C Programming

• IF-ELSE
• SWITCH
• LOOPS— ONLY while
• Other Loops-NEXT WEEK
 If-else Statements

if (expr)
statement1 /*do this if expr is non-zero*/
else
statement2 /*do this if expr is zero*/

• The else clause is optional!

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 If-else Examples

if (j > limit)
return j; /* note semicolon*/

else
j += stepValue; /* note semicolon*/

...

if (++k >= 4)
k = 0; /* increment k mod 4*/

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 Selection: the if statement

if ( condition )
{
statement(s) /* body of the if statement */
}

The braces are not required if the body contains only a

single statement. However, they are a good idea and
are required by the 104 C Coding Standards.
If-else Examples (continued)

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 Concatenated If-else Statements

if (expr1)
statement1 /*do this if expr1 is non-zero*/

else if (expr2)
statement2 /*i.e., expr1 == 0, expr2 != 0*/

else if (expr3)
statement3 /expr1 and expr2 are zero, expr3 != 0*/
else if (expr4)
statement4 /expr1, expr2 , expr3 all zero, expr4 != 0*/
else
statement5 /*i.e., all expr are zero*/
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 Concatenated If-else Statements

• Last else is always attached to last if

• If it should be attached to any other if, use

{} to control the flow of execution.

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 More Practice-What is the output?
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int a = 3, b = 2, c = 11 ;
if(c / b == 5){printf("True");}else{printf("False");}printf("\n");

if(c % b <= a % b){printf("True");}else{printf("False");}printf("\n");

if(b + c / a != c - a){printf("True");}else{printf("False");}printf("\n");

if(b < c && c == 7){printf("True");}else{printf("False");}printf("\n");

if((c + 1 - b == 0) || (b = 3)){printf("True");}else{printf("False");}
return 0;
}
 Example -1 for IF Statement
• Write a C program for asking the user to enter a number and to
check and display whether the entered number is odd or even.
• Note That:
– Use the modulus operator.
– The number must be entered from the user like “Enter a Number=“
– Display the result like “5 is an Odd Number” or “6 is an Even Number”

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int num;
printf("Enter a number :");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
{
printf("This is an even number");
}
else
{
printf("This is an odd number");
}
return 0;
}
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 Example -2 for IF Statement
• Write a C program for asking the user to enter the three number to
check which one is the largest or biggest of the three number, then
display the result on the screen.
• Note That:
– The numbers must be entered from the user like “Enter three Numbers=“
– Display the result like “Biggest number is 5”
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int a, b, c, big;
printf("Enter three numbers : "); scanf("%d%d%d",&a,&b,&c);
big=a;
if(big<b)
{
if(b>c) { big=b;} else { big=c; }
}
else if(big<c)
{
if(c>b) { big=c; } else { big=b; }
}
else
{
big=a;
}
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printf("Biggest number is %d",big);
return 0;
 Example -3 for IF Statement
• Write a C program to relate two integers using =, > or <
• Note That:
– The numbers must be entered from the user like “Enter Two Integers=“
– Display the result like “Result 5 < 6” or “Result 5 = 5” or “Result 6>5”

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int number1, number2;

printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2);

if(number1 == number2) { printf("Result: %d = %d",number1,number2); }

else if (number1 > number2) { printf("Result: %d > %d", number1, number2); }

else { printf("Result: %d < %d",number1, number2); }

return 0;
}

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 Example -4 for IF Statement
• Write a C program to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius and Celsius to
Fahrenheit.
• Note That:
– You must ask the choice for conversion from the user.
– Find the converted temperature based on given input
– You must use only two variables for the selection and the temperature.
– The variables “temp” and “sel” must be used for the temperature and the
choice, respectively.
– For from Fahrenheit to Celsius: (temp - 32) / 1.8
– For from Celsius to Fahrenheit: (temp*1.8)+32;
– Display the result like:

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float temp;
int sel;
printf("Enter a temperature=");scanf("%f",&temp);
printf("For From Fahrenheit to Celsius [1]\n");
printf("For From Celsius to Fahrenheit [2]\n");
printf("Enter Your Choice (1 or 2)=");scanf("%d",&sel);
if(sel==1)
{
printf("The Temperature in Celsius is %0.3f",(temp-32)/1.8);
}
else
{
printf("The Temperature in Fahrenheit is %0.3f",(temp*1.8)+32);
}

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 Switch
– The syntax of switch statement is
switch (expression) {
case const-expression1 : statement1
case const-expression2 : statement2
:
default : statementn
}
– All case expressions must be different.
– Expression must evaluate to an integer.
– First the expression is evaluated. Then the value of expression is compared with
the case expressions. The execution begins at the case statement, whose case
expression matches.
– All the statements below are executed.
– If default is present and if no other case matches then default statement is
executed.
 The Switch Statement
• The break statement can
switch ( expression ){
be used as the last
case value1 :
statement in each case's statement-list1
statement list break;
case value2 :
• A break statement statement-list2
causes control to transfer break;
to the end of the switch case value3 :
statement statement-list3
break;
• If a break statement is case ...
not used, the flow of
control will continue into }
the next case
Fixed Program using Switch-Case Structures
 Switch Example
• What is the output of program below:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int num;
num=1;
switch(num)
{
case 1:printf("A");
case 2:printf("B");
case 3:printf("C");
default:printf("D");
}

return 0;
}
 Switch Statement Example
int month, daysInMonth, leapYear;
…
switch (month) {
case 0: printf("January\n");
daysInMonth = 31;
break;
case 1: printf("February\n");
daysInMonth = leapYear ? 29 : 28;
break;
case 2: printf("March\n");
daysInMonth = 31;
break;
case 3: printf("April\n");
daysInMonth = 30;
break;
…
} // switch expression 1 ? expression 2 : expression 3
where
•expression1 is Condition
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•expression2 is Statement Followed if Condition is True
•expression3 is Statement Followed if Condition is False
 Example -1 for SWITCH Statement
• Write a C program which is a menu-driven program based on simple
calculation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
according to user's choice
• Note That:
– You must use switch statement.
– The numbers must be entered from the user like “Enter Two Numbers:“
– The four basic operation of arithmetic is selected by the user.
– The output of the program must be displayed like the below

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 ANSWER for Example 1
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
float n1, n2, res; char choice, ch;
printf("1.Addition\n");
printf("2.Subtraction\n");
printf("3.Multiplication\n");
printf("4.Division\n");
printf("5.Exit\n\n");
printf("Enter Your Choice : "); scanf("%c",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case '1' : printf("Enter two number : ");scanf("%f%f",&n1,&n2); res=n1+n2; printf("Result = %f",res); break;
case '2' : printf("Enter two number : "); scanf("%f%f",&n1,&n2); res=n1-n2; printf("Result = %f",res); break;
case '3' : printf("Enter two number : "); scanf("%f%f",&n1,&n2); res=n1*n2; printf("Result = %f",res); break;
case '4' : printf("Enter two number : "); scanf("%f%f",&n1,&n2); res=n1/n2; printf("Result = %f",res); break;
case '5' : exit(0);break;
default : printf("Wrong Choice..!!"); break;
}
printf("\n------------------------------------\n");
return 0;
}

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 Repetition Structure

• A repetition structure allows the programmer to

specify that an action is to be repeated while some
condition remains true.
• There are three repetition structures in C, the
while loop, the for loop, and the do-while loop.
 The while Repetition Structure
while ( condition )
{
statement(s)
}

The braces are not required if the loop body contains

only a single statement. However, they are a good
idea and are required by the 104 C Coding
Standards.
 while Loop Example
• Problem: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade
for a class of 5 students.
• What are the program inputs?
– the exam grades
• What are the program outputs?
– the average exam grade
• The Output must be like:
 Answer
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int counter=1, total=0, grade;
float average; // average=(float)total/5;
while(counter<=5)
{
printf("Enter The grade for %d.student=",counter);
scanf("%d",&grade);
total+=grade;
counter+=1;
}
average=total/5.0;
printf("The Class Average For Ten Grades is %.2f",average);

return 0; 24

}
 while Loop Example
• The Same Problem:
Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class.
Note That:
– You must use a sentinel value to control your while loop
– The sentinel value is tested and then the loop is executed with regard to “true”
or “false”.
– The sentinel value you will use is “-1” that is referred to as priming read.
– You must use four variables at most.
– The output must be like:
 Answer
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int counter=0,total=0,grade;
float average;
printf("Enter a grade=");scanf("%d",&grade);
while(grade!=-1)
{
total+=grade;
printf("Enter a grade=");scanf("%d",&grade);
counter+=1;
}
average=(float)total/counter;
printf("The Class Average For %d Grades is %.2f",counter,average);

return 0;
}
 while Loop Example
Write a program that prints star patterns on the screen up to a certain row.
Note That:
– You must use while statement for the loop.
– The total number of stars must be entered from the user.
– A number of certain row must be entered from the user.
– All rows contain the same number of stars’.
– You consider that the row number is important for this problem
– The output must be like:
 Answer
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int totalstar, totalrow, i=1, j=1;
printf("How many stars you want to print ? ");
scanf("%d", &totalstar);
printf("Upto how many rows ? ");
scanf("%d", &totalrow);

int number_star_a_row=totalstar/totalrow;
while(i<=totalrow)
{
while(j<=number_star_a_row)
{
printf("* ");
j++;
}
printf("\n");
j=1;i++;
}
return 0;
}
 The Problem but;
Write a program that prints star patterns on the screen up to a row.
Note That:
– You must use while statement for the loop.
– The total number of stars must be entered from the user.
– A number of row must be entered from the user.
– You can consider that the row number is NOT important for this problem
– The output must be like:
 Answer
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int totalstar, totalrow, i=1, j=1;

while(i<=totalrow)
{
while(j<=number_star_a_row)
{
printf("* ");
j++;
}
printf("\n");
j=1;i++;
}
int lacknum=totalstar-number_star_a_row*totalrow;
i=1;while(i<=lacknum){printf("* ");i++; }
return 0;
}
Questions?

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