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Oracle® Database

The Oracle Database SQL Language Reference, 21c, provides comprehensive documentation on SQL standards, data types, and the functionality of Oracle SQL. It includes guidelines for using the software, licensing information, and disclaimers regarding third-party content. The document is intended for users seeking to understand and utilize Oracle SQL effectively in various applications.

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Venkat Kv
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2 views

Oracle® Database

The Oracle Database SQL Language Reference, 21c, provides comprehensive documentation on SQL standards, data types, and the functionality of Oracle SQL. It includes guidelines for using the software, licensing information, and disclaimers regarding third-party content. The document is intended for users seeking to understand and utilize Oracle SQL effectively in various applications.

Uploaded by

Venkat Kv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oracle® Database

SQL Language Reference


21c
F31301-17
November 2024
Oracle Database SQL Language Reference, 21c
F31301-17
Copyright © 1996, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Primary Author: Usha Krishnamurthy
Contributors: Mary Beth Roeser, Drew Adams, Lance Ashdown, Thomas Baby,
Hermann Baer, Yasin Baskan, Nigel
Bayliss, Shuo Chen, Eric Belden, Atif Chaudhry, Dinesh Das, Mark Dilman, Yanfei
Fan, Zhenqiang Fan , Mahesh
Girkar, Naveen Gopal, Beda Hammerschmidt, Patricia Huey, Peter Knaggs,
Sriram Krishnamurthy, Praveen Kumar,
Hariharan Lakshmanan, Bill Lee, Huagang Li , Yunrui Li, Roger MacNicol, David
Mcdermid, Dan Melinger, Jan Michels,
Cesar Miramontes, Rahil Mir, Gopal Mulagund, Abhishek Munnolimath , Ian Neall,
Padmaja Potineni, Giridhar Ravipati,
Alfonso Colunga Sosa , Josh Spiegel, James Stamos, Srikrishnan Suresh , Nirav
Vyas, Alan Williams, Andy Witkowski,
Sergiusz Wolicki, Weiran Zhang
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warranted to be error-free. If you find
any errors, please report them to us in writing.
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Contents
Preface
Audience xxvi
Documentation Accessibility xxvi
Related Documents xxvi
Conventions xxvii
Changes in This Release for Oracle Database SQL Language Reference
Changes in Oracle Database Release 21c xxviii
1 Introduction to Oracle SQL
History of SQL 1-1
SQL Standards 1-1
How SQL Works 1-1
Common Language for All Relational Databases 1-2
Using Enterprise Manager 1-2
Lexical Conventions 1-2

2
Tools Support 1-3
2 Basic Elements of Oracle SQL
Data Types 2-1
Oracle Built-in Data Types 2-5
Character Data Types 2-8
Numeric Data Types 2-12
LONG Data Type 2-16
Datetime and Interval Data Types 2-18
RAW and LONG RAW Data Types 2-26
Large Object (LOB) Data Types 2-27
JSON Data Type 2-30
Extended Data Types 2-30
Rowid Data Types 2-32
ROWID Data Type 2-32
iii
UROWID Data Type 2-32
ANSI, DB2, and SQL/DS Data Types 2-33
User-Defined Types 2-34
Object Types 2-35
REF Data Types 2-35
Varrays 2-35
Nested Tables 2-35
Oracle-Supplied Types 2-36
Any Types 2-36
ANYTYPE 2-36
ANYDATA 2-36
ANYDATASET 2-37
XML Types 2-37
XMLType 2-37
URI Data Types 2-38
URIFactory Package 2-39
Spatial Types 2-39
SDO_GEOMETRY 2-39
SDO_TOPO_GEOMETRY 2-39
SDO_GEORASTER 2-40
Data Type Comparison Rules 2-40
Numeric Values 2-40
Datetime Values 2-40
Binary Values 2-41
Character Values 2-41
Object Values 2-44
Varrays and Nested Tables 2-44
Data Type Precedence 2-44
Data Conversion 2-45
Implicit and Explicit Data Conversion 2-45
Implicit Data Conversion 2-45
Implicit Data Conversion Examples 2-48
Explicit Data Conversion 2-48
Security Considerations for Data Conversion 2-50
Literals 2-51
Text Literals 2-51
Numeric Literals 2-53
Integer Literals 2-53

3
NUMBER and Floating-Point Literals 2-54
Datetime Literals 2-56
Interval Literals 2-59
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH 2-60

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