Assignment − 4

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INDORE

MA 106 Linear Algebra and Ordinary Differential Equations-I
(Orthogonal Trajectories, Existence and Uniqueness Theorem)

1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the following families of curves:

(a) xy = c. Answer: x2 − y 2 = C
(b) y = cx2 . Answer: x2 + 2y 2 = C 2
(c) y = cex . Answer: y 2 = −2x + C

2. Show that the circles x2 + y 2 = px intersect the circles x2 + y 2 = qy at right angles.

3. Find the curves that satisfy each of the following geometric conditions:

(a) The part of the tangent cut off by the axes is bisected by the point of tangency. Answer:
xy = c
(b) The projection on the x axis of the part of the tangent between (x, y) and the x axis
has length 1. Answer: y = Ce±x

4. Show that the differential equation of a family of curves of the form y = cf (x) + g(x) is
linear.

5. Find the differential equation for the family y 2 = 4c(x + c). Show that this differential
dy dx
equation is unaltered when is replaced by − . What conclusion can be drawn from
dx dy
 2
2 dy 2 dy
this fact? Answer: y = 2xy +y .
dx dx

6. Find a family of oblique trajectories that intersect the family of circles x2 + y 2 = c2 at angle
45◦ . Answer: ln(x2 + y 2 ) + 2 tan−1 ( xy ) = c.

7. Every solution of the differential equation

d2 y
+y =0
dx2
may be written in the form y = c1 sin x+c2 cos x, for some choice of the arbitrary constants c1
and c2 . Using this information, show that boundary problems (a) and (b) possess solutions
but that (c) does not.

d2 y
(a) + y = 0, y(0) = 0, y( π2 ) = 1.
dx2
d2 y
(b) + y = 0, y(0) = 1, y ′ ( π2 ) = −1.
dx2
d2 y
(c) + y = 0, y(0) = 0, y(π) = 1.
dx2
 8. Show that the following initial value problem possess a unique solution y = g(x) with domain
R:
y ′ + p(x)y = q(x), y(x0 ) = y0 ,

where p(x) and q(x) are continuous in R.

9. For the following initial-value problem show that there exists a unique solution of the prob-
lem if y0 ̸= 0:
dy p
= |y|, y(x0 ) = y0 .
dx
Discuss the existence and uniqueness of a solution if y0 = 0.

10. For the following initial-value problem show that there exists a unique solution of the prob-
lem if y0 ̸= 0:
dy 2
= y 3 , y(x0 ) = y0 .
dx
Discuss the existence and uniqueness of a solution if y0 = 0.

11. Prove the existence of a unique solution of the initial-value problem

dy
= x2 + y 2 , y(0) = 0
dx
√
defined in the interval |x| ≤ 2 2.

12. Show that f (x, y) = x2 |y| satisfies a Lipschitz condition on the rectangle |x| ≤ 1 and |y| ≤ 1,
∂f
but that fails to exist at many points of this rectangle.
∂y

13. Show that f (x, y) = xy 2

(a) does satisfy a Lipschitz condition on any rectangle a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d;

(b) does not satisfy a Lipschitz condition on any strip a ≤ x ≤ b and −∞ < y < ∞.

14. Show that f (x, y) = xy

(a) does satisfy a Lipschitz condition on any rectangle a ≤ x ≤ b and c ≤ y ≤ d;

(b) does satisfy a Lipschitz condition on any strip a ≤ x ≤ b and −∞ < y < ∞;
(c) does not satisfy a Lipschitz condition on the entire plane.

15. For what points (x0 , y0 ) does the initial value problem

dy
= y|y|, y(x0 ) = y0
dx

has a unique solution defined on some interval |x − x0 | ≤ h.

2
 dy
16. Show that the initial value problem x = 4y, y(0) = 1 has no solution. Explain why
dx
it does not contradict existence theorem. What happens if we replace the initial condition
y(0) = 1 by y(0) = 0.

17. Find all initial conditions such that the initial value problem
dy
(x2 − 2x) = 2(x − 1)y, y(x0 ) = y0
dx
has (a) no solution,
(b) more than one solution
(c) precisely one solution.

∂f
be continuous for all (x, y) in a closed rectangle
18. Let f (x, y) and its partial derivative
∂y
S. Then show that any two solution curves of this equation in S cannot have a point in
common in S.

19. Show that the function f (x, y) = xy 10 does satisfy a Lipschitz condition on the closed and
bounded rectangle |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 2.