Programming Concept Practiced

1.​ Java Methods - Methods are used to organize our code. Methods help us divide our
program into smaller chunks to make it easier to use and understand.
a.​ Methods help to reduce and reorganize the complexity of the program. As a result, we
can focus on only a small part of the problem at one time.
b.​ A method is a verb-like function that performs specific actions so takes in some input
and gives a response

Here are the different parts of the Java Methods

a.​ Method Name - Every method has a Name. In this case greet. Note the name indicates
the work the method is going to perform like greet with “Hello, How do you do”
b.​ methodName() with Paraenthesis ( ) - A method name ends with parentheses. An
optional parameters can be added as input to the method. In the case of greet, its a
method with empty parameters which means no input is needed to perform action.
c.​ Method Body { } - Its the body of the method which has code to perform actions
indicated with the curly brackets { }. In the case of greet, the body outputs Hello, How
do you do”
d.​ Return Type - The method represents the type of data returned by the method. In the
case of greet, its return type is void which means method doesn't return any value.
2.​ Running greet() Method - The following code when run sees no output. Because the
greet method is not called or invoked
class Main {
void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello, How do you do?");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
}
}

1
3.​ Calling Method in Java - In Java, we use an object of the class to call the method, so first,
we need to create an object of the class.
Main obj = new Main();

a.​ NOTE: We haven't discussed Objects or Classes, our objective is method calling alone.
b.​ So we create the object and call its method as in
Main obj = new Main();
obj.greet();

Java
class Main {

void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("How do you do?");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// create object of Main
Main obj = new Main();

// call the method

obj.greet();
}
}

c.​ Working of Code - Here, we are using the object (obj) along with the dot operator (.) to
call the method

2
 a.​ Step 1: When a method is called, the program's control jumps to the method definition.
In this case, the greet() method is called
b.​ Step 2: Then, the statements inside the greet() method are executed.
c.​ Step 3: After all the statements are executed, the program's control jumps back to the
main() method and moves to the next line of code after the greet() method call.

Java
class Main {

void greet() {
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("How do you do?");
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// create object of Main
Main obj = new Main();

// call the method

obj.greet();
}
}

4.​ Using a Method Multiple Times - One of the benefits of writing methods is to write once
and use it many times in different parts of the program
5.​ Making Methods Dynamic - It is possible to create methods that take input and return
output. In programming terms:
a.​ Method Arguments or Method Parameters: Adding arguments or parameters to
methods means adding inputs to the method. We can add 0, 1, or many parameters to
the method as per the input needed to do the work
b.​ Java return keyword - Using the return keyword method can return the results
essentially returning the output of the method
6.​ Benefits of using Methods -
a.​ A method is an independent piece of working code. Write once and use it everywhere.
b.​ The method can be reused multiple times in different parts of the code.
c.​ Writing Methods make the program more modular and less error-prone.

The Following Program crates a UnitConverter class with a method convertKmToMiles

which takes in kilometer as a parameter and returns miles

3
Java
// Write a Program to convert from one unit to another unit and convert
// kilometer to miles

public class UnitConverter {

// Method To convert kilometers to miles and return the value

public double convertKmToMiles(double km) {
// Convert km to miles
double km2miles = 0.621371;
double miles = km * km2miles;

// return the value

return miles;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Scanner object
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

// Take input for km

System.out.print("Enter the distance in kilometers: ");
double km = sc.nextDouble();

// Create a UnitConverter object

UnitConverter unitConverter = new UnitConverter();

// Call the method to convert km to miles

double miles = unitConverter.convertKmToMiles(km);

// Display value in miles

System.out.println("Distance in miles: " + miles);

// Calling the Method again to convert km to miles and display it

System.out.print("Enter the distance in kilometers: ");
km = sc.nextDouble();
miles = unitConverter.convertKmToMiles(km);
System.out.println("Distance in miles: " + miles);

// Close the Scanner object

sc.close();
}
}

4
7.​ User-Defined Methods - The methods defined so far are written by us the user and hence
are called User Defined Methods. They have a return type, method name, method
parameters, and method body.
8.​ Recursive Methods - Recursive Methods are methods that call themselves in order to solve
a problem.

Java
public class RecursiveExample {
// Recursive Method to calculate factorial
public static int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 0) { // Base case: factorial of 0 is 1
return 1;
} else {
return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive case
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

int number = 5;
System.out.println("Factorial of " + number + " is: " +
factorial(number));
}
}

9.​ Java Static Method - A static method in Java is a method that belongs to the class rather
than any specific object. You can call it directly using the class name without creating an
object of the class. Key Characteristics of Static Methods
a.​ Belongs to the Class: Declared with the static keyword, it can be accessed using the
class name.
b.​ Cannot Access Instance Variables: Since static methods are not tied to a specific
object, they can only access other static members (variables or methods) directly.
c.​ Useful for Utility Methods: Commonly used for utility or helper functions.

5
Java
// Write a Program to convert from one unit to another unit as in convert
// kilometer to miles

public class UnitConverter {

// Method To convert kilometers to miles and return the value

public static double convertKmToMiles(double km) {
// Convert km to miles
double km2miles = 0.621371;
double miles = km * km2miles;

// return the value

return miles;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Scanner object
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

// Take input for km

System.out.print("Enter the distance in kilometers: ");
double km = sc.nextDouble();

// Call the method to convert km to miles

double miles = UnitConverter.convertKmToMiles(km);

// Display value in miles

System.out.println("Distance in miles: " + miles);

// Close the Scanner object

sc.close();
}
}

6
10.​Java Standard Library Methods - The Java Standard Library provides a vast collection of
pre-defined classes and methods organized into packages. These methods simplify
common programming tasks like string manipulation, mathematical operations, and working
with collections. Commonly Used Java Standard Library Methods
a.​ java.lang Package – This package is automatically imported in every Java program.
Commonly used Methods are from Math and String class. We have so far used
System.out.println("") which is a System class defined in java.lang package.

b.​ java.util Package – This package provides utility classes like Scanner, ArrayList,
and HashMap. We have so far used the Scanner class to take user input.

11.​java.lang.Math class – For all the Mathematical operations are defined inside the Math
class. Most commonly used methods of Math class are
a.​ Math.sqrt() – The sqrt() method is used to find the square root of a number.
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// find the square root
int number = 25;
double squareRoot = Math.sqrt(number);
System.out.println("Square root of " + number + " is " + squareRoot);
}
}

b.​ Math.pow() – The pow() is used to find the power of a number. It takes two arguments
(base value and power value) and returns the power raised to the base.
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
3
// find the power of a number whose base is 2 and power is 3 i.e. 2
int base = 2, power = 3;
double result = Math.pow(base, power);
System.out.println("The result is " + result);
}
}

7
c.​ Math.random() – The random() method to get a random number from 0.0 to less
than 1.0.

d.​ Math.random() between 0.0 and 5.0 – We can modify this program to generate
random numbers from 0.0 to less than 5.0. by multiplying the random number by 5 as in
double randomNumber = Math.random() * 5;

e.​ Integer Math.random() between 1.0 and 10.0 – We can get an Integer random number
between 0.0 and 10.0 by multiplying the random result by 10 and then adding 1. Finally
type casting to int as in
int randomNumber = (int) (Math.random() * 10 + 1);

Java
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// random number between 0.0 and 1.0
double randomNumber1 = Math.random();
double randomNumber2 = Math.random();
System.out.println("The random numbers are " + randomNumber1 +
" and " + randomNumber2);

// random number 0.0 to 4.999

double randomNumber3 = Math.random() * 5;
System.out.println("The random number between 0 & 5.0 is “ +
randomNumber3);

// integer random number from 1 to 10

int randomNumber4 = (int) (Math.random() * 10 + 1);
System.out.println("The integer random number between 0 & 10 is “ +
randomNumber4);
}
}

8
Best Programming Practice
1.​ All values as variables including Fixed, User Inputs, and Results
2.​ Proper naming conventions for all variables
3.​ Proper Program Name and Class Name
4.​ Proper Method Name which indicates action taking inputs and providing result

Sample Program 1: Create a program to find the sum of all the digits of a number given by a
user using an array and display the sum.
a.​ Use Math.random() and get a 4-digit random integer number
b.​ Write a method to count digits in the number
c.​ Write a method to return an array of digits from a given number.
d.​ Write a method to Find the sum of the digits of the number in the array
e.​ Finally, display the sum of the digits of the number

Java
// Create SumOfDigit Class to compute the sum of 4 digits random number
class SumOfDigits {
// Get a 4 digit random number
public int get4DigitRandomNumber() {
return (int) (Math.random() * 9000) + 1000;
}

// Find the count of digits in the number

public int countDigits(int number) {
int count = 0, temp = number;
while (temp > 0) {
count++;
temp /= 10;
}
return count;
}

// Store the digits of the number in an array

public int[] getDigits(int number, int count) {
int[] digits = new int[count];
int temp = number;
for (int i = count - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
digits[i] = temp % 10;
temp /= 10;
}
return digits;
}

9
 // Find the sum of the elements in an array
public int sumArray(int[] array) {
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
sum += array[i];
}
return sum;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Get 4 digit random integer number
SumOfDigits sumOfDigits = new SumOfDigits();
int number = sumOfDigits.get4DigitRandomNumber();
System.out.println("The Random Mumber is: " + number);

// Get the count of digits

int count = sumOfDigits.countDigits(number);​
System.out.println("The count of digit is: " + count);

// Get the array of digits from the number

int[] digits = sumOfDigits.getDigits(number, count);

// Find the sum of the digits of the number

int sum = sumOfDigits.sumArray(digits);

// Display the sum of the digits of the number

System.out.println("\nSum of Digits: " + sum);
}
}

10