
TÁRS
mateial fs then nst a
maleial he fnsealottg
layer of plastto ts fn he cittesmoct layes yoo
Conductor A Tt|2
telephone, Cable Tv and Ae GHz THz

TRRs oable fs cLcecd En

Insulato7 Rado klaves:
Such as
Bat These aue used fos multcast Communtcator,
adto adtelevcton ar can penetile
Toner Couctos. j
-threugh ealle.
Ctes Cenducto USe omnnidivectionc for antenna,
plaste (shteld)
Cove

* Fibe opttc Cable

the constcts ofa Certl qlos Cene, Sunounde ba gas
Ciacth of (aer efoctve ndez So that the
tie ore Total Inlernal Refle cticn le the ctttcke Bs à
plastc jacrel.
Many febres may te bund led and cur Qudd by
another plast CoNet. Jacet
clading
Cooe
* Unqulded Media;
tingided meda tanpar elehomgnete LOave Micro Waves:
Thee aRe Used foo Lintcatt communicton Such as

IS aflen vefered to as wtreles communicctton. Cellular telephomes, Satte te NetenI andd wveles LANS.
. Radio wlaves
tighe fequnoy range Can nrt penetate koalle Use
. MPoo Wavet.
dhettonal antennas - point to pdt (zne of Stgkt
Co mMenlcattion

Ihe cuer of mlco wavee are lCKe tht af adio avea.

The no
osctllaions that happen m a dtat
Thoy ane used n Communloattow, adio astrenomy , remote
tanmisstbn per Secerd Seng,nadar and couse, to thety
Ihe no af aves that pag a fied applotton, -they ne Used in
o?t tn tme. Coo ting
 3203
Te
yoca channels
on
chong to
lght nfared ght spetum
of vstb bespnd.
tfe just
es light u
ges Cenyel vemote spectum
electronagnetic
A
the ofpart ae iTnfiared
gt o Tafaved
ppagten.
soght ofne atang
ortrane avea closed toation Cemmcin
a tn
cused
fo beCan stgnals ihete
Tnfraved: *