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Datastructure

A data structure is a method for organizing and storing data for efficient access and modification. It includes primitive types like int and float, and non-primitive types such as linear structures (arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues) and non-linear structures (trees, graphs). Key operations on data structures include traversal, insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting, with various applications across computing tasks.

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2 views

Datastructure

A data structure is a method for organizing and storing data for efficient access and modification. It includes primitive types like int and float, and non-primitive types such as linear structures (arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues) and non-linear structures (trees, graphs). Key operations on data structures include traversal, insertion, deletion, searching, and sorting, with various applications across computing tasks.

Uploaded by

dihoncho.pro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA STRUCTURES – FULL NOTES

🧠 1. What is a Data Structure?

A data structure is a way of organizing and storing data in a computer so it can be accessed
and modified efficiently.

Example: Like organizing books on a shelf by subject so you can find them quickly.

📚 2. Types of Data Structures

A. Primitive Data Structures

 Basic types provided by programming languages.


 Examples: int, float, char, boolean.

B. Non-Primitive Data Structures

Divided into:

1. Linear
2. Non-Linear

🔁 3. Linear Data Structures

Data elements are arranged in a sequence.

i. Arrays

 Fixed-size collection of elements of the same type.


 Accessed using index.
 Example: int arr[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

ii. Linked List

 A list of nodes where each node contains data and a reference to the next node.
 Types:
o Singly Linked List
o Doubly Linked List
o Circular Linked List

iii. Stacks

 LIFO (Last In First Out)


 Operations: push, pop, peek
 Example: Undo feature in software

iv. Queues

 FIFO (First In First Out)


 Operations: enqueue, dequeue
 Types:
o Simple Queue
o Circular Queue
o Priority Queue
o Deque (Double-ended queue)

🌲 4. Non-Linear Data Structures

Data elements are not in sequence.

i. Trees

 Hierarchical structure with nodes.


 Root node at the top, child nodes below.
 Types:
o Binary Tree
o Binary Search Tree (BST)
o AVL Tree
o Heap Tree

ii. Graphs

 Set of nodes (vertices) connected by edges.


 Can be:
o Directed or Undirected
o Weighted or Unweighted
 Applications: Maps, social networks, routing algorithms.

📦 5. Abstract Data Types (ADT)


An abstract model for a data structure.

 Defines what operations are allowed, not how they are implemented.
 Examples:
o List
o Stack
o Queue
o Map
o Set

📈 6. Operations on Data Structures

Common operations include:

 Traversal – Visiting elements (e.g., loop through array).


 Insertion – Adding data.
 Deletion – Removing data.
 Searching – Finding data.
 Sorting – Arranging data.

🧠 7. Time & Space Complexity

Analyzes efficiency of data structures.

Data Structure Access Search Insertion Deletion


Array O(1) O(n) O(n) O(n)
Linked List O(n) O(n) O(1) O(1)
Stack/Queue O(n) O(n) O(1) O(1)
Binary Search Tree O(log n) O(log n) O(log n) O(log n)

🧠 8. Applications of Data Structures

 Arrays – Storing list of elements.


 Stacks – Undo operations, function calls.
 Queues – Task scheduling, printer queue.
 Linked Lists – Dynamic memory allocation.
 Trees – File systems, hierarchical data.
 Graphs – GPS systems, social networks.
✍️ 9. Example Code Snippet (Python – Stack using List)
python
CopyEdit
stack = []

# Push
stack.append(10)
stack.append(20)

# Pop
print(stack.pop()) # Outputs 20

# Peek
print(stack[-1]) # Outputs 10

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