SQL Commands
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biswassubhayu1SQL Commands
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biswassubhayu11) ORIGINAL TABLE
TABLE 1
DISPLAY COLUMN WITH CHANGED NAME
DISPLAY AFTER MULTIPLYING WITH SCALER
2) ORIGINAL TABLE
TABLE 2
WE WILL DISPLAY NULL AS ALIVE
3) table 1 reference
PUTTING TEXT IN QUERY OUTPUT
4) WHERE CLAUSE
WE CAN OBTAIN SPECIFIC ROW(S) BASED ON SOME CONDITION USING WHERE CLAUSE.
5) RELATIONAL OPERATORS
=,>,<,>=,<=,<>(NOT EQUAL TO)
6) LOGICAL OPERATORS
(OR, AND, NOT)
IN FIRST CASE ANY SPECIES OUT OF DOG OR CAT IS PERMITTED BUT ONLY MALE SEX IS ALLOWED.
7) CONDITIONS BASED ON RANGE
WE HAVE TO USE WHERE CLAUSE AND BETWEEN CLAUSE
BETWEEN <AN INTEGER> AND <ANOTHER INTEGER>
8) CONDITIONS BASED ON LIST
WHEN WE USE IN CLAUSE, RECORDS WHERE OWNER WERE HAROLD AND GWEN WERE PICKED UP.
WHEN WE USED NOT IN CLAUSE, RECORDS WHERE OWNER WAS OTHER THAN HAROLD AND GWEN
WERE PICKED UP.
9) PATTERN MATCHES
PERCENT(%):CAN REPRESENT ANY SUBSTRING
UNDERSCORE(_): CAN REPRESENT A CHARACTER
Names of pet having four letter names
10) IS NULL
IS NOT NULL
11)SORTING RESULTS
ORDER BY CLAUSE
DESC: DESCENDING
ASC: ASCENDING(DEFAULT)
FOR STRINGS ARRANGMENT IS ON ALPHABETICAL ORDER
FOR INTEGERS IT IS ON THE BASIS OF THEIR VALUE
NAMES ARE IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER
ADDITIONAL CONDITION FOR MONTH HAS BEEN APPLIED.
STRING FUNCTIONS
CHAR(): RETURNS THE CHARACTER OF EACH INTEGER PASSED
SELECT char(70,65,67,69);
2) CONCAT(): RETURNS CONCATENATED STRING.
3)LOWER()/LCASE(): RETURNS THE ARGUMENT IN LOWERCASE
4) UPPER()/UCASE: RETURNS THE ARGUMENT IN UPPER CASE
5) SUBSTR(): RETURNS SPECIFIED SUBSTRING
THE FIRST NUMBER IS THE INDEX. IN THIS CASE WE START FROM 3RD LEFT CHARACTER SO 3.
THE SECOND NUMBER IS HOW MANY CHARACTERS. IN THIS CASE WE WANT 4 CHARACTERS
INCLUDING THE THIRD LEFT ONE SO WE MENTION 4.
6) LTRIM: Removes leading whitespaces
RTRIM: Removes trailing whitespaces
TRIM: Removes both leading and trailing whitespaces
7) LENGTH: Returns the length of the string
DATE FUNCTIONS
NOW():Returns the current system date and time
DATE():Returns the date part of the date-time expression
MONTH(date):Returns the month in numeric-form from the date
MONTHNAME(date): Returns the month-name from the specified date
YEAR(date): Returns the year from the specified date
DAY(date): It return the day part from the date.
DAYNAME(date): It returns the name of the day from the date
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
REFERENCE TABLE
MAX(column): maximum values from a column
MIN(column): minimum values from a column
SUM(column): sum of all the values from a column
AVG(column): average of all the values from a column(the NULL values are not treated as
zero, they are treated as non-existent values. This means that in the formula for average as
follows: (sum/total records), total records are excluding the NULL values.)
COUNT(*): no of records in a table
COUNT(column): no of records in a column(excluding NULL)
JOINING OF TABLES
CARTESIAN PRODUCT
EQUIJOIN
EQUIJOIN CAN BE USED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO NATURAL JOIN BY SELECTING SPECIFIC COLUMNS
AND MENTIONING THE NAME OF THE TABLE BEFORE THE COLUMN NAME WHENEVER THERE IS A
COMMON COLUMN.
NATURAL JOIN(NO COMMON COLUMN + EQUIJOIN)
GROUP BY AND HAVING
Group By:
HAVING ALWAYS USED AFTER GROUP BY.
WHERE ALWAYS USED BEFORE GROUP BY.
AGGREGRATE FUNCTIONS CAN NOT BE USED WITH WHERE CLAUSE.
USE OF WHERE CLAUSE
USE OF HAVING CLAUSE
