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Class 12 Computer Networks Complete Notes

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, types (LAN, WAN, etc.), topologies, networking devices, transmission media, IP addressing, and protocols. It also covers the OSI and TCP/IP models, as well as cybersecurity concepts like firewalls and encryption. Important questions and answers related to these topics are included for review.

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10 views4 pages

Class 12 Computer Networks Complete Notes

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, types (LAN, WAN, etc.), topologies, networking devices, transmission media, IP addressing, and protocols. It also covers the OSI and TCP/IP models, as well as cybersecurity concepts like firewalls and encryption. Important questions and answers related to these topics are included for review.

Uploaded by

sayanmain2012
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Computer Science - Computer Networks

1. Introduction to Computer Networks


A computer network is a collection of computers and devices connected to share data and
resources. Examples include the Internet, LAN, and WAN.

2. Types of Networks
- **LAN (Local Area Network):** Small area network (e.g., home, office).
- **MAN (Metropolitan Area Network):** Covers a city (e.g., cable TV network).
- **WAN (Wide Area Network):** Large area (e.g., the Internet).
- **PAN (Personal Area Network):** Small devices (e.g., Bluetooth, Hotspot).
- **VPN (Virtual Private Network):** Secure private network over the Internet.

3. Network Topologies
- **Bus:** Single cable, simple but failure-sensitive.
- **Star:** Central hub, reliable but costly.
- **Ring:** Circular path, efficient but one failure affects all.
- **Mesh:** Every device connects to all, reliable but expensive.
- **Tree:** Combination of bus & star, scalable.
- **Hybrid:** Mix of different topologies, flexible but complex.

4. Networking Devices
- **Hub:** Broadcasts data to all devices.
- **Switch:** Sends data only to the intended device.
- **Router:** Connects different networks and directs traffic.
- **Modem:** Converts digital data to analog and vice versa.
- **Gateway:** Connects networks with different protocols.
- **Repeater:** Amplifies weak signals in a network.
- **Bridge:** Connects two LANs.

5. Transmission Media
- **Wired:** Twisted Pair (Ethernet), Coaxial, Fiber Optic (Fastest).
- **Wireless:** Radio Waves (Wi-Fi), Microwaves (Satellite), Infrared (Remote control).
6. IP Addressing
- IPv4 (32-bit, e.g., 192.168.1.1) vs. IPv6 (128-bit, e.g., 2001:db8::1).
- Private vs. Public IP.
- Static (fixed) vs. Dynamic (changes each session).

7. MAC Address vs. IP Address


- **MAC Address:** Unique identifier of a network device.
- **IP Address:** Identifies device location in a network.

8. Network Protocols
- **HTTP/HTTPS:** Web browsing.
- **FTP:** File transfer.
- **SMTP/POP3/IMAP:** Email communication.
- **TCP/IP:** Internet communication.
- **UDP:** Fast but unreliable data transfer.
- **ICMP:** Used for error reporting (e.g., ping command).

9. OSI & TCP/IP Model


- **OSI Model:** 7 Layers (Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation,
Application).
- **TCP/IP Model:** 4 Layers (Network, Internet, Transport, Application).

10. Cyber Security


- **Firewall:** Protects networks from cyber threats.
- **Malware:** Virus, trojan, ransomware, etc.
- **Phishing:** Fake emails/websites to steal information.
- **Encryption:** Secures data (e.g., AES, RSA).
- **Digital Signature:** Ensures data authenticity.
Important Questions & Answers

Q1: What is a Computer Network?


A computer network is a system of interconnected devices that communicate to share resources
and data. Example: The Internet.

Q2: Define LAN, MAN, and WAN with examples.


- **LAN:** Small area (e.g., Wi-Fi at home).
- **MAN:** Covers a city (e.g., city-wide Wi-Fi, cable TV network).
- **WAN:** Large geographical area (e.g., the Internet).

Q3: Explain the OSI Model and its layers.


OSI Model has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation,
Application.

Q4: What is the difference between TCP and UDP?


- **TCP:** Reliable, connection-oriented.
- **UDP:** Fast but unreliable, connectionless.

Q5: What is a firewall? How does it work?


A firewall is a security system that controls network traffic. It blocks unauthorized access while
allowing legitimate communication.
Previous Year Questions (PYQs) with Answers

Q1: What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6?


- **IPv4:** 32-bit addressing, supports ~4 billion devices.
- **IPv6:** 128-bit addressing, supports trillions of devices.

Q2: What are different types of network topologies?


- Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree, Hybrid.

Q3: What is cloud computing? What are its advantages?


Cloud computing allows remote access to computing resources. Advantages: Cost-effective,
scalable, accessible from anywhere.

Q4: Explain the working of a firewall.


A firewall filters incoming and outgoing traffic to prevent unauthorized access.

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