ts Kanden Numbe

andom Mmbes ad fs Prrrtr

encept
he nuMbeTs geneaked bya pmocoAs, hose outrame
's onprdictabl and which cahoo be yeplca/ed co
handom NUMbes

Aadom nymbo fs generated uszJuge set q

pumbed ad a mathemahca agothm.
andom pum be are ba Pngredient Pn he stmulaba
QL dfecnele pdtem.

omputem larqu2ges have a_subroutre, obech or-funchm

Tho uilt aenerale a andom nmbeY.

ooPerties
Kandm Dombes have two PmpoBant_poReat
PeDRete

chese
Uniyan mitlhoyame eguaily ptbab eey
7|hdapendene Th_Cwrrent vlve ef z Yandorn Vaialble_
hasno olao wth he_previous vzwe
O0h Yandom nurobg rmu_e an Prndependentsampe
wnkm a lontinuous Unum

rpectam CR-ndr
elassmate PAGE
Vafante VCP Sayz -leCe)]*
 DATE IIT

ome ConsequenCos he unform ty Y 1MLpend dpendore

Pnperbes a

loJ7 a_deuided into n Sobintenva

Sobi
The Inerva
equalongthTe e expected nuTOber pseuad
toel Do. o b i e
neach_imeda fs ,'twhene U fs obsea
Podwb
Pusw
he pmbabi iny l obsesving a vawe v aZÚes
ih
dm
9emval Ps_7Hdaerdone o/he_perous VTiWes dm

pes andern Uumd

Pseudo andem umboy
seudo means alle So talle Yando numbors e
being genonaked meng Yandom numbers are belng
enrdted throgh z known method, hch Yeo ve g
he pote ofrue Yandomness
t h e mothod s koun, tho se ol randam numbes
Con be replicok biCh moa DUMbog are not 4mey Nann

P3udo Yapdlom_DuM bos Use mathomahcal

genahahre h umbex algorih
30 P has talt lespong n

Pseudo Yondm nombex a 0mth, ho Sequento

O_numbes g repeata
I s teterminfEk.
clASSMAte
ue andon umber

the anme saSeqges, the Yardgrn Dumbev

> ne trve Which meang the,outtome of Jho randam
s unpredicdable and Pt Seweg be potenha
Umber

O t r e Yandomhos.

Kandm humbers gerprakm mothud e s Physicl

True
means to gerorake nUmtes JKe afmospter
YMeans
ho se
has3loYesponinenenak nóTobes
Here,he Sequanto nuDbey my oT y noE Jet
Yepeal ed
P s non-detemminis D

b2e hodg af Greerabn andm vmbes

neaneng uental Hethoo

neanlonguental mmethod pmdutes a sepuenes
fntegere XX, betwean and m
LCtoding_ ho Ulain Votunsive yelzm&h

TA:[aX4c)mod m o.J2,...- G
nak valuo Yo s Calldhe seeda s Calse The
on&iant mulipler.,CPs he încremont_ad m sthe
Modu lus.
elassmate
PAGE
 DATE OOO
a8e-J Hied'method C#o e: y1 (3
Muhplfcabe Congnvenha/ methd C=0
Cae-2
Cak-1:1Addhve Congmuansl h d ; a:
Xt4me (x

e s e the selLo ngah_Congruendial mifhed to

genenate a Sequena a_anddn puD bex oL
Xor 22, 'a= 7, C-43 and mssoo
ve Knptw ho Enorinaas Conguehal mithd
X1-f+C) mad m
2ateqe
Nole: P ber enoraed w be behean O bo mJ

hese Yandm otegegt

Bumaes &houLd appea to e
digdrt bues betwcen the fnteges o t 93 unta
ardm nombess beh ob Can be qenaakes t
Ri: Xi/m, f=J23,- -
UOt,Xo: 29, a J?, C:43, m=/co
andam Pndeaers arl
( Y
(aXo+c) med m=\2x29 +3) mod00 So2
(14x 2 +43) mod oo- 99 mod Joo 9
mod o02
Ya-19x7? +49) 9od JooJ3s2 md Joo 2
nd.andomnimx 3
99 0 99
10
3 S2/- 0 s
elasSMAte

PAGE
 DATE

20 Xo:63, genenale a Sequente

m ntegeN USHnq_
J

A Xo )mod m: 9K63 mod Joo 99 mad o o 99

m d loo - q43
9xg
Y9X3 mod J0o:sa

yole:You Can ad oap gsinq un6i any eXTs Fepeak

6-

kaloda-S:1690?
a paime_numbor) cro, hese chofces szh'sy
Je h a frsyze 2_peod
he_Condfong Pe
Calu12e
orthor Specity a Sed Xo:J2?, 4S
random number
Sequen2 6

nivea, a 6 909 ( we lef side vawe a

Use
m 231-J2,1u, u1,u2 we R Haht sid
achal &lving)

Xo J2, y9
ew numbeg ae gemak
qP
h
E (25Mr23,419 nod (231-)= 2, o94,941, 99 mad (N)
2 210u,gu1,999
2,09U,JU, 15/27 05C

write P o t
tlasSmte PAGE

22 S3,992, 46 0 2604
 DATE JUTN

Mid aquane Nethod

d Square method fs_aL sed t Jenprake

psevdld mndm_numbens oy This we foloe.

plec seed numbor ( wth n digit_(X

X Psthe ?nika) andom nuMber. 00k: n eve

>|Squzve Y oblm numbe YJ toth m di

YY Ym ' . -n }
Add -0s to the lel4 of y p fomm 2 number wPh (2
diis Z/z9-7an 00.0Y2..-Ym

PLlra he middn drqds of z hch is Vepr

by nnberR

epa 2kove eps to ennae mre Yardm num R.

: atyiate The szl ve Vandam numbey Uinq

mid: Square mh fo SeadS9%
and Jr

Ogeed:JS
u : 22r 022s,then i 22
22, (222 424
ug_2300, Ou34,hon
30 02 J00 23o
(go) 2/00 0Jo0 en u 9u
elasSMAtee 2/00 n r:J8
PAGE
6 Seed 2

(1920)- 363 6Y0o,

036 6 PIz696y
(6 6)*:49ug 9 1yu96,
686
(II 4)2 1708936
P2-J144
0120216, P2-3%7
3037)292 963, 09s29S69, Pyo S29r
2007
C2963 (295)- 2801902 280390 Rr:0? 90

Athehe Coman vental mahed Us4in sy/aby

J

A2-Yr Vimod m,
her, YoyYi g pven,

PAGE
 DATE LN
5.3 esd Randlamnes- Unarntyndependena

UnPvmihTes
Keimogomv- Smnov k-s) te:
Kalmogpov mPrnov a under Te_equen.uyte
andomnei aranden num key CKed
e etkek chandm numbes ane unizoamiy A
dbuted
ep h TAeps
NUI ATnnak hypethers
s ep Kan dakom rmalulana la hde
he h_&maluyA obsen2h_lu 2 Fo4-.4Rw
he
ep mpble pt: ma7 -r
A

:ampule D-mns D,p

ep- Deteming the cihc, vue dko e tabe
hni :Love BgnsCan, usuay dakon 0-o
hen
Duu hypttnors tho+ data ane undrmy drstrbube
getles

clasSmate
PAGE
 hal e_Ounb 044, 0
det s dosived t 87, 0-19, 0 os, o 9R
pee qenNatel

hit_ing he prhoo
Ksmom mitnv a teh
deM wth
sangcane O:os loe a

uU hehs [Ho)
bypothes Wata unétormly dgibuled
fs
hpothetsl Ho,Dala fs nol bnerrn y ditnbuk
Kanking num bey 0 0S, 0J4, 0.94, 9 , 013

0-0 0:J4 0 31
0,4 06 0.9

R0.J 0.26 0J6 0.09

0D4 0.21

D-mz R- 0.2T
Be1 D.D= max0.26,0-2) 0.2

he cubcal vouwe r D a Sa_loNei oSgnsconca

with 60 N DAN2 0 s 6

Yeyeelce J

vawes
ven VaUwes o e_negadu en we kwme
PAGE J
(-).
 DATE UUIT
en 0.uu 19, 0 88, sS, J, 061, 0.9u,0-24
, 0-20, 0
24,00.
03 09 02y 0.29 0.y 0S0.63
0g
0990.
A 02 0:3 Oy 0 s o6 09 0 O-9 .0
.0
0- 0 0.06 0 J3 0-19 076 0.IS 0-2 6 O
2 3 0-09 0 04

N=Lo
aMaxSD D-} 0:9
(btal valu, DdA
0:4/0
na D DaN S0,
Uo) h pOhais. e do no reje

lSMat
 ed DATE DC
h s 0 7 v e

2
test Pa apether ted r
y ok TaNdom numbeas 44 eshn
Ihisquae

un
hse, e pa
Ps anm-
Ps a nm paNa.
t m e i cf e g t
PusesIe 9ample &tah.
OrE)2
EP
e,
Whene fs The o beerved num beh Pn The th clas
Co athe epecle0 nurDbo in kha 1-th lass, n
h e

TMesin hypotheisTeihng
tale the_n ad allernake hyothesfs

2Kank he_dala
p-7P he hoge PN) -2u) m_n, equidiiant itana
abiSoch adoath tnleua! ha al lead f
&bseluat
- alw lak Op E, ond delermina
(0-Er)
E

fhe tabk tehone

oiAmin2
eAmin Xho Crfhcal nwgm
vaLve,
henio
aioenuu hypshs

XN e 'eek nuL hyp mer

elasSMatee PAGE
 DATE

o0amdorn numbersS hane been

a belor
O93 0-30 0.07 :39 04 0.4 0:66 0 19 O eg
0.8.0 0 s6 0Jo 028 J.0 0 23 0.04 0.93 2 r
6 2s
0b8 Od2 0-67 Jc 0
o9 0Sy o'8y 0.42
091 0-23 0 94 0:96 O39 082 099 042
0-2
036 O:95 03 ol4 0 89 0 26 0.99 b98 02
0-23
3 y 0-0y O:9S yi O.99 6y o g 092 0-62
3.88 0:32 0P 0 24 6U2 0S 02
0 86 0 99 0 63 0s 0.j6 00 D6 0.69 O199 0
0-9y
O69 0S 092 Oso 0.09 6 2 0*2 O:29 0
0.3 0-24 0.33 0.99 .69 034 0 J
le thege vawa for
unTmy7 UBng Chtsquoeh
Cas Or EF
lo-0, 01) Jo
2 Lo.D2
3
y. Lo 3,0Y )
o , D-S)
6CoS,06) Jo
6,09)
Jo
Jo Jo

- u , g 26 S19
lASSmate

PAGE
 hi-Sqoae tet he
dah &hown
Tho ted ve_n:Jo beumo Jth
fndaluas 01 eu Jong
0-30 02
0-29
0-99
030
09
019

092 0-U3

0-06 0-39
0 0.20

NUl) hypohes:he nombers ane

onferm/y dribules
AHernak: he DuMbers r e not
on?fr y A

07-Er

Clos
lo-0,0)
O
for-e
Jo
O9
L01,0:2)
3020.3
L03 oy 9
Jo
JO J.6
Jo 09
0 J0
J Jo 2-
9 Jo
0-9,J y
lssmate
NJo PAGE
 ATEODUIN
Indspendentotekhn
J tap Tezd4
7ap eg counds he numbe o drarls
PPear befween ephhon epebwas diay
cme
hen usesheKomoaor. Sm?noy_e p
with_edpecles size of_gaps he wy ena
thelength ef_qaps aseocia
eomp
wh
&rak

41,3.S, 2,2 8,0,9,9J2, S, 2,9,9,4J 61 7, 9.6,2,

|& 2)3, J,3, 44,6 8, 4J»3

/here are t r e e 's So only 6 a p s can O ccor. T

gap s lunth s, a nd s O length 3, thid

Roryth o_y so on
11he hewrekcal dreqvency didrsbuhon-tor Tancdomy
Tdereo t is_fvénby PlgP4XJ+F¢X)-0-1lo9,
Y-UPPrmit of 9ap lengm J.0 X
AOnT J Speut he cd_orfhefheoreh calraqoeny
Abunm F(I bajd on the seleclad Cder înema

.Arroange the ohsenuad Sample aps Pn the Com

akve distri buhan wPhh H hege
Uaste
3 fir D, h an. deviatm beuweey PL) Sw)
ne fhe crikal vawe Da tor the peup
vawe oh 3 he
Sample 2 n
T he calwiatd vawe otD > tabwiated yaue
nu) hyp Oindeperdence is ejechr
elasSMAte
PHGE
 wth whch en y

aBuze he LJodrs belotwh te 9ap Owr

p Ouw,
are independeu whatha h

4 3 S 2, 2812,0 9.1 31S 21,9,

|3,49, 2,3, 9,
1 46,33,3,4
44,6,8 4,, 3»8,9 S.S313,9.
Ss
3,s,9, 9,S3,22,
,,4,9,036, 3 9, g
0,4)6P.0, 47,0,3,3,
.. 79 6,63Sn 8,8, 912, 9,1)?, S4,4, S,o,2,3,
31 1 2 0 , 3 6 , 3

o0 ap,:Jlo-J0 =J Oo
digik o:
The no Of 9aps associae cwth fha varoos
digib

D ength al bap NDOhep

42,9,3, 2,2, 21, C
,3, 6, Jo, 6, 4S,9,0
2 , 6, 12,22,
O 3?, 8y
Jo, ?, 0, 2, 3,8,JSS 2,4 4J4,0,9, 14 2
1,9,S b,2, 18> 123123).
0,2 6, 0,3,21) 2,0,0,J2, 2112,2 13
6 319.2u, 9, 44, 0, 22 7
|4S, 26, J0, 4 ,J6,t,24 8
19 9,3,8, 211J6, O,0,4 9
9

elassmate PRGE
 DATE

.
hecalwIabm ap te
2etakved Cwmurau Tesrehka
Saplch reqveny}) regven eqeneys regveny feay
0-3 3S
4-9 3h:03 1-09 0 3u3
22 0 22
Jo:o6s
19
J J 02y 0 9)26
9
00 o 83
6J9
20-23 0.898y
0 0
0.9y 0 9202
2u-
29-3 0 D
32-3s 00
0-96S2 0 00
36-39
4-u3 0-02 0.001r
O
4-u 0.99
J0o 0-040
O 993

The a l
vawe Door:
0-0 -3
34
n. ) mo 136
0.02142Do-os
Sorwe dm't
reee! 0 J36
muin hy pottuehs
4pethe

lasSMAte
 DATE
Comreaton_Jesd

1aa alisAtcal teyd thgl detemres hehe

dom NUM beh genihatn fs_ ndudng_ adperd
oandonm_nUmbel Un Seguence The tet
Melouhim3 Cancanaol cwh Xhe ceperden
hee nuMbeg In seguepce
The veiables Pnvelveel h r s te zle:
m-Esfhe lgJhe smcz bet" Thenumbes bai
_he indo or nume4m_uhch e
NA s f h e oal nofandm Nombesaneate!
Aenerakeo
MPfheorgpt Tnleges goch fhat PA[)m/:
oLhe_au Coreabim bBween k:,ko am
tA)m Compoted a
S km KiALK+1)n-0-2

Za Sm_hone, Jm:N3N)_
J2(N+L)
eCemputing Zo zcept he nu_hapoheks

SO90J6, o 82, o.63, 0.04, o.16, 0.3, 0.2, 0-93

4 023, o.S6, 0. 44 0-0S, 0-81, 0 38, 0. S3, 037, 0 7S 043,
20:4S,0S2, 0:39, 0.2, 0:j4, 0 69,0S, 0:93, 0J, O02 |
8 6 0-24, 0:9 0-34, 0:44, 0 -09 o.3 OU2, O.15,
O77, 0:09, 0 69, :46,0 39, 018, 21, 0 93B
0skoytKO}numihins at_pohnnd1h, 2
n wp-U hnUaAed nGE
 DATE

so s 2
| w e SAamk ak Postton d , m : J
being-etd,
SPae beBn The no .

NOw, w e b3Ve
+ (M+) m £N
+N+1) S £5D
2+ SH+S4So
SMEU3

M 8
NOw M
-0-25
M+

S2r Rask P2alkmro25

8+1 k o

42. Pun 02S

kx O:3+ 03x O + O-S x D59 0-Sg

Xxo-[.
GL+ 04Sx 06y + 0-6y X0 49 f 0. 4) b-23
0.23x 0:35 0-2S
0 172
Aga
02 13H3 3x8+2 - 0 J
J2(M+1) 218+)
Z a S 2 s 0-192 J264
O2 O 0ga5S
Tabvlated vaue Z0-0 96
lassmate u Zo Z4Sa, numbens z
nPAGE
independ
 rhed o indapendence fg boa8ad
he .l alain drais are onthe e
repeaded ?n a serag enurbos
nshe chiaauae_Aatic4fcs -t accopt or
h y p 0 1 h e s i s
reet the

hree deit DuMbeTS,here Ore 0Di4 3 po ss7b?

iky
The ndfdual numberg Can au_be dfeent
1he fndtyfdual_numbers Can au be Same
These Can_be onepor e/ like drols
be probabihy_aso.cizled sth_eachofen u
Pmee dferend dsi b): y 9 xo0 gxol: Jo 022
O 01

DezacHy one pau)=1-0.42-0-0 D. 29

ou digii numbers here are S

poss7bilR
P|4JP4 enet diqi8) Jx 0.9x 08x o9 0-So q
P(One ppaiu) Jx o-Jx 0:gxo X C(4,2) D:432
one
e e dlgik kind) Jx 0.Jx 0J x09 xt(413)
a
: 0:096
U p T : Plpr diak ofa kind): Jx0: i xo IXo iwCI414)0
Plhwo pah):_| 0SDy- 0-932- 0 0]- O. 00)0.029
-

dASSAALe
 DATE UUT
ASeguence num bers
of Jooo throee-da numbere
haa
anayg%U PndPcaleg
beon
Oen eneraledand an
289 ConA ha
68o haetree dPHese ds249 CoTHan
ike Yrars Based on pove HeH, are the ent
enacty ene par ef Jno das a/ Condam
nU
nde pendent ? Lel 0-os

UD hypoheHs: anglorm numbers ane máopenden

Atennale hypothassRandan nurmbor are not rdepend

alLwiah
Lon bnakn Op

Tbree Hoentdp 60 O2 XI0 00 920d 2-22

2 0ne pa 0.29 Nio o 20
J33
3 Trrec ue op 34 O 0/X100 = /D
44.
Z: Y4-6s
Tabvlaed 2d2 z91
Cw Laed 42.6s
Sane_2P , 2 So,nyes hepois vee
HeneÄhe pumbers _ane nt inde pendet.

e 4Seqvene o00Jooo -pur drgts nombes have

bLon qnenaled / an_lnaLysts ndtcakeg the
CmbinasN reguemi
mblahon
|Fourdgeent difs
Dne paiA 394 ndeperbnd

Two pa 32
hclapsmate ahi knd 13
Fovn ds'ys kind PAGE
 Kandom nUmbers ano
mdep endont
Randdm nombers e ns
ndependenA
CauuwLa

nbinahm

ar
difterentdg!s S60 0Soyx to00 Soy 6:22
One Paihk 399 0432 /0 00 =22
3439
)7woD pans 32 0 029 x 1000: 29 0 32
3 0.036x) 0 D0 36 19 69y
0. DOL o0

2/T
Calwtd ted 2 2S16
Tbo /aled 2os, 4 9:49
in e Caw IZA X2Ztab v1ztes , So Ho is
eieched. Hena, num b g ne na 9ndependhnj.
Heng

PAGE

lassMate
 DATE

Kandom Vasfate aenonafon

Jvege Transtormakm Metno d:
he nersetaansprm method dcan be sed
Sample mThe edponenda bojormrian
dftbub»_ek by nverrgn_ The cd Thboa
ose
Dbabi A, dresibotas. 7he invense ranstom
Can e ltzedo an dribukon hen the Cd

Lormputel easluy
potn distoi buha
The_pa p r rander) Vaizbu X Pn unE
dRsdPbuhn a ven b
b-a 44246

O ofheLwse.
and he cdrs gien by, fa
, 4L3+b
l J, *7b
Now, sd Flx) a R
-a
X-a+b-a) e s the randarn Valiade generacr qpr
nPtorm_didoribuha

a) coptan a/pejechn Method

sbsefut pahwarly whe fnverse cdl dodr't
ei&t h_losedorm `opposethaB an analy
noededto think Up a mdthod ur genoalsng va
va integ_X Dniko!y distribu te betwen a andl

ASSMAte
One ww
 DATE UTO
lap J 6Tenerate
a
andom
a
nomker R
dep2 R , aCeept X, hengoto depr
bP Te)ett P, and rekm fo
ep L.
lep3L ! znothe vnform andao
T s neaoled epeat he Vas?ae
aSdep p, op. Pmedse begiroin
begirnn
The effeFenu O n amptan
depends heantu n -Jhejechm techniquve
beng abie to
DUmbe rejecbon
inmi2e t a
 Cuedhmm asd fm w Chapten

e due andom OumbersV pseudo

h Pds po pentel. Tho
m
andsm_
seguente &f umbers 0
nUrmo
ems 6
0:So, 020.ÍR, 0-22,0.90 ha beon enoraded. Use
hypothe dPhribUked on
hal h a are Un fprmyT'butes
mtenat lou on be Yejesbes 2o48-Jo mone
Ose mulbprfcave ongauenhal mtihod genoal
gennale
Sequena erandem numbes wh yo 2,_a:1, me
(0-fmamks)
erenbale behweon Chi.sqoane tet and kg tet
uninmiy Use g tet_to houw for the tekpr
afhe fnput Set orandom Onpmi
Omrmi
0 U, 0. 230.41 numbors
0.1, 068, 0 , ven blln
Assume Kovel o
206- lo mame)
.Usemod cnanuen tal mathd
mhed
cVandmm numbers with Xo:
7 enonade a
enoade a Se
Seg vend
uan
o-Smor) Xo: 29, 2-,
7 , m: 10o
too ccU3
cu3

elasSMAte
 Henense

cavare teg Pa a gndnas let_tha

nseved reque noe OF_Yandm numbeg wr%
eped regvenc eg under he ven hypothens
rvoveg ai w2h ng hsqu ae Harhe bajd
the enved expected fregvenei@ o
dabthe
Compahin
a citcal v awe b delenmine the iaihad
ha he 0bsewed_feqveneig CowLd have octored by char

hntasXs teu Compoeg te Cwmul 2hve drib

bnthm [DE) OFa Set of rafdan nuDbeu fhe CD£ G
hunko« ditabura The K-s abthe is based on_
h manimum dHesenee behvan the tuw0 CDR.

Chisg wane a t c g is ven by 2 K-s lasthg t

or-gr)2

piema

daa inh indewaug in Chi-sgue

HID we divide Me Jample
Yank mhem in Ks k ]
divide Au daBa, fuA
botno need

PAGE