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Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes (1)

This document covers Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics, focusing on Electric Charges and Fields. It includes definitions and properties of electric charge, Coulomb's Law, electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with their applications. Key concepts such as quantization, conservation, and methods of charging are also discussed.

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2 views2 pages

Class12 Physics Chapter1 Notes (1)

This document covers Chapter 1 of Class 12 Physics, focusing on Electric Charges and Fields. It includes definitions and properties of electric charge, Coulomb's Law, electric fields, electric dipoles, and Gauss's Law, along with their applications. Key concepts such as quantization, conservation, and methods of charging are also discussed.

Uploaded by

fusionmantraai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields

1. Introduction
Electrostatics: Study of electric charges at rest.

2. Electric Charge
- Charge (q) property causing force in electric fields.
- Types: Positive (+), Negative (-)
- Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

Properties:
a) Quantization: q = n * e, where e = 1.602e-19 C
b) Conservation: Total charge remains constant.
c) Additivity: Charges add algebraically.
d) Invariance: Charge is invariant under inertial motion.

3. Charging Methods
- Friction, Conduction, Induction

4. Coulomb's Law
F = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (q1 * q2) / r^2
where e0 = 8.85e-12 C^2/(N*m^2)

5. Principle of Superposition
Net force on charge q due to n charges = sum of individual forces.

6. Electric Field (E)


E=F/q
Units: N/C

7. Electric Field due to Point Charge


E = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (q / r^2)
8. Electric Dipole
- Two charges +q and -q separated by 2a.
- Dipole moment p = q * 2a (vector from -q to +q)

Field on axial line:


E = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (2 * p / r^3)
Field on equatorial line:
E = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (p / r^3) (direction opposite to p)

9. Torque on Dipole in Uniform E


tau = p * E * sin(theta)

10. Electric Flux


Phi = E * A * cos(theta)
Units: N*m^2/C

11. Gauss's Law


Total flux through closed surface = q_inside / e0

12. Applications of Gauss's Law


a) Infinite line charge (linear charge density lambda):
E = lambda / (2 * pi * e0 * r)
b) Infinite plane sheet (surface charge density sigma):
E = sigma / (2 * e0)
c) Spherical shell of radius R:
- r > R: E = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (q / r^2)
- r = R: E = (1 / (4 * pi * e0)) * (q / R^2)
- r < R: E = 0

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