Volume-3,Issue-4April2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology

ISSN NO-2584-2706

Architecture and Solutions in IoT Middleware:

A Comprehensive Review
Dr. Nitika Arora

Introduction like AWS IoT, FIWARE, Eclipse IoT, and

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the Apache Kafka exemplify how middleware
ability for humans and computers to learn can support robust, flexible, and efficient
and interact from billions of things that IoT deployments across industries such as
include sensors, actuators, services, and smart cities, healthcare, manufacturing, and
other Internet-connected objects. The agriculture. By simplifying development and
realization of IoT systems will enable operation, middleware solutions are
seamless integration of the cyber world with fundamental to the growth, scalability, and
our physical world and will fundamentally intelligence of next-generation IoT
change and empower human interaction applications.
with the world. A key technology in the
realization of IoT systems is middleware, Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), WSNs,
which is usually described as a software radio frequency identification (RFID),
system designed to be the intermediary virtual machine, events, services,
between IoT devices and applications. middleware architecture, context awareness,
Middleware technologies for the Internet of machine-to-machine (M2M) communication
Things (IoT) play a crucial role in bridging
the gap between the diverse hardware Need for middleware in Iot
devices and the applications that use their The Internet of Things (IoT) envisages a
data. In an IoT environment, devices often future in which digital and physical things or
differ in terms of communication protocols, objects (e.g., smartphone, TVs, cars) can be
data formats, and processing capabilities. connected by means of suitable information
Middleware solutions for the Internet of and communication technologies, to enable
Things (IoT) serve as a critical bridge a range of applications and services (Ngu et
between heterogeneous devices, networks, al., 2016). The IoT's characteristics,
and applications, enabling seamless including an ultra-large-scale network of
communication, data management, and things, device and network level
service integration. Given the diversity and heterogeneity, and large numbers of events
scale of IoT ecosystems, middleware generated spontaneously by these things,
provides essential functions such as device will make development of the diverse
abstraction, interoperability, scalability, applications and service a very challenging
security, and real-time data processing. task. In general, middleware can ease a
Various types of middleware architectures— development process by integrating
including service-oriented, agent-based, heterogeneous computing and
event-driven, database-focused, cloud- communications devices, and supporting
based, and application-based solutions— interoperability within the diverse
address different operational needs, from applications and services. The need for
dynamic service management to big data middleware in IoT arises from the inherent
analytics and edge computing. Platforms complexity and diversity of IoT ecosystems.

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IoT networks often consist of numerous and the underlying used technologies.
devices with varying hardware capabilities, Therefore, the existing works on IoT
operating systems, communication middleware architecture need to be analyzed
protocols, and data formats. Without a to address their existing technical
common platform to manage these challenges, issues, and gaps in this domain
differences, integrating and scaling IoT and suggest further improvements.
systems would be extremely challenging.
The middleware, which is a software Iot Middleware Architecture
application, can hide the things details from In IoT middleware architecture, the
the applications by communicating with the Perception Layer forms the bottom-most
heterogeneous connected devices/things, layer and is responsible for sensing and
filtering the raw captured data, and collecting data from the physical
processing them before dissemination to the environment. It includes various IoT devices
connected applications, and therefore easing such as sensors, RFID tags, cameras, and
the backend applications’ development and actuators, which detect parameters like
offering multiple common services. temperature, motion, humidity, and location.
Middleware addresses important tasks such Above this, the Transportation Layer
as data aggregation, security enforcement, ensures the secure and efficient transmission
device management, and service discovery, of the collected data from the perception
allowing developers to focus on building devices to the data processing centers or
applications rather than dealing with low- cloud platforms. It uses various
level integration issues by providing a communication technologies like Wi-Fi, 5G,
unified communication layer, facilitating Bluetooth, ZigBee, and LPWAN to carry the
interoperability among heterogeneous data across networks. Finally, the
devices and platforms (Razzaque et al., Application Layer sits at the top and
2015). It also moreover, as IoT systems interacts directly with users or other
grow in size and complexity, middleware systems. It processes and utilizes the
ensures scalability, reliability, and efficient transmitted data to deliver intelligent
resource utilization, making it an essential services and applications across different
component for the successful deployment sectors, such as smart cities, healthcare,
and operation of IoT solutions (Zhang et al., industrial automation, and smart homes.
2021). A major challenge faced by This layered structure ensures that IoT
application developers today is finding the systems are organized, scalable, and able to
most appropriate IoT middleware solution in integrate diverse devices and technologies
terms of the provided functionalities that seamlessly (Amaral et al., 2016) as shown in
should meet the application requirements figure 1..

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Figure 1: IoT middleware architecture

Middleware Solutions In Iot service discovery, service composition, and

Service oriented middleware solutions dynamic binding, which are essential for
In the Internet of Things (IoT), service- creating flexible and scalable IoT
oriented middleware solutions play a crucial ecosystems. Examples include platforms
role in managing the complexity and like FIWARE, Kaa, and Eclipse IoT, which
heterogeneity of devices, networks, and data offer frameworks to develop, deploy, and
formats. These middleware solutions act as a manage IoT services efficiently. By using a
bridge between IoT devices and applications service-oriented approach, middleware
by providing standardized communication, ensures that IoT solutions can evolve, adapt,
interoperability, and service management and integrate with emerging technologies,
(Khaddar, 2021). They enable seamless enhancing system robustness, scalability,
integration of diverse systems by abstracting and ease of maintenance (Teixeira et al.,
the underlying hardware and communication 2011). Here's a quick comparison chart
protocols, allowing developers to focus on based on Scalability, Security, and Ease of
application logic rather than device-specific Use for the same middleware solutions in
details. Service-oriented middleware table 1:
typically offers functionalities such as

Middleware Scalability Security Ease of Use

Platform
FIWARE High(cloud-native, Good (OAuth2, secure Moderate (requires
scalable microservices) APIs) understanding NGSI
standards)
Kaa IoT Very High (designed for Very Good (encryption, Easy (developer-friendly
Platform large deployments) secure protocols) with good documentation)
Eclipse IoT High (modular and Good (depends on chosen Moderate (some technical
flexible) modules) expertise needed)
ThingWorx Very High (enterprise- Excellent (enterprise Easy (drag-and-drop tools
grade scalability) security standards) and visual development)
OpenIoT Moderate (good for small Moderate (basic security, Moderate (open-source but
to medium deployments) needs customization) setup can be complex)

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Table 1: Service oriented middleware solutions

Cloud-based middleware solutions Hub, Google Cloud IoT Core, and IBM
Cloud-based middleware solutions for IoT Watson IoT. These platforms offer features
are essential for managing the massive like secure device connectivity, message
volume of data generated by connected brokering, rules engines for event handling,
devices and ensuring seamless and integration with AI and machine
communication between them. These learning services. By utilizing cloud-based
middleware platforms leverage the middleware, organizations can quickly build
scalability, flexibility, and computing power and scale IoT applications without the need
of the cloud to provide services such as for extensive on-premises infrastructure,
device management, data storage, real-time ensuring faster deployment, better resource
analytics, security, and application management, and higher reliability
integration. They enable IoT devices to (Introduction to Cloud-Based Middleware in
connect easily to cloud servers, allowing for IoT, 2021). Here's a quick comparison chart
remote monitoring, control, and data based on Scalability, Security, and Ease of
processing (Kodakandla, 2022). Examples Use for the same middleware solutions in
of popular cloud-based IoT middleware table 2:
include AWS IoT, Microsoft Azure IoT

Cloud IoT Pricing Support Deployment Flexibility

Middleware
Platform
AWS IoT Pay-as-you-go model 24/7 support Flexible (can be deployed
(charges based on available (paid globally on AWS
usage) plans) infrastructure)
Microsoft Pay-as-you-go with free 24/7 support Highly flexible (global
Azure IoT tier (limited usage) (paid plans) availability and hybrid
Hub options)
Google Pay-as-you-go (pricing 24/7 support Flexible (supports hybrid
Cloud IoT based on data volume (paid plans) and multi-cloud
Core and connections) deployments)
IBM Watson Pricing based on usage 24/7 support Flexible (cloud and on-
IoT (can vary) with enterprise premises hybrid
options deployment options)
Oracle IoT Pay-as-you-go (pricing 24/7 support Flexible (supports hybrid,
Cloud based on services used) with paid plans edge, and cloud
deployment)

Table 2: Cloud-based middleware solutions

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Agent Based Middleware Solutions are particularly useful in scenarios where

Agent-based middleware solutions in IoT real-time processing is crucial, or where
leverage autonomous software agents to devices operate in dynamic or remote
facilitate the interaction between IoT environments (Savaglio et al., 2019).
devices, applications, and users. These Examples include the use of mobile agents
agents act as intermediaries that can in smart cities for traffic management or
independently make decisions, execute environmental monitoring, and autonomous
tasks, and manage device interactions based agents in industrial IoT (IIoT) systems for
on predefined rules or real-time data. In predictive maintenance. These solutions
agent-based middleware, each IoT device or offer advantages like reduced latency,
component is often associated with an improved efficiency, and greater fault
intelligent agent that can perform local tolerance by minimizing the need for
processing, data filtering, and decision- centralized control and relying on
making. This decentralized approach distributed, intelligent decision-making.
enhances the scalability and robustness of Here’s a comparison table based on Pricing,
IoT systems by allowing devices to operate Support, and Deployment Flexibility for
autonomously and respond to changes in some agent-based IoT middleware solutions
their environment without relying on in table 3:
constant communication with a central
server. Agent-based middleware solutions

Agent-BasedIoT Pricing Support Deployment Flexibility

Middleware Platform
JADE (Java Agent Open-source Community-based Flexible (can be deployed
DEvelopment (free to use) support (via forums, on various platforms like
Framework) documentation) cloud, on-premises, and
embedded systems)
FIPA (Foundation for Open-source Community-based Flexible (supports cross-
Intelligent Physical (free to use) support (via forums, platform deployment and
Agents) documentation) various agent
communication protocols)
CArtAgO (Cognitive Open-source Community-based Flexible (supports
Agent Theory and (free to use) support integration with different
Applications for the IoT systems and cloud
Internet of Things) environments)
Open MAS (Open Open-source Community-based Highly flexible (designed
Multi-Agent Systems) (free to use) support (limited for distributed
compared to environments and supports
commercial options) cloud and edge
deployments)
AAL (Ambient Free for Support through Flexible (supports
Assisted Living) Agent research; partnerships, with deployment in healthcare,
Framework commercial tailored services for smart homes, and urban
versions commercial users IoT environments)
available

Table 3: Agent-based middleware solutions

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Event Based Middleware Solutions required, such as in smart home automation,

Event-based middleware solutions in IoT are industrial monitoring, and security systems.
designed to handle the asynchronous nature These platforms typically incorporate event
of data generation by IoT devices. In these handlers, event queues, and message
systems, the communication and data flow brokers, which allow IoT devices to send
between devices and applications are event notifications to other devices or cloud
triggered by events, which are specific services. Popular examples of event-based
changes in the state or status of a device, middleware solutions in IoT include MQTT
environment, or system. When an event (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport),
occurs, the middleware detects it and reacts Apache Kafka, and Amazon SNS (Simple
accordingly, often by notifying relevant Notification Service), which are all designed
components or triggering certain actions. to efficiently manage event-driven
This event-driven architecture helps reduce communication and ensure that systems
unnecessary data transmission and remain responsive and scalable
processing by ensuring that actions are only (Pramukantoro & Anwari, 2018). Here’s a
taken when needed, enhancing system comparison table based on Pricing, Support,
efficiency and reducing latency. Event- and Deployment Flexibility for some event-
based middleware is highly beneficial in based IoT middleware solutions in table 4:
scenarios where real-time responses are

Event-Based Pricing Support Deployment Flexibility

IoT
Middleware
Platform
MQTT Open-source (free Community-based Highly flexible (supports
(Message to use) support (via forums, cloud, on-premises, and
Queuing documentation) edge deployments)
Telemetry
Transport)
Apache Kafka Open-source (free Extensive community Flexible (supports
to use); commercial support, paid enterprise distributed and cloud-
versions available support available based architectures, high
scalability)
Amazon SNS Pay-as-you-go 24/7 support (paid Very flexible (fully
(Simple model (based on plans) managed, scalable cloud
Notification usage) service)
Service)
Apache Pulsar Open-source (free Strong community Flexible (multi-cloud,
to use); commercial support and paid hybrid, and on-premises
support available enterprise options deployments supported)
RabbitMQ Open-source (free Community support, Flexible (supports cloud,
to use); commercial paid support from on-premises, and hybrid
support available vendors (e.g., Pivotal) deployments)

Table4: Event-based middleware solutions.

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Database Oriented Middleware Solutions security, and scalability across distributed

Database middleware solutions in IoT act as systems. Popular database middleware
an essential bridge between IoT devices and solutions for IoT include InfluxDB
data storage systems, ensuring that the vast (optimized for time-series data), Apache
amount of data generated by connected Cassandra (for scalable NoSQL storage),
devices is efficiently stored, retrieved, and Amazon DynamoDB (cloud-based
managed, and processed. These middleware NoSQL database) (“Middleware for Internet
platforms abstract the complexity of direct of Things: A Survey,” 1 B.C.E.). By using
database interactions from IoT devices, database middleware, IoT applications can
providing standardized APIs and services achieve better performance, scalability, and
for seamless communication with various reliability, especially in scenarios involving
types of databases, whether relational, massive data ingestion, real-time analytics,
NoSQL, time-series, or cloud-native. In IoT and long-term storage for smart cities,
environments, database middleware often industrial IoT, healthcare, and
handles tasks like data buffering, environmental monitoring systems. Here’s a
synchronization, indexing, and querying, comparison table based on Pricing, Support,
helping to manage real-time and historical and Deployment Flexibility for some
data streams effectively. It also plays a database middleware solutions used in IoT
critical role in ensuring data consistency, in table 5:

Database Pricing Support Deployment Flexibility

Middleware
Platform
InfluxDB Open-source (free); Community support; Very flexible (can deploy
Paid cloud and Paid professional on-premises, cloud, or
enterprise editions support available hybrid)
Apache Open-source (free); Strong community; Highly flexible (cloud,
Cassandra Commercial Paid enterprise on-premises, multi-
support via vendors support available cloud, hybrid)
like DataStax
Amazon Pay-as-you-go 24/7 AWS support Flexible (fully managed
DynamoDB (based on (paid plans) by AWS, easy
reads/writes and integration with IoT
storage) cloud services)
TimescaleDB Open-source (free); Community support; Flexible (self-hosted or
Paid enterprise Paid plans for cloud deployment
version enterprise users options)
MongoDB Atlas Pay-as-you-go for 24/7 enterprise Highly flexible (multi-
cloud service; support for paid cloud, hybrid, on-
Open-source plans premises with
MongoDB free MongoDB)

Table 5: Database middleware solutions in IoT

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Application-Based Middleware Solutions healthcare, agriculture, and industrial

Application-based middleware solutions in automation. Examples of application-based
IoT are designed to provide a supportive middleware in IoT include platforms like
layer between IoT devices and end-user Google Firebase for IoT, Bosch IoT Suite,
applications, simplifying the development, and Cisco Kinetic. These platforms handle
deployment, and management of IoT critical functions such as device
services. These middleware solutions offer provisioning, event processing, real-time
ready-to-use services such as data data visualization, and application logic
aggregation, device communication management. By using application-based
management, analytics integration, security middleware, organizations can accelerate
enforcement, and user interface support, time-to-market for their IoT solutions,
allowing developers to focus on building ensure better scalability and security, and
applications without worrying about low- easily integrate their applications with cloud
level device interactions. They often include services, AI, and big data tools. Here’s a
APIs, SDKs, and development tools that comparison table based on Pricing, Support,
speed up the creation of IoT applications for and Deployment Flexibility for some
various industries like smart homes, popular application-based IoT middleware
solutions in table 6:

Application- Pricing Support Deployment Flexibility

Based IoT
Middleware
Google Firebase Pay-as-you-go (free 24/7 support for paid Flexible (cloud-native,
(for IoT) tier available) plans; strong integrates easily with Google
community support Cloud and third-party apps)
Bosch IoT Suite Subscription-based Enterprise-level Flexible (supports cloud,
(custom pricing) support; dedicated hybrid, and edge
customer service deployments)
Cisco Kinetic Custom pricing Full enterprise support Highly flexible (supports
based on from Cisco multi-cloud, edge, and
deployment private deployments)
ThingSpeak (by Free basic version; Community forums; Flexible (primarily cloud-
MathWorks) paid premium paid support for based, integrates with
options enterprises MATLAB and IoT devices)
Losant Subscription-based Paid professional Very flexible (cloud-first,
(tiered pricing) support; strong supports edge computing and
documentation hybrid deployments)

Table 6: Application-based IoT middleware solutions

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SummaryandFutureWork Systems: Challenges and perspectives

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