Citing and Referencing Guide: Numerical: WWW - Worcester.ac - Uk/ils

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Citing and Referencing Guide: Numerical

Contents

What is it? Why do it? What is citing? How to do it citing How to do it - footnote/endnote list How to do it - layout for footnote/endnote list Layout for: Books chapters in books books that have been translated books written in a foreign language journal articles e-journal articles newspaper articles theses conference proceedings white and green papers statutory instruments patents reports maps WWW podcasts weblogs emails multimedia personal communication interviews presentations / lectures

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5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15

Example of a footnote/endnote list Bibliography

What is it?
There are many different styles of referencing; this is a guide to the Numeric style. Referencing is a way of acknowledging that you have used the ideas and written material belonging to another author. It demonstrates for example, that you have undertaken an appropriate literature search and that you have carried out appropriate reading. The following are examples of sources you might access and need to reference: Books Journal articles Electronic journal articles World Wide Web pages Emails Video, films, CD-ROMs & audio tape recordings Newspapers Conference papers Pamphlets Radio / TV broadcasts (you must check that your lecturer is happy for you to use this type of material in your assignment) Personal communication Interviews (If this is a personal interview, you must always ask permission of the interviewee before using such material)

Why do it?
So that anyone reading your assignments can trace the sources you have used in the development of your work. If you do not acknowledge another writers work or ideas, you could be accused of plagiarism. Accurate referencing is good academic practice and enhances the presentation of your work.

What is citing?
When you write an essay or a piece of coursework you will use many different sources of information. When you use someone else ideas from a book, journal article etc. you must acknowledge this in your text. We refer to this as 'citing'.

How to do it citing
Citing in the body of the text When you cite a piece of work you use a number which will correspond with the full details of the book, journal article etc which will be written in your reference list. You can use brackets or superscript. Example The report [1] emphasises that the research was Example The report 1 emphasises that the research done by Holstein was in direct conflict with that produced by Greene. If your information you refer to in your sentence(s) has come from several sources you must cite all of them.

Example It has been proven that the research in this area is inconclusive 1, 3, 6 8 however Smith 2 declares .

TIP: Superscript If you are using Microsoft Word you can either use the footnote function position your cursor where you want the number to be, then click on Insert / Referencing / Footnote or type a number and highlight it, then click on Format / Font / Superscript

Quoting in the text Often it is better to paraphrase than to use direct quotes. Paraphrasing is putting text from source material into your own words. This demonstrates that you have understood the meaning and context of what you have read. You must always reference paraphrased material. If a direct quote from a book, article etc. is used you must: Use quotation marks. Either single or double quotation marks may be used but you should always be consistent and not switch between the two. State the author If there is more than one author use et al. after the first author State the page number Example one author Simpson 12 (p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected. or (Simpson 12 p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected. Example more than one author Simpson, et al. 12 (p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected. or (Simpson, et al. 12 p6) declared that the explosive behaviour was unexpected.

Have a separate, indented paragraph for quotes over two lines. Example Boden 22 (p72) states: The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were.

Alternatively The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men. This would suggest that women were not the passive and obedient members of society that men would have liked to believe they were. (Boden 22 p72) Alternatively Part of the original text may be omitted from the quotation as long as three dots are used to indicate this. Example Boden 22 (p72) states: The most common female crime prosecuted at the Quarter Sessions was that of battering men women beating or dominating a man was a particularly sensitive issue as it threatened the perpetuation of the patriarchal society

TIP: Consistency You can use [ ] or superscript You can use Simpson 12 (p6) or (Simpson 12 p6) But do not switch between the two always use the same format be consistent!!

Duplication of charts, diagrams, pictures etc. should be treated as direct quotes in that the author(s) should be acknowledged and page numbers shown.

Quoting from multi-media and online resources


Electronic journal (e-journals) articles When quoting directly from an e-journal article it should be treated in the same way as a paper journal, using the authors surname and the publication date. World Wide Web (WWW) If the website has an obvious author and date of publication, the information should be cited like a any other source If there is not an obvious author, but the work is situated on an organisational website, the organisation can be used as a corporate author.

Example The Department of Health 6 (p3) or The Department of Health 6 (no page no) If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.

CD-ROMs If there is not an obvious author use the title of the CD-ROM as the main point of reference. Example Encyclopaedia Britannica 6 Multimedia If a video recording or audio-cassette is cited, the series title should be used as the author. Example World in Action 3

How to do it - footnote/endnote list


This is a list of all the sources that have been cited in the assignment. The list is inclusive showing books, journals etc. listed in one list, not in separate lists according to source type. The list should be in numerical order and each number matches and refers to the one in the text The list should be at the end of your paper on a separate page Books, paper journals articles, e-journal articles etc. are laid out in a particular format that must be followed. Ibid. can be used when the details of an item have been referred to directly before in the previous reference. Op. Cit. can be used when the details of an item have been referred to before but other references have occurred in between

Example [1] Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 36, 2004, pp 44-49. [2] Ibid. p 45 [3] Rymer, J. Smith, T. & Jones. E. Nottingham Forest - Dream Team, Blackwell, London, 2005. pp 67-98. [4] Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002]. [5] Rymer, Op. Cit. p 94.

TIP: Footnote/endnote list It will save a lot of time and frustration if you create your reference list as you go along. If you have been using the footnote function in Microsoft Word then the numerical list will have automatically have been created for you. Remember a specific format for each source type is required.

How to do it - layout for footnote/endnote list


What information must I collect about my source when I do my research? When I have collected it, what layout should I use to present it in my footnote/endnote list?

Layout for books


Author / Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Title (this should be in italics) Series title and number (if part of a series) Edition (if not the first edition) Publisher Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named) Year of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Simpson, H. Jones, E. & Miles, C. The History of Springfield, 2nd edition. Bugle Press, Derby, 2002, pp 26 30.

Layout for chapters in books


Author of the chapter Title of chapter followed by, In: Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Title of book (this should be in italics) Series title and number (if part of a series) Edition (if not the first edition) Publisher Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named) Year of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Stone, T. Libraries in the Twenty-First Century, In: Woolley, M. (ed) The Changing World of Information Retrieval. UOL Press, Luton, 2002, pp 23 45.

Layout for books that have been translated


Author / Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Title (this should be in italics) Trans (followed by the name of the person who translated the book) Series title and number (if part of a series) Edition (if not the first edition) Publisher Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named) Year of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Kawanishi, M. The History of Japan, Trans. Bean, S. Hakodate Publishing, Hakodate, 2002, p 6.

Layout for books in a foreign language


Author / Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Title (this should be in italics) [Title in original language] (this should be in italics) Series title and number (if part of a series) Edition (if not the first edition) Publisher Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named) Year of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Milani, F. The Phantom of the Opera, [Le Fantome De L'Opera] LeRoux, Paris, 2004, pp 6 13.

Layout for journal articles


Author / Editor Title of journal article Title of journal (this should be in italics) Year of publication Volume number (Issue number) Page numbers of the article (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 2002, 36 (3), pp 44 49.

Layout for e-journal articles


Author / Editor Title of journal article Title of journal (this should be in italics) [Online] Year of publication Volume number (Issue number) Page numbers of the article (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) Available from: database name or URL [Date of access] You present that information as follows: Example Smith, B. Time to go Home. Journal of Hyperactivity, [Online] 2005, 6 (4), pp 122 123. Available from: http://www.alu.ac.uk [Accessed 6th June, 2002].

Alternatively Smith, B. Time to go Home. Journal of Hyperactivity, [Online] 2005, 6 (4), pp 122 123. Available from: Pubmed [Accessed 6th June, 2002].

Layout for newspaper articles


Paper copy Reporter Title of article Title of newspaper (this should be in italics) Day, month and year of publication Page numbers of the article (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Klingon, J. Starfleet Command, Startrek News Friday 3rd October 2002, p 27. Online copy Reporter Title of article Title of Newspaper (this should be in italics) [Online] Day, month and year of publication Page numbers of the article if available (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) Available from: URL [Date of access]

You present that information as follows: Example Paakkinen, Jouni. All Singing, All Dancing, The Springfield Times, [Online] Wednesday 16th October 2002, p 6. Available from: http://www.snpp.com/news.html#songbook [Accessed 15th November, 2002].

Layout for theses


(Final written work by PhD and postgraduate students, dissertations, project reports, discourses and essays by any student.) Author Title (this should be in italics) Type of thesis Academic institution Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Bodd, C. R. Government in transition: 1989 1995. PhD thesis, University of Utopia. 1999, pp 24-37.

Layout Conference proceedings


Published conference proceedings with author or editor(s): Author / Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Organisation Title (this should be in italics) Publisher Place of publication Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example of entire conference proceedings Ryker, W. Federation Council, The astrologics of warp engines, FCP, Aberdeen, 2002, pp 67 69. Alternatively Author Title In: Author / Editor - if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name Organisation Title (this should be in italics) Publisher Place of publication Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) 8

You present that information as follows: Example of individual paper from conference proceedings Grigio, P. Aphides and the Pasqua grape, In: Rosemount, T. WASS. Proceedings of the 5th annual conference, Florida Press, Florida, 2005, pp 56 78.

Unpublished conference proceedings


Author / Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed) after the name) Organisation Title (this should be in italics) Year of publication Unpublished conference proceedings Where the proceedings can be found You present that information as follows: Example Ryker, W. Federation Council, The astrologics of warp engines, 2002. Unpublished conference proceedings. Institution of Aerospace, London. N.B. If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics.

Layout for White and Green papers


(Government consultation papers to inform the debate on new policy and laws.) Government department Title (this should be in italics) Paper number Publisher Place of publication Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Department of Health. Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier, CM6374. Stationery Office, London, 2001, p 5.

Layout for Statutory Instruments


(Documents detailing the rules written by the civil service under powers delegated from parliament.)

Title (this should be in italics) The abbreviation: SI Statutory Instrument number Publisher Place of publication Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example The Public Contract Regulations 2006. SI 2006/5, TSO (The Stationary Office), London, 2006, pp 45 46.

Layout for patents


Author Title (this should be in italics) Patent number (Patent) Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Wetting, W. Fluke board variant of surf board has extension in shape of lobe of dolphins tail attached by joint to underside of board, DE4412911-A1 (Patent) 1995, p 9.

Layout for reports


Author Title (this should be in italics) Organisation Report number: (this should be followed by the actual number in figures) Date of publication Page numbers (use p before a single page number and pp where there are multiple pages) You present that information as follows: Example Leatherwood, S. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic, U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63, 2001, p 18 19.

Layout for maps


Author Title (this should be in italics) Scale Series title and number (if part of a series) Publisher Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named) Date of publication 10

You present that information as follows: Example Geographical Survey of Great Britain, Brighton, 1:50.000. AA Publishing, London, 1972.

Layout for WWW


Author / Editor Title (this should be in italics) [Online] Available from: URL [Date of access] You present that information as follows: Example Edelson, S. Asperger's Syndrome, [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002].

Layout for podcasts


Title podcast (this should be in italics) Date [Online] Available from: URL [Date of access & GMT] (this should include hour, minute & seconds) You present that information as follows: Example Nature podcast, 2006, [Online] Available from: http://www.nature.com/environmental/index.html. [Accessed 19th April 2006. GMT 07:49:37].

Layout for weblogs


Author / Corporate Author Title (this should be in italics) Day/Month/Year Weblog [Online] Available from: URL [Date of access & GMT] (this should include hour, minute & seconds) You present that information as follows: Example Tyler, R. The Mechanical interface of the Tardis, 16/06/2006, Weblog, [Online] Available from: http://www.darlikcity.org/publication3.html [Accessed 19th April 2006. GMT 07:49:37].

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N.B. If there is no author or corporate author use the title of the document as the main point of reference.

Layout for emails


Sender (Senders email address) Title of message (this should be in italics) E-mail to: recipients name (Recipients email address) (Day/Month/Year) You present that information as follows: Example Hornblower, H. ([email protected]) Treaty of Luneville, E-mail to: Pellew, C. ([email protected]), (16/09/05).

Layout for multi-media


Video recordings: recorded from the TV Example World in Action. All work and no play, [Video:VHS] London, ITV, 21st January 2002. Video recordings: commercial Example Fragile Earth, 5. South American Wetland:Pantanal, [Video:VHS] Henley, Watchword Video, 1998. Audio cassettes: Example British Diabetic Association. Guidelines on Nutrition, [Audio Cassette] London, BDA, 2005. CD-ROMs Author / Editor (if no author is available use Anon) Title of information used CD-ROM title (this should be in italics) [CD-ROM] Publisher Year of publication You present that information as follows: Example Anon. Heart Attack, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mass: Britannica, 2001.

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Films Title of film (this should be in italics) [Film] Director Production company and place of production Date You present that information as follows: Example Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, [Film] Directed by: Chris Columbus. Warner Brothers, USA, 2002.

Layout for personal communication


Name of Practitioner Occupation Date the information was provided You present that information as follows: Example Law, James. Engineering consultant, 26 March 2004.

Layout for interviews


Broadcast interviews Name of person interviewed Interviewed by: Name of interviewer Title of interview (if any) Title of Program (this should be in italics) Production information Date and time You present that information as follows: Example Kirk, T. Interviewed by: Picard, J. News Night Live, 10pm Channel 6, 24th June 2001. Personal interviews Name of person interviewed Interviewed by: Name of interviewer Date and time You present that information as follows: Example Potter, P. Interviewed by: Snape, S. 24th June 2005.

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Layout for presentations / lectures


Author Title of presentation / lecture Presented at the conference / meeting title (this should be in italics) Conference / meeting location Year You present that information as follows: Example Yoda, M. Code of Ethics for the Jedi: are they outdated?, Presented at the Annual Jedi Conference. Coruscant, 2205.

Online version Author Title of presentation / lecture Presented at the conference / meeting title (this should be in italics) Conference / meeting location [Online] Year Available from: URL [Date of access] You present that information as follows: Example Solo, H. Light speed and prevailing problems, Presented at the School of Aeronautics, London, [Online] 2003. Available from: http://starwars.org.uk [Accessed 20th May 2005].

Example of a footnote/endnote list


Your footnote/endnote list contains all the items you have cited or directly quoted from. Example [1] Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 36, 2004, pp 44-49. [2] Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002]. [3] Picard, Op. Cit. p 46. [4] Rymer, J. Smith, T. & Jones. E Nottingham Forest - Dream Team, Blackwell, London, 2005. pp 67-98. [5] Ibid. p 95. [6] Open University. All work and no play, [Video:VHS] London, ITV, 21st January 2003.

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Alternatively

Picard, J. Logistics and the Borg, Starbug Tribune, 36, 2004, pp 44-49.

Asperger's Syndrome. [Online] Available from: http://www.autism.org/asperger.html [Accessed 19th September 2002 ]. Picard, Op. Cit. p 46. Rymer, J. Smith, T. & Jones. E Nottingham Forest - Dream Team , Blackwell, London, 2005. pp 67-98. Ibid. p 95. Open University. All work and no play, [Video:VHS] London, ITV, 21st January 2003.

Bibliography list
There may be items which you have consulted for your work, but not cited. These can be listed at the end of your assignment in a bibliography. These items should be listed in alphabetical order by author and laid out in the same way as items in your reference list.

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