STUDYMATERIAL

Academic Session–2024-25

Class – X I

Subject–MATHEMATICS

Subject Code – 041

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 SETS
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Set :a set is a well-defined collection of objects.
If a is an element of a set A, we say that “ a belongs to A” the Greek symbol  (epsilon) is used to
denote the phrase ‘belongs to’. Thus, we write a  A. If ‘b’ is not an element of a set A, we write b  A and
read “b does not belong to A”.
There are two methods of representing a set :
(i) Roster or tabular form (ii) Set-builder form.
In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed, the elements are being separated by commas and are
enclosed within brackets { }. For example, the set of all even positive integers less than 7 is described in roster
form as {2, 4, 6}.
In set-builder form, all the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not possessed
by any element outside the set. For example, in the set {a, e, i, o, u}, all the elements possess a common
property, namely, each of them is a vowel in the English alphabet, and no other letter possess this property.
Denoting this set by V, we write V = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}
** Empty Set :A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set or the void set.
The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.
** Finite and Infinite Sets :A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is
called finite otherwise, the set is called infinite.
** Equal Sets :Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements and we write
A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A ≠ B.
** Subsets :A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.
In other words, A  B if whenever a  A, then a  B. Thus A  B if a  A  a  B
If A is not a subset of B, we write A  B.
** Every set A is a subset of itself, i.e., A  A.
** φ is a subset of every set.
** If A  B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B is called superset of A.
** If a set A has only one element, we call it a singleton set. Thus, { a } is a singleton set.
** Closed Interval : [a , b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
** Open Interval : (a , b) = { x : a < x < b}
** Closed open Interval : [a , b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}
** Open closed Interval : (a , b] = { x : a < x ≤ b }
** Power Set :The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A)
If A is a set with n(A) = m, then it can be shown that n [ P(A)] = 2m.
** Universal Set :The largest set under consideration is called Universal set.
** Union of sets :The union of two sets A and B is the set C which
consists of all those elements which are either in A or in
B (including those which are in both). In symbols, we write.
A  B = { x : x  A or x  B }.
x  A  B  x  A or x  B
x  A  B  x  A and x  B
** Some Properties of the Operation of Union
(i) A  B = B  A (Commutative law)
(ii) ( A  B )  C = A  ( B  C) (Associative law )
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 (iii) A  φ = A (Law of identity element, φ is the identity of  )
(iv) A  A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) U  A = U (Lawof U)
** Intersection of sets :The intersection of two sets A and B is the
set of all those elements which belong to bothA and B.
Symbolically, we write A ∩ B = {x : x  A and x  B}
x  A ∩ B  x  A and x  B
x  A ∩ B  x  A or x  B
** Disjoint sets :If A and B are two sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then
A and B are called disjoint sets.

** Some Properties of Operation of Intersection

(i) A ∩ B = B ∩ A (Commutative law).
(ii) ( A ∩ B ) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) (Associative law).
(iii) φ ∩ A = φ, U ∩ A = A (Law of φ and U).
(iv) A ∩ A = A (Idempotent law)
(v) A ∩ ( B  C ) = ( A ∩ B )  ( A ∩ C ) (Distributive law ) i. e., ∩ distributes over 
** Difference of sets :The difference of the sets A and B in this order
is the set of elements which belong to A but not to B.
Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “ A minus B”.
A – B = { x : x  A and x  B }.

* The sets A – B, A ∩B and B – A are mutually disjoint sets,

i.e., the intersection of any of these two sets is the null set.

** Complement of a Set :Let U be the universal set and A a subset of U.

Then the complement of A is the set of all elements of U which
are not the elements of A. Symbolically, we write A′ to denote
the complement of A with respect to U.
Thus, A′ = {x : x  U and x  A }. Obviously A′ = U – A
** Some Properties of Complement Sets
1. Complement laws: (i) A  A′ = U (ii) A ∩ A′ = φ
2. De Morgan’s law: (i) (A  B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B )′ = A′  B′
3. Law of double complementation : (A′ )′ = A
4. Laws of empty set and universal set φ′ = U and U′ = φ.

** Practical Problems on Union and Intersection of Two Sets :

(i) n ( A  B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A ∩ B )
(ii) n ( A  B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) , if A ∩ B = φ.
(iii) n (A  B  C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n (C) – n (A ∩ B) – n (B ∩ C) – n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C).

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 RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Cartesian Products of Sets :Given two non-empty sets P and Q. The cartesian product P × Q is theset of all
ordered pairs of elements from P and Q, i.e., P × Q = { (p , q) : p  P, q  Q }
** Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements, are equal and the second
elements are also equal.
** If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in A × B, i.e.
if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
** If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A × B.
** A × A × A = {(a, b, c) : a, b, c  A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.
**Relation :A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the cartesian product
A × B. The subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second
element of the ordered pairs in A × B. The second element is called the image of the first element.
** The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the
domain of the relation R.
**The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the range of the relation
R. The whole set B is called the co-domain of the relation R. Range  co-domain.
** A relation may be represented algebraically either by the Roster method or by the Set-builder method.
** An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
** The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number of possible
subsets of A × B. If n(A ) = p and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq and the total number of relations is 2pq.
** A relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.

** Function: A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one and
only one image in set B.
In other words, a function f is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B such that
the domain of f is A and no two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element.
If f is a function from A to B and (a, b)  f, then f (a) = b, where b is called the image of a under
f and a is called the pre-image of b under f.
** A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its range is called a real valued function. Further,
if its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called a real function.
Some functions and their graphs

** Identity function Let R be the set of real numbers. Define the

real valued function f :R →R by y = f(x) = x for each x  R.
Such a function is called the identity function. Here the domain
and range of f are R.

**Constant function :Define the function f: R → R by y = f (x) = c, x  R

where c is a constant and each x  R. Here domain of f is R and its range
is {c}.

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**Polynomial function :A function f : R→R is said to be polynomial function if for each x in R,
y = f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ...+ anxn, where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2,...,an  R.
f (x)
** Rational functions :are functions of the type , where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions of x
g(x )
defined in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.

** The Modulus function :The function f: R→R defined by

f(x) = |x| for each x  R is called modulus function. For each
non-negative value of x, f(x) is equal to x.
But for negative values of x, the value of f(x) is the negative of
 x, x  0
the value of x, i.e., f ( x ) =  .
− x , x  0

** Signum function :The function f : R→R defined by

 1, if x  0

f ( x ) =  0, if x = 0
− 1, if x  0

is called the signum function. The domain of the
signum function is R and the range is the set {–1, 0, 1}.

** Greatest integer function :

The function f :R → R defined by f(x) = [x], x  R assumes
the value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x.
Such a function is called the greatest integer function.
[x] = –1 for –1 ≤ x < 0
[x] = 0 for 0 ≤ x < 1
[x] = 1 for 1 ≤ x < 2
[x] = 2 for 2 ≤ x < 3 and so on.

Algebra of real functions

** Addition of two real functions :Let f : X → R and g : X → R be any two real functions, where X  R.
Then, we define (f + g): X → R by (f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x), for all x  X.
** Subtraction of a real function from another :Let f :X → R and g:X → R be any two real functions,
where X  R. Then, we define (f – g) : X→R by (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x), for all x  X.
** Multiplication by a scalar :Let f : X→R be a real valued function and α be a scalar. Here by scalar, we
mean a real number. Then the product α f is a function from X to R defined by
(α f ) (x) = α f (x), x  X.
** Multiplication of two real functions :The product (or multiplication) of two real functions f :X→R and
g :X→R is a function fg :X→R defined by (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x  X.
** Quotient of two real functions Let f and g be two real functions defined from X→R where X  R. The

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 f  f (x)
quotient of f by g denoted by  ( x ) = , provided g(x) ≠ 0, x  X
g g(x )

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
Angles :Angle is a measure of rotation of a given ray about its initial point.
** Measurement of an angle.
**English System (Sexagesimal system)
(i) 1 right angle = 90 degrees = 90o. (ii) 1o = 60 minutes = 60’. (iii) 1’ = 60 second = 60’’.
**French System (Centesimal system)
(iv) 1 right angle = 100 grades = 100 g. (v) 1 g = 100 minutes = 100 ‘ (vi) 1’ = 100 seconds = 100 ‘’
**Circular System.
(vii) 180o = 200 g =  radians = 2 right angles, where a radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by
an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle.
(viii) The circular measure  of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length l is equal to the
ratio of the length l to the radius r of the circle.
2n−4
(ix) Each interior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is equal to right angles.
n
    2 3 5
T-ratios 0 
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
1 1 3 3 1 1
Sin 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
Cos 1 0 – – – –1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan 0 1 3 n.d – 3 –1 – 0
3 3

** Formulae for t-ratios of Allied Angles :

 3
All T-ratio changes in   and   while remains unchanged in    and 2    .
2 2
   3  
sin     = cos  sin     = = cos 
2   2  2
   3 
cos    =  sin  cos    =  sin  II Quadrant I Quadrant
2   2 
   3 
tan    =  cot  tan     =  cot  sin  > 0 All> 0
2   2 
sin (  ) =  sin  sin (2  ) =  sin   0
cos (  ) = = cos  cos(2  ) = cos  tan  > 0 cos  > 0
tan (  ) =  tan  tan(2  ) =  tan 
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
3
2

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** Sum and Difference formulae :
sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
sin(A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
cos(A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
cos(A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tanA + tanB tanA − tanB   1 + tan A
tan(A + B) = , tan(A – B) = . tan  + A  = ,
1 - tanA tanB 1 + tanA tanB 4  1 − tan A
  1 − tan A cot A. cot B − 1 cot A. cot B + 1
tan  − A  = cot(A + B) = cot(A – B) =
4  1 + tan A cot B + cot A cot B − cot A
sin(A + B) sin(A – B) = sin A – sin B = cos B – cos A
2 2 2 2

cos(A + B) cos(A – B) = cos2A – sin2B = cos2B – sin2A

**Formulae for the transformation of a product of two circular functions into algebraic sum of two
circular functions and vice-versa.
2 sinA cos B = sin (A + B) + sin(A – B)
2 cosA sin B = sin (A + B) – sin(A – B)
2 cosA cos B = cos (A + B) + cos(A – B)
2 sinA sin B = cos (A - B) – cos(A + B)

C+D C−D C+D C−D

sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos , sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin .
2 2 2 2
C+D C−D C+D C−D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos , cos C – cos D = – 2 sin sin .
2 2 2 2
**Formulaefor t-ratios ofmultiple and sub-multipleangles :
2 tan A
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = .
1 + tan 2 A
1 − tan 2 A
cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A = 1 – 2 sin2A = 2 cos2A – 1 =
1 + tan 2 A
A A
1 + cos2A = 2cos2A 1 – cos2A = 2sin2A 1 + cosA = 2 cos2 1 – cosA = 2 sin 2
2 2
2 tan A 3 tan A − tan 3 A
tan 2A = , tan 3A = .
1 − tan 2 A 1 − 3 tan 2 A
sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3A, cos 3 A = 4 cos3A – 3 cos A
3 −1 3 +1
sin15o = cos75o = . & cos15o = sin75o = ,
2 2 2 2
3 −1 3 +1
tan 15o = =2– 3 = cot75o & tan 75o = =2+ 3 = cot 15o.
3 +1 3 −1
5 −1 5 +1
sin18o = = cos 72o and cos 36o = = sin 54o.
4 4
10 − 2 5 10 + 2 5
sin36o = = cos 54o and cos 18o = = sin 72o.
4 4
o o o
 1 1
o
 1  1
tan  22  = 2 – 1 = cot 67 and tan  67  = 2 + 1 = cot  22  .
 2 2  2  2

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
* A number of the form (a + ib) where a b  R, the set of real numbers, and i = − 1 (iota) is called a
complex number. It is denoted by z, z = a + ib. “a” is called the real part of complex number z and “b”
is the imaginary part i.e. Re(z) = a and Im(z) = b.
* Two complex numbers are said to be equal i.e. z1 = z2.
 (a + ib) = (c + id)
 a = c and b = d
 Re (z1) = Re (z2) & Im(z1) = Im(z2).
* A complex number z is said to be purely real if Im(z) = 0
and is said to be purely imaginary if Re(z) = 0.
* The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the set of complex number C, because every real number
can be considered as a complex number with imaginary part zero.
* i4n = (i4)n = (1)n = 1 i4n+1 = i4n.i = (1).i = i
i4n+2 = i4n. i2 = (1) (–1) = –1 i4n+3 = i4n.i3 = (1)( –i) = – i.
Algebra of Complex Numbers
** Addition of two complex numbers :Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers.
Then, the sum z1 + z2 is defined as follows: z1 + z2 = (a + c) + i (b + d), which is again a complex number.
The addition of complex numbers satisfy the following properties:
(i) The closure law The sum of two complex numbers is a complex number, i.e., z1 + z2 is a complex number
for all complex numbers z1 and z2 .
(ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
(iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, (z1 + z2) + z3 = z1 + (z2 + z3).
(iv) The existence of additive identity There exists the complex number 0 + i 0 (denoted as 0), called the
additive identity or the zero complex number, such that, for every complex number z, z + 0 = z.
(v) The existence of additive inverse To every complex number z = a + ib, we have the complex number – a +
i(– b) (denoted as – z), called the additive inverse or negative of z. Thus z + (–z) = 0 (the additive identity).
** Difference of two complex numbers :Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2, the difference z1 – z2 is
defined as follows: z1 – z2 = z1 + (– z2).
** Multiplication of two complex numbers :Let z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id be any two complex numbers.
Then, the product z1 z2 is defined as follows: z1 z2 = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
**The multiplication of complex numbers possesses the following properties :
(i) The closure law The product of two complex numbers is a complex number, the product z1 z2 is a
complex number for all complex numbers z1 and z2.
(ii) The commutative law For any two complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 z2 = z2 z1
(iii) The associative law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3, (z1 z2) z3 = z1 (z2 z3).

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(iv) The existence of multiplicative identity There exists the complex number 1 + i 0 (denoted as 1), called
the multiplicative identity such that z.1 = z, for every complex number z.
(v) The existence of multiplicative inverse For every non-zero complex number z = a + ib or a + bi
a −b 1
(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), we have the complex number 2 +i 2 (denoted by or z −1 ), called the
a +b 2
a +b 2
z
1
multiplicative inverse of z such that z. = 1 (the multiplicative identity).
z
(vi) The distributive law For any three complex numbers z1, z2, z3,
(a) z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 (b) (z1 + z2) z3 = z1 z3 + z2 z3
**Division of two complex numbers :Given any two complex numbers z1 and z2, where z2 ≠ 0 , the quotient
z1 z 1
is defined by 1 = z1. .
z2 z2 z2
**Modulus a Complex Number :Let z = a + ib be a complex number. Then, the modulus of z, denoted by | z |,
is defined to be the non-negative real number a 2 + b2 , i.e., | z | = a 2 + b2
** Properties of Modulus :
If z, z1, z2 are three complex numbers then
(i) |z| = 0 z = 0 i.e., real part and imaginary part are zeroes.
(ii) |z| = | z | = |– z |
(iii) z. z = | z |2
(iv) |z1.z2| = |z1|.|z2|
z1 | z1 |
(v) = , z2  0
z2 | z2 |
(vi) |z1+z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2+ 2Re(z1 z2 )
(vii) |z1-z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 – 2Re(z1 z2 )
(viii) |z1+z2|2 +|z1-z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
**Conjugate of a Complex Number :Let z = a + ib then its conjugate is denoted by z = (a − ib ) .

**Properties of conjugates :
(i) (z) = z
(ii) z+ z = 2Re(z)
(iii) z –z = 2iIm(z)
(iv) z+ z = 0  z is purely real.
(v) z. z = [Re(z)]2 + [Im(z)]2.
(vi) z1  z 2 = z1  z 2
(vii) z1.z 2 = z1.z 2

 z1  z1
(viii)   = , z2 0
 z2  z2

**Argand Plane and Polar Representation

Some complex numbers such as 2 + 4i, – 2 + 3i, 0 + 1i, 2 + 0i, – 5 –2i
and 1 – 2i which correspond to the ordered pairs (2, 4), ( – 2, 3), (0, 1),
(2, 0), ( –5, –2), and (1, – 2), respectively, have been represented
geometrically by the points A, B, C, D, E, and F, respectively.
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 The plane having a complex number assigned to each of its
point is called the complex plane or the Argand plane.

In the Argand plane, the modulus of the complex number

x + iy = x 2 + y2 is the distance between the point P(x, y) to
the origin O (0, 0). The points on the x-axis corresponds to the
complex numbers of the form a + i 0 and the points on the y-axis
corresponds to the complex numbers of the form 0 + i b.
The x-axis and y-axis in the Argand plane are called, respectively,
the real axis and the imaginary axis.
The representation of a complex number z = x + iy and its
conjugate z = x – iy in the Argand plane are, respectively,
the points P (x, y) and Q (x, – y).
Geometrically, the point (x, – y) is the mirror image
of the point (x, y) on the real axis.
** Polar representation of a complex number :
Let the point P represent the non zero complex number
z = x + iy. Let the directed line segment OP be of length r and
θ be the angle which OP makes with the positive direction of
x-axis .
The point P is uniquely determined by the ordered pair of
real numbers (r, θ), called the polar coordinates of the point P.
We consider the origin as the pole and the positive direction of
the x axis as the initial line.
We have, x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and therefore,
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) is said to be the polar form of the complex number. Here r = x 2 + y2 = |z| is the
modulus of z and θ is called the argument (or amplitude) of z which is denoted by arg z .
For any complex number z ≠ 0, there corresponds only one value of θ in 0 ≤ θ < 2π. However, any other
interval of length 2π, for example – π < θ ≤ π, can be such an interval. We shall take the value of θ such that – π
< θ ≤ π, called principalargument of z and is denoted by arg z, unless specified otherwise.
**Quadratic Equations :Roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 with real coefficients
− b  4ac − b 2 i
a, b, c , a ≠ 0 and b – 4ac < 0 are
2
.
2a
LINEAR INEQUALITIES
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
* Two real numbers or two algebraic expressions related by the symbol ‘<’, ‘>’, ‘≤’ or ‘≥’ form an
inequality.
* Numerical inequalities : 3 < 5; 7 > 5
* Literal inequalities: x < 5; y > 2; x ≥ 3, y ≤ 4
* Double inequalities : 3<5<7 ,2<y<4
*Strict inequalities : ax + b < 0 , ax + b > 0, ax2 + bx + c > 0
* Slack inequalities : ax + by ≤ c , ax + by ≥ c , ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0
* Linear inequalities : ax + b < 0, ax + b ≥ 0
* Quadratic inequalities : ax2 + bx + c > 0, ax2 + bx + c ≤ 0

Basic properties of inequality

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 1. If 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 ⇒ 𝒂 + 𝒄 ≤ 𝒃 + 𝒄
2. If 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 ⇒ −𝒃 ≤ −𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
3. If 𝒂 ≤ 𝒃 ⇒ 𝒂 ≥ 𝒃
4. |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂 ⇒ −𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒂
5. |𝒙 − 𝒃| ≤ 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒃 − 𝒂 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 + 𝒂
6. |𝒙 − 𝒃| ≥ 𝒂 ⇒ 𝒙 ≤ 𝒃 − 𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥ 𝒃 + 𝒂

PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Fundamental principle of counting, or( the multiplication principle): “If an event can occur in m different
ways, following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total number of occurrence of the
events in the given order is m × n.”
**Factorial notation The notation n! represents the product of first n natural numbers, i.e., the product
1 × 2 × 3 × . . . × (n – 1) × n is denoted as n!. We read this symbol as ‘n factorial’.
Thus, 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 . . . × (n – 1) × n = n !
n ! = n (n – 1) !
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) ![provided (n ≥ 2)]
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ! [provided (n ≥ 3)]

**Permutations A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects taken some or all
at a time.
** The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where 0 < r ≤ n and the objects do not
repeat is n ( n – 1) ( n – 2). . .( n – r + 1), which is denoted by
n!
P (n , r) OR n Pr = ,0  r  n
(n − r )!
** n P0 = 1= n Pn
** The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, where repetition is allowed, is nr.
** The number of permutations of n objects, where p1 objects are of one kind, p2 are of second kind, ..., pk are
n!
of kth kind and the rest, if any, are of different kind is .
p1!p 2!...p k !

**The number of permutations of an dissimilar things taken all at a time along a circle is ( n -1) !.

** The number of ways of arranging a distinct objects along a circle when clockwise and anticlockwise

1
arrangements are considered alike is (n -1) !.
2

** The number of ways in which (m + n) different things can be divided into two groups containing m and n
( m + n) !
things is .
m ! n!
n!
Combinationof n different objects taken r at a time, denoted by n Cr = .
r!(n − r )!

18
** n Pr = n Cr r! , 0  r  n
* * n C0 = 1 = n C n
n
C1 = n = n C n −1
n (n − 1) n
n
C2 = = C2
2!
n (n − 1)(n − 3) n
n
C3 = = Cn −3
3!
** n Cr = nCs  r = s or r + s = n

** n Cr + n Cr −1 = n +1Cr

BINOMIAL THEOREM
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Binomial theorem for any positive integer n
n
(a + b )n = n C0a n + n C1a n −1.b + n C2a n − 2 .b 2 + ... n Cn −1a.b n −1 + n Cn b n =  n Ck a n − k b k
k =0
n
** The coefficients Cr occurring in the binomial theorem are known as binomial coefficients.
** There are (n +1) terms in the expansion of (a + b) , i.e., one more than the index.
n

** (1 + x )n = n C0 + n C1x + n C2 x 2 + ... +n Cn −1x n −1 + n Cn x n

** (1 − x )n = n C0 − n C1x + n C2 x 2 − ... + (−1)n n Cn x n .
** n C0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nCn = 2n .
** n C0 − n C1 + n C2 − n C3 + ... + (− 1)n −1 n Cn = 0 .
** General Term in the expansion of (a + b) = t r +1 =n Cr a n − r .b r
n

**Middle term in the expansion of (a + b)

n

th th th
n   n +1  n +1 
(i)  + 1 term if n is even (ii)   and  + 1 terms if n is odd.
2   2   2 
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Sequence : is an arrangement of numbers in a definite order according to some rule. A sequence can also
be defined as a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers or some subsets of the type {1, 2,
3....k). ** A sequence containing a finite number of terms is called a finite sequence. A sequence is called
infinite if it is not a finite sequence.
** Series : If a1, a2, a3,…,an, be a given sequence. Then, the expression a1 + a2 + a3+,…+ an + ...
** Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) :is a sequence in which terms increase or decrease regularly by the same
constant.
A sequence a1, a2, a3,…, an,… is called arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression if
an + 1 = an + d, n ∈ N, where a1 is called the first term and the constant term d is called the common
difference of the A.P.
** The nth term (general term) of the A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, ... is an = a + (n – 1) d.
**If a, b, c are in A.P. and k(  0) is any constant, then
(i) a + k, b + k, c + k are also in A.P.
19
 (ii) a – k , b – k , c – k are also in A.P.
(iii) ak, bk, ck are also in A.P
a b c
(iv) , , are also in A.P.
k k k
** If a, a + d, a + 2d, …, a + (n – 1) d be an A.P. Then l = a + (n – 1) d.
Sum to n terms Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d
n
2
n
= [a + l]
2
a+b
** Arithmetic mean (A.M.) between two numbers a and b is .
2
** n arithmetic means between two numbers a and b are a +
(b − a ) , a + 2(b − a ) , a + 3(b − a ) , ... , a +
n (b − a )
.
n +1 n +1 n +1 n +1
S
** Sum of n A.M. = n(single A.M.)
** Three consecutive terms in A.P. are a – d , a, a + d.
Four consecutive terms in A.P. are a – 3d , a – d , a + d, a + 3d.
Five consecutive terms in A.P. are a – 2d , a – d , a, a + d, a + 2d.
These results can be used if the sum of the terms is given.
** In an A.P. the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to the sum of first
and last terms.
** mth term from end of an A.P. = (n – m + 1)th term from the beginning.

**Geometric Progression (G . P.) :Asequence is said to be a geometric progression or G.P., if the ratio of
any term to its preceding term is same throughout.
A sequence a1, a2, a3,…, an,… is called geometric progression, if each term is non-zero and
a k +1
= r (constant) , for k ≥ 1.
ak
By taking a1 = a, we obtain a geometric progression, a, ar, ar2, ar3,…., where a is called the first term
and r is called the common ratio of the G.P.

** General term of a G .P. = a n = ar n −1 .

a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n )
** Sum to n terms of a G .P. = if r  1 and if r  1 .
r −1 1− r
a
** Sum of terms of an infinite G.P. = .
1− r
** Geometric Mean (G .M.): of two positive numbers a and b is the number is ab .
1 2 3 n
 b  n +1  b  n +1  b  n +1  b  n +1
** n geometric mean between two numbers a and b are a   , a   , a   , ... a   .
a a a a
a
** Three consecutive terms in G.P. are , a , ar .
r
a a
Four consecutive terms in G.P. are 3 , , ar , ar 3 .
r r
a a
Five consecutive terms in G.P. are 2 , , a , ar , ar 2 .
r r
These results can be used if the product of the terms is given.
20
 STRAIGHT LINES
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Any point on the X-axis is (x, 0) and on the Y-axis is (0, y)
** Distance between two points A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) is AB = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 .
** Section formula
(i) Coordinates of a point dividing the line joining A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) internally in the ratio m : n is
 mx 2 + nx1 my2 + ny1  .
 , 
 m+n m+n 
(ii) Coordinates of a point dividing the line joining A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) externally in the ratio m : n is
 mx 2 − nx1 my2 − ny1  .
 , 
 m−n m−n 
 x + y1 x 2 + y 2 
** Coordinates of the mid point of the line joining A(x1 , y1) & B(x2 , y2) is  1 , 
 2 2 
** Centroid of a ABC with vertices A(x1 , y1), B(x2 , y2) & C(x3 , y3)  x1 + x 2 + x 3 , y1 + y 2 + y3  .
 3 3 
 ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
** In centre of ABC with vertices A(x1 , y1), B(x2 , y2) & C(x3 , y3) is  ,  where
 a +b+c a+b+c 
a = BC, b = AC, c = AB.
1
**AreaofABC withvertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) & C(x3, y3) = | x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)|.
2
** Equation of any line parallel to X-axis is y = a, & equation of X-axis is y = 0.
** Equation of any line parallel to Y-axis is x = b & equation of Y axis is x = 0.
** Slope of line inclined at an angle  with the + ve X- axis = tan .
** Slope of a line parallel to X-axis = 0 , slope of a line parallel to Y-axis = undefined.
Slope of a line equally inclined to the coordinate axes is –1 or 1.
y −y
** Slope of a line joining the points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) is 2 1 , x1 x2.
x 2 − x1
a
** Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0, is − .
b
** If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal.
** If two lines are perpendicular, then the product of their slopes is –1.
** Any equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0, with A and B are not zero, simultaneously, is called the general
linear equation or general equation of a line.
(i) If A = 0, the line is parallel to the x-axis (ii) If B = 0, the line is parallel to the y-axis
(iii) If C = 0, the line passes through origin.
** Equation of a line having slope = m and cutting off an intercept ‘c’ and Y-axis is y = mx + c.
** Equation of a line through the point (x1, y1) and having slope m is y – y1= m(x – x1).
x y
** Equation of a line making intercepts of ‘a’ & ‘b’ on the respective axes is + = 1
a b
** The equation of the line having normal distance from origin p and angle between normal and the
positive x-axis ω is given by x cosω + y sinω = p .
ax1 + by1 + c
** Distance of a point P(x1, y1) from the line ax + by + c = 0 is d = .
a 2 + b2
** Equation of the line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is ax + by + λ = 0.
** Equation of the line perpendicular to ax + by +c= 0 is bx – ay + λ = 0.
21
 m2 − m1
** If two lines are intersecting and  is the angle between them, then tan = where m1 = slope of
1 + m1m2
first line, m2 = slope of second line and  = acute angle.
If tan  = negative  = obtuse angle between the intersecting lines.
c1 − c 2
** Distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 &ax + by + c2 = 0 is .
a 2 + b2

CONIC SECTIONS

CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

CIRCLES

A circle is a locus of a point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point in that plane in
always constant. The fixed point is said to be the circle and the constant distance is said to be the radius.
** The equation of a circle with centre (h , k) and the radius r is (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2.
** The equation of a circle with centre (0 , 0) and the radius r is x2 + y2 = r2.
** General equation of a circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 whose centre is (–g, –f) and radius is
g2 + f 2 − c
** Equation of a circle when end points of diameter as A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) is given by
(x – x1) (x – x2) + (y – y1) (y – y2) = 0.
** Length of intercepts made by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X and Y-axes are 2 g 2 − c and

2 f 2 −c .
CONICS

Conic Section or a conic is the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from affixed point bears a
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.

The fixed point is called the focus, the straight line the directrix and the constant ratio denoted by e is
called the eccentricity.
distance between P(x, y) & Focus
Eccentricity (e) e= .
distance between P(x, y) & Directrix
If e = 1, then conic is a parabola.
If e < 1, then conic is a an ellipse.
If e > 1, then conic is a hyperbola.
If e = 0, then conic is a circle.

22
PARABOLA
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line and a fixed point in the plane.
S. y2 = 4ax y2 = -4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = -4ay
No

1. Vertex (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)

2. Focus (a,0) (-a,0) (0,a) (0,-a)
3 Equation of x+a=0 x–a=0 y+a=0 y–a=0
directrix
4. Equation of (x-axis), y = 0 (x-axis), y = 0 (y-axis), x = 0 (y-axis), x = 0
Axis
5. Length of 4a 4a 4a 4a
Latus Rectum
6. Focal distance x+a x–a y+a y–a
of a p(x, y)
** Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the parabola, through the focus and
whose end points lie on the hyperbola.
** Position of a point with respect to a parabola :The point (x1, y1) with respect to the parabola y2 = 4ax lies
(i) outside , if y12 − 4ax 1  0 (ii) on it if y12 − 4ax 1 = 0 (iii)inside if y12 − 4ax 1  0 .
ELLIPSE: ** An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from two fixed points in
the plane is a constant. Ellipse is also defined as “The ratio of the distances between P(x, y) & Focus and P(x,
y) & directrix is always a constant and this constant is said to eccentricity & always less than 1.
S.

No.

1. Equation x 2 y2 x 2 y2
+ =1 + =1
a 2 b2 b2 a 2
2. Centre (0 , 0) (0 , 0)
3. Vertices (a , 0) (0 , a)
4. Foci ( ae, 0) or (c , 0)where c2 = a2 – b2 (0  ae) or (0 c)where c2 = a2 – b2
5. Equations of irectrices a a
x= . y=
e e
6. Eccentricity e = c/a e = c/a
7. Length of major axis 2a 2a

23
8. Length of minor axis 2b 2b
9. Length of latus rectum 2b 2 2b 2
a a

** HYPERBOLA
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances from two fixed points in the
plane is a constant.

S.
N

1 Equation x 2 y2 y2 x 2
− =1 − =1
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
2. Vertices ( a, 0) (0,  a)
3. Foci ( ae, 0) or (c , 0) (0  ae) or (0  ae)
where c2 = a2 + b2 where c2 = a2 + b2
4. Eccentricity e = c/a e = c/a
5. Equations of directrices a a
x= . y=
e e
6. Centre (0, 0) (0, 0)
7. Length of Transverse axis 2a 2a
8. Length of conjugate axis 2b 2b
9. Length of latus rectum 2b 2 2b 2
a a
10. Equation of Transverse axis y=0 x=0
11. Equation of conjugate axis x=0 y=0
INTRODUCTION TO THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
**Coordinate Axes and Coordinate Planes in Three Dimensional Space :In three dimensions, the
coordinate axes of a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system are three mutually perpendicular lines. The
axes are called the x, y and z-axes.
The three planes determined by the pair of axes are the coordinate planes, called XY, YZ and
ZX-planes.

The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as octants.

24
** Coordinates of a Point in Space :The coordinates of a point P in three
dimensional geometry is always written in the form of triplet like (x, y, z).
Here x, y and z are the distances from the YZ, ZX and XY-planes.
Any point (i) on x-axis is of the form (x, 0, 0)
(ii) on y-axis is of the form (0, y, 0)
(iii) on z-axis is of the form (0, 0, z).
Any point (i) in XY-plane is of the form (x, y, 0)
(ii) in YZ-plane is of the form (0, y, z)
(iii) on ZX-plnane is of the form (x, 0, z).
** The three coordinate planes divide the space into eight parts known as octants.

Octants → I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Coordinates XOYZ X′OYZ X′OY′Z XOY′Z XOYZ′ X′OYZ′ X′OY′Z′ XOY′Z′

x + – – + + – – +
y + + – – + + – –
z + + + + – – – –

** Distance between two points (x1 , y1, z1) and (x2 , y2 , z2) = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 + (z 2 − z1 )2 .
** Section Formula :The coordinates of the point R which divides the line segment joining two points
P (x1 , y1, z1) and Q (x1 , y1, z1) internally and externally in the ratio m : n are given by
 mx 2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 mz 2 + nz1  ,  mx 2 − nx1 my2 − ny1 mz 2 − nz1  respectively.
 , ,   , , 
 m+n m+n m+n   m−n m−n m−n 
** The coordinates of the mid point of the line joining P(x1 , y1, z1) and Q (x2 , y2 , z2) is
 x1 + y1 + z1 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 
 , 
 2 2 
** The coordinates of the centroid of the triangle, whose vertices are (x1 , y1, z1),(x2 , y2, z2) & (x3 , y3, z3)
 x + y + z x + y 2 + z 2 x 3 + y3 + z 3 
are  1 1 1 , 2 , .
 3 3 3 

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

25
Def : lim f(x) = l , if to a given > 0, there exists a +ve number S such that | f(x) - l | < for | x – a| <.
x→a
** Some Standard Results on Limits :
** If f(x) = K, a constant function, then lim f(x) = K. ** lim K.f(x) = K lim f(x)
x →a x →a x →a

** lim [f(x)  g(x)] = lim f(x)  lim g(x) ** lim f(x). g(x) = lim f(x). lim g(x)
x →a x →a x →a x →a x →a x →a

 f(x)  lim f(x)

** lim   = x →a
. ** lim log f(x) = log  lim f(x)  .
x → a  g(x)  lim g(x) x →a  x →a 
x →a

1/n 1/n
** lim [f(x)] 1/n . =  lim f(x) Provided  lim f(x) is a real number.
x →a x →a  x →a 

**Sandwich Theorem (or squeeze principle).

If f, g, h are functions such that F(x)  g(x)  h(x) as lim f(x) = lim h(x) = l , then lim g(x) = l
x→a x→a x→a

xn − an sin θ θ
** lim = na n - 1 . ** lim = 1, Also lim =1
x →a x−a →0 θ → 0 sin θ

tan θ θ ex - 1
** lim = 1, Also lim =1 ** lim = log e = 1
→0 θ → 0 tan θ x →0 x
ax -1
** lim = log a ** lim (1 + x)1/x = e
x →0 x x →0

n
 1 sin -1 x
** lim 1 +  = C ** lim =1
n →  n x →0 x

tan -1 x
** lim =1
x →0 x
** Some Standard Results of differentiation

d n d
** ( x ) = nx n −1 ( x  R , n  R , x  0) ** (x) = 1
dx dx

d d x
** (c) = 0 (where c is a constant) ** (e ) = e x
dx dx

d x d 1
** (a ) = a x log e a (a  R , a  0) ** (log e x ) = ( x  0)
dx dx x

d d
** (sin x ) = cos x ** (cos x ) = − sin x
dx dx

d d
** (tan x ) = sec2 x ** (cot x ) = − cos ec 2 x
dx dx

d d
** (sec x ) = sec x tan x ** (cos ecx) = − cos ecx cot x
dx dx

26
 STATISTICS
CONCEPTS AND RESULTS

* * Mean x =  xi
n

=  fi x i
 fi
= a +   i i  h,
 fu  xi − a
where a is the assumed mean , h is the class size and u i =
 f  h
 i 
th
 n +1
* * Median =   observations(arranged in ascending or descending order ) & the number of observations
 2 
is odd.
th th
n n 
= mean of   &  + 1 observations(arranged in ascending or descending order ) & the number
2 2 
of observations is odd.
n 
 − cf 
= l+ 2   h where, l = lower limit of median class, n = number of observations,
 f 
 
 
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class, f = frequency of median class,
h = class size .
 f1 − f 0 
* * Mode = l +    h , where l = lower limit of the modal class, h = size of the class interval,
 2f1 − f 0 − f 2 
f1 = frequencyof the modal class, f 0 = frequencyof the class preceding the modal class,
f 2 = frequencyof the class succeedingthe modal class.
** Measures of Dispersion: The dispersion or scatter in a data is measured on the basis of the observations
and thetypes of the measure of central tendency, used there. There are following measures ofdispersion:
(i) Range, (ii) Quartile deviation, (iii) Mean deviation, (iv) Standard deviation.
** Range: Range of a series = Maximum value – Minimum value.
** Mean Deviation :
(i) For ungrouped data
1 n 1 n
M.D.(x ) =  x i − x , where x = Mean
n i =1
M.D.(M ) =  x i − x , where M = Median
n i =1
(ii ) For grouped data
(a) Discrete frequency distributi on
n
 fi x i − x 1 n 1 n
M.D.(x ) = i =1
n
=  fi x i − x
N i =1
M.D.(M) =  xi − M
N i =1
 fi
i =1

27
 (b) Continuous frequency distributi on

fi x i − x , u sin g x = a +   i i  h
1 n  fu 
M.D.(x ) = 
N i =1  f 
 i 

n 
1 n  − cf 
M.D.(M) =  x i − M , u sin g M = l +  2 h
N i =1  f 
 
Standard deviation

∑𝑛 2
∑𝑛 2
1 𝑥𝑖 1 𝑥𝑖
For discrete data 𝝈=√ −( )
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑛
∑ 1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 2 𝑛 2
For grouped frequency distribution 𝝈 = √ − ( )
𝑛 𝑛

∑1 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑛∑1 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑛 2
Shortcut method 𝝈 = √ − ( ) where𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝐴, 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝑛 𝑛

PROBABILITY
MAIN CONCEPTS AND RESULTS
** Random Experiments :An experiment is called random experiment if it satisfies the following two
conditions:
(i) It has more than one possible outcome.
(ii) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
** Outcomes and sample space :A possible result of a random experiment is called its outcome.
The set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment is called the sample space associated with the
experiment. Each element of the sample space is called a sample point. Any subset E of a sample space S is
called an event.
** Impossible and Sure Events :The empty set φ and the sample space S describe events. φ is called an
impossible event and S, i.e., the whole sample space is called the sure event.
** Compound Event :If an event has more than one sample point, it is called a Compound event.
** Complementary Event : For every event A, there corresponds another event A called the
complementary event to A. It is also called the event ‘not A’.
** The Event ‘A or B’ :When the sets A and B are two events associated with a sample space, then
‘A  B’ is the event ‘either A or B or both’. This event ‘A  B’ is also called ‘A or B’.
** The Event ‘A and B’ :If A and B are two events, then the set A ∩ B denotes the event ‘A and B’.
** The Event ‘A but not B’ :the set A – B denotes the event ‘A but not B’. A – B = A ∩ B´
** Mutually exclusive events :two events A and B are called mutually exclusive events if the occurrence of
any one of them excludes the occurrence of the other event, i.e., if they can not occur simultaneously. In
this case the sets A and B are disjoint i.e. A ∩ B = φ.
** Exhaustive events :if E1, E2, ..., En are n events of a sample space S and if
n
E1  E2  E3  …  En =  E i = S , then E1, E2, ...., En are called exhaustive events.
i =1

28
 n
if Ei ∩ Ej = φ for i ≠ j i.e., events Ei and Ej are pairwise disjoint and  E i = S , then events E1, E2, ..., En
i =1

are
called mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
** Axiomatic Approach to Probability :Let S be the sample space of a random experiment. The probability P
is a real valued function whose domain is the power set of S and range is the interval [0,1] satisfying the
following axioms
(i) For any event E, P (E) ≥ 0
(ii) P (S) = 1
(iii) If E and F are mutually exclusive events, then P(E  F) = P(E) + P(F).
From the axiomatic definition of probability it follows that
(i) 0 ≤ P (ωi) ≤ 1 for each ωi  S
(ii) P (ω1) + P (ω2) + ... + P (ωn) = 1
(iii) For any event A, P(A) = Σ P(ωi ), ωi  A.
** Equally likely outcomes : All outcomes with equal probability.
** Probability of an event: For a finite sample space with equally likely outcomes
n (A )
Probability of an event P(A) = (A) , where n(A) = number of elements in the set A,
n (S )
n(S) = number of elements in the set S.

** Probability of the event ‘A or B’ :P(A or B) = P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A∩B).

For mutually exclusive events A and B, we have P(A  B) P(A) P(B)
** Probability of event ‘not A’ = P( A′ ) = P(not A) = 1 – P(A).

29
30
 CHAPTER-1: SETS

1MARK QUESTIONS
Q.NO. QUESTIONS MARKS

1 The complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of their complements." 1
This statement is called:
(a) Complement Law (b) Associative Law
(c) Idempotent Law (d) De Morgan's Law

2 If A={1,2,3,4,5}, then the number of proper subsets of A is 1

(a) 120 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d)32

3 The set of circles passing through the origin (0,0) 1

(a)Finite set (b) infinite set (c) Null set (d) none of these

4 The shaded part of a line is in given figure can also be described as 1

A. (−∞ ,1) ∪ (2, ∞) B. (-∞, 1] ∪ [2, ∞)C.(1,2) D. [1,2]

5 Roster for set C = {x : x2 + 7x – 8 = 0, x ∈ R} is 1

(a) {– 8, 1} (b) [ - 8, 1] (c) (- 8, 1) (d) {- 1, 8}

31
6 The set builder form of interval [-4, 9) is: 1
(a) {x: x∈ R, −4 ≤ x ≤ 9} (b) {x: x∈ R, −4 ≤ x < 9}
(c) {x: x∈ R, −4 < x < 9} (d) {x: x∈ R, −4 < x ≤ 9}

7 Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {2, 3} and B = {3, 4, 5}.Then which one is correct 1
(a) (𝑨 ∪ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′ (b) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
(c) (𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ (d) 𝑨′ ∩ 𝑩′ = 𝑨′ ∪ 𝑩′
8 For any two sets A and B, A∩ (A ∪ B) = 1
(a)A (b) B (c) ∅ (d) none of these

9 Which of the following are examples of the singleton set? 1

(a) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 = 4} (b) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 + 5 = 0}
(c) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 = 16} (d) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, |𝑥| = 1}

10 Let 𝐴 = {1,2, {3,4}, 5}Which of the following are incorrect statement? 1

(a) {3,4} ⊂ 𝐴 (b) {3,5} ⊂ 𝐴 (c) {{3,4}} ⊂ 𝐴 (d) 3,4∈ 𝐴

11 If 𝐴 = 𝜙 then n[P(A)] = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3

12 If 𝐴 = (2,4), 𝐵 = [3,5) then 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 1

(a) (3 , 4) (b) [3, 4) (c) [2, 5) (d) (3, 5)

13 Let A and B be two sets such that n(A)= 16, n(B)= 14, n(A∪B)=25 then n(A∩B) is equal to 1
(a) 30 (b)50 (c) 5 (d)none of these

14 The set A∪ A′ is 1
(a) A (b) A′ (c)∅ (d) U

15 Set A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the minimum number of 1
elements in A∪B?
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 8

16 For the Venn - diagram given below, the set (𝑍 − 𝑌) × (𝑋 ∪ 𝑌) is: 1

(a) {(3,4), (3,7), (3,9), (8,4), (8,7), (8,9)} (b) {(4,8), (9,8), (7,8), (4,3), (9,3), (7,3)}
(c) {(8,4), (8,9), (8,7), (4,3), (9,3), (7,3)} (d) {(4,8), (9,8), (7,8), (3,4), (3,9), (3,7)}

17 Which of the following sets is null set(s)? 1

32
 (a) {0} (b) {φ} (c) φ (d) sets of even prime number

18 Which of the following is not a subset of Q? 1

(a) Set of natural numbers (b) Set of integers
(c) Set of rational numbers (d) Set of irrational numbers

19 If P={1, 2, 3, 4}, Q={2, 4, 6, 8} and R={3, 4, 5, 6} then P ∩ (Q U R) = 1

(a) {1, 2, 3, 8} (b) {2, 3, 4} (c) {1, 5, 6, 8} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of 1
Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
20 Assertion (A): ‘The collection of all natural numbers less than 100’ is a set. 1
Reason (R) : A set is a collection of the objects.

21 Assertion (A): 1
If 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 for any two sets 𝐴and 𝐵, then adjacent Venn
diagram represents correct relationship between 𝐴 and 𝐵.

Reason (R): If 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵, then all elements of 𝐴 are also in𝐵.

2MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. QUESTION MARK
NO
1 Write the set 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 2 < 20} in roster form. 2M
2 Which of the following sets are empty sets? 2M
(i) 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 2 − 3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙}
(ii) 𝑩 = {x ∈ R: 0 < 𝑥 < 1}
3 Write down all possible subsets of each of the following sets: 2M
(i) {1, {1}} (ii) {1,2,3}
4 Write the following as intervals: 2M
(i) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, −12 < 𝑥 < −10}
(ii) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4}

33
5 What Universal Set would you propose for each of the following: 2M
(i) the set of isosceles triangle? (ii) the set of right triangle.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Let 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}, 𝐴 = {2,4,6,8} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = {2,3,5,7}. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, 3M
(𝑖)(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ (𝑖𝑖)(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′ .

2 Which of the following sets are finite and which are infinite: 3M
(i) A = {𝑥: 𝑥𝜖 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0}
(ii) 𝐵 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛}
(iii) C = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > −10}

3 Let A and B be two sets. Prove that (𝐴 − 𝐵) ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓 𝐵 ⊂ A. 3M

4 Let 𝑈 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} 3M
𝐴 = {1,2,3,4}, B = {2,4,6,8}, C = {3,4,5,6}.
Find (i) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)′ (𝑖𝑖)(𝐴′ )′ (𝑖𝑖𝑖)(𝐵 − 𝐶)′

5 Which of the following pairs of sets are equal? Justify your answer 3M
(i) 𝐴 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 "𝐿𝑂𝑌𝐴𝐿"}
B = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 "𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑌"}.

(II) A = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 ≤ 8 }

B = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝜖 𝑅, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0}

4 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 Three friends were having get together. Suddenly they decided to play with their names 4M
using sets. Name of friends were AARTI, CHARVI and AYSHA. They asked each other the
following questions.

(i) How letters used for AARTI are written in roster form as a set?
(a) {𝐴, 𝑅, 𝑇, 𝐼} (b) {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑇𝐼}
(c) {A,T,I} (d) none of these
(ii) What is the difference of set of letters of CHARVI and AYSHA?
(a) {𝐶, 𝑅, 𝑉, 𝐼} (b) {C,S,V,I} (c) {C,T,V,I} (d) {C,V,I}
(iii) Form a union of sets taking the letters of names of friends.

(𝑎){𝐴, 𝑅, 𝑇, 𝐼, 𝐶, 𝐻, 𝑉, 𝑌, 𝑆} (b) {A,R,T,I,C,H,V,}

(c) {A,R,C,H,V,Y,S} (d) none of these
(iv) Form a set of intersection of sets taking the letters of names of friends.
(a) {A} (b) {A,R,T,I,C,H,V} (c) {A,R,C,H,V,Y,S} (d) none of
these

34
2 4M
After explaining operation on sets, Mathematics teacher in class wrote there sets as
𝐴 = {2, 3, 4, 5}, 𝐵 = {6, 7, 8}, 𝐶 = {𝑥: 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 10}. She asked
the students that the following questions will judge how much you have understood.
She asked the students to write down the answers and later they can check from the
answers written by teacher and give marks.

(i) AU B =
(a) {2,3,4,5,6,7,8} (b) {2,3,4,5} (c) {6,7,8} (d) none of these

(ii) (𝐴𝑈𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 =
(a) {2,3,5,7} (b) {2,3} (c) {5,7} (d) none of these

(iii) (𝐶 − 𝐵) =
(a) {2,3,5} (b) {2,3,5,7} (c) {3,5,7} (d) none of these

(iv) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝐵
(a) {2,3,5} (b) {2,3} (c) {3,5} (d) none of these

3 Case-Study: Passage-based question: Study the passage and table given below

and answer the questions (i) and (ii) given below:

The intervals are defined as the set of all real numbers lying between two given real
numbers (end points / boundary points). It is a way of writing subsets of the set of all
real numbers. Based on the inclusion / exclusion of end points the intervals are
classified as – closed, open and semi closed / semi open intervals as shown in the
following table.

Intervals

Intervals Notations inequalities Number line representation

Closed [a, b] a≤𝑥 ≤𝑏

Open (a, b) a<x<b

Closed-Open [a, b) a ≤𝑥<𝑏

Open - Closed (a, b] a<x≤𝑏

Intervals are sets so we can combine two or more intervals using

35
3(i) To join the Indian Army under technical entry scheme the age of a candidate must be 2
more than 16½ years and not above 19½ years. Represent the age limit using the
interval.

3(ii) According to weather report of Meteorological department the hottest month in 2

Srinagar is July (minimum temperature 6°C, maximum temperature 32°C) and the coldest
are December – January (temperature is between −15°C and 0°C). Represent the range
of temperature in both the seasons as a single interval using the set

4 Sneha and Maria are best friends. Sneha likes Mathematics while Maria likes
Statistics. They have created two non-empty sets A and B given by A = {x : x is a letter
in ‘I LOVE MATHEMATICS’} and

B = {x : x is a letter in ‘I LOVE STATISTICS’} Based on this information, answer the

following questions.

4(i) Which of the following is True? (a) A = B (b) A ⊂ B (c) B ⊂ A (d) All of the above 1

4(ii) 1
A ∩ B is equal to

(a) A (b) B (c) A ∪ B (d) φ

4(iii 2
If number of proper subsets of A is n- more than number of proper subsets of B. Then
) find the value of n.

ANSWERS

1 MARK QUESTION
1 (d) De Morgan's Law

2 (c) 31 no. of proper subset = 2n - 1

3 b infinite set

4 A. (−∞ ,1) ∪ (2, ∞)

5 a {– 8, 1}

6 (b) {x: x∈ R, −4 ≤ x < 9}

7 (b) De Morgan's Law

8 (a) A use Venn diagram for this

9 (b) {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 + 5 = 0} . Singleton set is a set having only one element.

10 (c) {{3,4}} ⊂ 𝐴

11 (a) 1 since no. of elements in 𝜙 = 0, then n[P(A)] =20 = 1

36
12 (b) [3, 4)

13 (c) 5 use n ( AB ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A ∩ B )

14 (d) U use Venn diagram

15 (b) 6 if 𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵 then n(A∪B)= n(B) = 6

16 (a) {(3,4), (3,7), (3,9), (8,4), (8,7), (8,9)}

17 (c) φ
18 (d) Set of irrational numbers

19
(b) {2, 3, 4}
20 c A set is a well-defined collection of the distinct objects

21 d

2MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. ANSWER
N
O

1 We observe that the integers whose squares are less than 20 are: 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4.
Therefore, the set A in roster form is A ={−4, −3, −2,0,1,2,3,4}

2 (i) Empty Set

(ii) Non - Empty
3 (i) ∅, {1}, {{1}}, {1, {1}}
(ii) ∅, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}.
4 (i) (−12, −10)
(ii) [3,4]
5 ( a) The set of all triangles in plane.
(b) The set of all triangles in plane.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
1 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = {1 ,9}
𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′ = {1 ,9}
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵 ′

37
 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = {1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′ = {1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
So, (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵 ′

2 𝐴 = {2, 3}
So, A is finite set.

B = {… , −6, −4, −2,0,2,4,6, … }

So, B is infinite set.

C = {−9, −8, −7, … }

So, C is infinite set.

3 Given, (𝐴 − 𝐵) ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ ) ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴
Or, (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ 𝑈 = 𝐴
Or, (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝐴
Or, 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴

Conversely, let 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴
(𝐴 − 𝐵) ∪ 𝐵 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ′ ) ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴. (Proved)

4 (i) (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶)′ = {1,2,5,6,7,8,9}

(ii) (𝐴′ )′ = {1,2,3,4}
(iii) (𝐵 − 𝐶)′ = {1,3,4,5,6,7,9}
5 (i) 𝐴=𝐵
(ii) A≠𝐵

CASE BASED 4M
1 (i) (a)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (a)

(i) (a)
(ii) (a)
2 (iii) (a)
(iv) (a)

38
 CHAPTER-2: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Q. QUESTION MARK
N
O
1 If AXA has 9 elements two of which are (-1, 0) and (0, 1), find the set A and the 2
remaining elements of AXA.

2 If A={𝒂, 𝒃}, find AXA. 2

3 If 𝐀 × 𝐁 = {(𝐩, 𝐪), (𝐩, 𝐫), (𝐦, 𝐪), (𝐦, 𝐫)}, find A and B 2

4 Write the relation R = {(x, x3): x is a prime number less than 10} in roster form. 2

5 Find the values of a and b, when 2

(a+3,b+2) =(5,1)

6 Find the domain and the range of the real function f(x) =√9 − x 2 . 3

7 Let f, g: R→R be defined by f(x) = x + 1 and g(x) = 2x – 3. Find f – g, f. g andg.

f 3

8 Find the domain and the range of the real function f(x) =√(5 − x). 3

9 Let f be the subset of Z x Z, defined by f = {(ab, a + b): a, b∈ Z}. Is f a function from Z to 3

Z?Justify Your answer.

1 The function‘t’ which maps temperature in degree Celsius in to temperature in degree 3

0 Fahrenheit is defined by t(C) =
9C
+ 32. Find t (0), t (- 10) and the value of C,
5
when t (C) = 212

1 In a school at Chandigarh, students of class XI were discussing about the relations and 1+1+2
1 functions. Two =4

StudentsAnkita and Babita form two sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6}.

Based on the above information answer the following:

39
 (1)Find n(A×B)

(2)A correspondence of elements from A to B given as {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6),

(4, 4), (5, 6)}.Is it a function? Justify your answer.

(3)If the function f: A⟶B such that (a, b)∈ f and a < b, defined by

f = {(1, 2), (x, 4), (2, 4), (4, y), (5, 6)}, then find x and y.

1 A is the anthills of an ant, at B some sweets are there and ant wants to reach at B. 1+1+2
2 The path traced by an ant is shown in the following graph: =4

On the basis of the above graph find the following:

(1)When ordinate is 6 then find abscissa

(2)Which axis is line of symmetry for the graph?

(3)Write the function for the graph along with domain and range.

ANSWERS:

Q. NO ANSWER MARKS
1 Clearly -1, 0, 1 are elements of A. 2
Therefore A= {−1,0,1}
Hence find AXA .Then remaining element of AXA are (-1,1),(-1,-1),(0,-1),(0,0),(1,-
1),(1,0),(1,1).
2 AXA= {𝑎, 𝑏} x{𝑎, 𝑏} 2
={(𝑎, 𝑎), (𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑏, 𝑎), (𝑏, 𝑏)}
3 A={𝑝, 𝑚}, B={𝑞, 𝑟} 2
4 Prime numbers less than 10 are 2,3,5,7. 2
R= {(2,8), (3,27), (5,125), (7,343)}
5 a+3 =5 2

40
 a= 2 and b-2 =1
b=3
6 Domain = [-3, 3], Range = [0, 3] 3

7 (f – g) = - x + 4, f. g = 2x2 – x – 3,
f x+1
and g = 2x −3 3

8 Domain = (- ∞, 5], Range = [0, ∞] 3

9 f is not a function because, if a and b both are positive or both are negative then 3
ab is same but their images are not same.

10 t (0) =320F 3
t(-10) =140F
t(x) =212
therefore x=100
2120F = 1000C
11 (i) 15 (ii) No, Element 3 is having two images 4 and 6 (iii) x = 3 , y = 6 4

12 (i) ± 6 (ii) y-axis (iii) f(x) = |x|, the domain is R and Range is[0,∞) 4

CHAPTER-3: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Q. NO QUESTIONS MARK

2 marks each
1 Evaluate tan750 2

2 Find the value of cos 1° cos 2° cos 3° … cos 179°. 2

3 Express 2 cos4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sine or cosine. 2

4 If sin x =
√5 𝜋
, and 0 < x <2, find the value of cos2x 2
3

5 Convert into radian measures: −47∘30′ 2

3 marks each
6 Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of 60° intercepts an arc of length 3
37.4 cm (use π = 22/7).

7 Prove that (√3 + 1) (3 – cot 30°) = tan360° – 2 sin 60°. 3

8 A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does it 3
turn in one second?

41
9 Prove that (sin4θ – cos4θ +1) cosec2θ = 2 3

10 Prove that sin(40+θ) ⋅ cos (10+θ) − cos(40+θ) ⋅ sin(10+θ) = 1/2 3

5 marks each
11 Prove that: 5

12 Prove that: (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A + cot A) 5

13 Prove that cos6x=32cos2x − 48cos4x + 18cos2x − 1 5

5
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if sin x = 3/5, x lies in second
14 quadrant.
𝜋
15 Find the value of tan 8 5

ANSWERS

Q. NO QUESTIONS MARK

2 marks each
1 Evaluate tan750
Ans- 1
Use the trigonometric addition formula for the tangent function
tan75∘ = tan(45∘+30∘)
= tan45∘ + tan30∘
1−tan45∘ tan⁡30∘
= √3+1 1
√3−1

2
Find the value of cos 1° cos 2° cos 3° … cos 179° .
Since cos 90° = 0, we have 1
cos 1° cos 2° cos 3° …cos 90°… cos 179° = 0
1

42
3 Express 2 cos4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sines or cosine.
Ans-
2 cos4x sin2x = sin(2x+4x) + sin(2x−4x) 1
= sin6x + sin(−2x)
= sin6x − sin2x 1

4 If sin x =
√5 𝜋
, and 0 < x <2, find the value of cos2x
3

Ans-
We know that cos2x = 1−sin2x
1
cos 2x = 1 − 2 ( √5 )2
3
=1−2 × 5
1
9
=_1
9

5 Convert into radian measures −47∘30′

Ans-
Convert into pure degree form and then convert to radian
−47∘30′ = − (47 + 30)∘
60 1
= −(47 + 1 )∘
2
= −(95 × π )rad 1
2 180
= −19π rad
72

3 marks each

43
6 Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of 60° intercepts an arc of length 3
37.4 cm (use π = 22/7).

Solution:

Given,

Length of the arc = l = 37.4 cm

Central angle = θ = 60° = 60π/180 radian = π/3 radians

We know that,

r = l/θ

= (37.4) * (π / 3)

= (37.4) / [22 / 7 * 3]

= 35.7 cm

Hence, the radius of the circle is 35.7 cm.

7 Prove that (√3 + 1) (3 – cot 30°) = tan360° – 2 sin 60°.

Solution:

LHS = (√3 + 1)(3 – cot 30°)

= (√3 + 1)(3 – √3)

= 3√3 – √3.√3 + 3 – √3

= 2√3 – 3 + 3

= 2√3

RHS = tan360° – 2 sin 60°

= (√3)3 – 2(√3/2)

= 3√3 – √3

= 2√3

Therefore, (√3 + 1) (3 – cot 30°) = tan360° – 2 sin 60°.

Hence proved.

44
8

A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does it turn
in one second?

Solution:

Given,

Number of revolutions made by the wheel in 1 minute = 360

1 minute = 60 seconds

Number of revolutions in 1 second = 360/60 = 6

Angle made in 1 revolution = 360°

Angles made in 6 revolutions = 6 × 360°

Radian measure of the angle in 6 revolutions = 6 × 360 × π/180

=6×2×π

= 12π

Hence, the wheel turns 12π radians in one second.

9 Prove that (sin4θ – cos4θ +1) cosec2θ = 2

Solution:

L.H.S. = (sin4θ – cos4θ +1) cosec2θ

= [(sin2θ – cos2θ) (sin2θ + cos2θ) + 1] cosec2θ

Using the identity sin2A + cos2A = 1,

= (sin2θ – cos2θ + 1) cosec2θ

= [sin2θ – (1 – sin2θ) + 1] cosec2θ

= 2 sin2θ cosec2θ

= 2 sin2θ (1/sin2θ)

=2

= RHS

45
10 Prove that sin(40+θ) ⋅ cos(10+θ) − cos(40+θ) ⋅ sin(10+θ) = 1
Ans- 2
We know, sin(a−b) = sin a cos b− cos a sin b
L.H.S = sin(40+θ) cos(10+θ) − cos(40+θ) sin(10+θ)
= sin[40 + θ −10 − θ] = sin30
=1
2

5 marks each

11 Prove that

=RHS

46
12 Prove that: (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A + cot A)

Solution:

LHS = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)

= [(1/sin A) – sin A) [(1/cos A) – cos A]

= [(1 – sin2A)/ sin A] [(1 – cos2A)/ cos A]

Using the identity sin2A + cos2A = 1,

= (cos2A/sin A) (sin2A/cos A)

= cos A sin A….(i)

RHS = 1/(tan A + cot A)

= 1/[(sin A/cos A) + (cos A/sin A)]

= (sin A cos A)/ (sin2A + cos2A)

= (sin A cos A)/1

= sin A cos A….(ii)

From (i) and (ii),

LHS = RHS

i.e. (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A) = 1/(tan A + cot A)

Hence proved.

47
13 Prove that cos6x=32cos2x − 48cos4x + 18cos2x − 1

L.H.S.

=cos6x

= cos2(3x)

= 2Cos23x−1

=2(4cos3x−3cosx)2−1

=2[16cos6x+9cos2x−24cos4x]−1

=32cos6x+18cos2x−48cos4x−1

=32cos6x−48cos4x+18cos2x1

=R.H.S.

48
14
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions if sin x = 3/5, x lies in second
quadrant

Solution:

Given, sin x = 3/5

It can be written as

cosec x = 1 / sin x = 1 / (3/5) = 5/3.

Using the trigonometry identity sin2x + cos2x = 1

1 - (3/5)2 = cos2 x

1 - (9/25) = cos2 x

cos2 x = 16/25

cos x = ± 4/5

Since x lies in the second quadrant, the value of cos x is negative.

So
cos x = -4/5
sec x = 1/ cos x
sec x = 1 / -4/5
sec x = -5/4

tan x = sin x/ cos x

= (3/5)/(-4/5)
= -3/4
cot x = 1/tan x
= 1/(-3/4)
= -4/3

49
 𝜋
15 Find the value of tan 8

CHAPTER-4: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Q. QUESTION MARK
NO
1 Let 𝑧 = 𝑖 99 + 𝑖 118 then z lies in 1
(a) 1st quadrant (b) 2nd quadrant (c) 3rd quadrant (d) 4th quadrant
2 If (1 + 𝑖)(1 + 2𝑖)(1 + 3𝑖) … . . (1 + 𝑛𝑖) = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏, then value of 2 × 5 × 10 … .× (1 + 𝑛2 ) = 1
(a) 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (b) 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 (c) 𝑎2 + 4𝑏 2 (d) 𝑎2 − 4𝑏 2
3 1
If z is a complex number such that 𝑧 2 = (𝑧̅)2 is a complex number such that

50
 a) zis purely real b) zis purely imaginary

c) Either zis purely real or purely imaginary d) None of these

4 Let The amplitude of 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 is 𝜃 then 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 = 1

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
5 3−4𝑖𝑥 1
If a real value of x satisfy the equation = 𝑎 − 𝑖𝑏 (𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑅) then 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 =
3+4𝑖𝑥
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -2
6 𝟐+𝟓𝒊 1
The conjugate of the complex number is
𝟒−𝟑𝒊
7−26𝑖 7+26𝑖 −7−26𝑖 −7+26𝑖
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 25

7 If 𝑧 = 3 + 5𝑖, then 𝑧 3 + 𝑧̅ + 198= 1

(a) −3−5i (b)−3+5i (c) 3−5i (d) 3+5i
8 The inequality |𝑧 − 4| < |𝑧 − 2| represents the region given by 1
(a) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) > 0 (b) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) < 0 (c) 𝑅𝑒(𝑧) > 2 (d) None Of These
9 1+𝑖 𝑛 1
The least positive value of n, if ( ) = 1
1−𝑖
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
𝑦+𝑥
10 If (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)(2 − 3𝑖) = 4 + 𝑖 then value of = 1
𝑦−𝑥
5 14 9 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 19 9
1
11 If (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 then prove + = 4(𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )
3
𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑏
12 Prove (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑖)(𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖)(𝑥 − 1 − 𝑖) = 𝑥 4 + 4 2

ANSWERS:

Q. NO ANSWER MARKS
1 (c)
2 (a)
3 (c)
4 d
5 a
6 c
7 d
8 (d)
9 c
10 (d)
11
12 (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑖)(𝑥 + 1 − 𝑖)(𝑥 − 1 + 𝑖)(𝑥 − 1 − 𝑖)
51
 = ((𝑥 + 1)2 − 𝑖 2 )((𝑥 − 1)2 − 𝑖 2 )
=((𝑥 + 1)2 + 1)((𝑥 − 1)2 + 1)
=(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 2)
= 𝑥4 + 4

CHAPTER-5: LINEAR INEQUALITIES

Q. QUESTION MARK
NO

Directions for questions 1 to 10: Questions from 1 to 10 are multiple choice questions.
There are 4 alternatives given for each questions from 1 to 10. Choose the best
alternative out of these four.

1 If |𝑥 + 2| ≤ 9, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ (−11, 7) (b) 𝑥 ∈ [−11, 7] 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ (−7, 11) (d) 𝑥 ∈ [−7, 11]

2 If 𝑥 is a real number and |𝑥| < 3, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ (−3, 3) (b) 𝑥 ∈ [−3, 3] 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ {(−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞)} (d) 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅.

3 If −3𝑥 + 17 ≤ −10, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ [9, ∞) (b) 𝑥 ∈ (9, ∞) 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ [−9, ∞) (d) 𝑥 ∈ (−9, ∞)

4 |𝑥−2|
If ≥ 0, then
𝑥−2
1
(a) 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 2) (b) 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, −2)

(c) 𝑥 ∈ (2, ∞) (d) 𝑥 ∈ [2, ∞)

5 If 𝑥 < 5, then

(a) – 𝑥 < −5 (b) – 𝑥 > −5 1

(c) – 𝑥 < 5 (d) – 𝑥 > 5

6 If 4𝑥 − 13 ≤ 𝑥 − 4, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ [−3, ∞) (b) 𝑥 ∈ (−3, ∞) 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 3] (d) 𝑥 ∈ [3, ∞)

7 If −3𝑥 < −12, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ (−4, ∞) (b) 𝑥 ∈ [4, ∞) 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ (4, ∞) (d) 𝑥 ∈ [−4, ∞)

52
8 Solve: 1 ≤ |𝑥 − 2|, then

(a) 𝑥 ∈ {(−∞, 1] ∪ [3,4] (b) 𝑥 ∈ {(−3, 1] ∪ [3,4] 1

(c) 𝑥 ∈ {(−∞, 1] ∪ [3, ∞)} (d) 𝑥 ∈ {(−3, 1] ∪ (3,4]

9 Any linear inequality can have how many distinct solution?

(a) Indefinitely many (b) only one solution 1

(c) only two solution (d) only three solution

10 How many solutions does the inequality 30𝑥 ≤ 200 have when 𝑥 is a natural number?

(a) 7 (b) 8 1

(c) 6 (d) 10

Directions for questions 11 to 15: In questions from 11 to 15 , there are two

statements marked as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Mark your answer as per the
codes provided below:
(a). Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b). Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c). A is true and R is false.
(d). A is false and R is true.
(e). Both A and R are false.

11 𝑎 𝑏
Assertion: If 𝑎 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 0 then < .
𝑐 𝑐
1
Reason: If both sides of an inequality are divided by the same negative quantity, then
the inequality is reversed.

12 Assertion: The inequality 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 ≤ 𝑐, where a, b and c are real numbers, is a linear

inequality.
Reason: The solution of the inequality 4𝑥 − 7 ≥ 9, when 𝑥 is a real number, is
1
(−∞, 4].

13 Assertion: A line divides the Cartesian plane in two halves.

Reason: If a point P(𝛼, 𝛽) lies on the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, then 𝑎𝛼 + 𝑏𝛽 + 𝑐 = 0. 1

14 Assertion: If 3𝑥 − 4 ≤ −𝑥 + 8 ⟹ 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 3]
Reason: Both sides of an inequality can be multiplied by positive quantity and same
number can be added to both the sides of an inequality.
1

15 Assertion: The inequality 45𝑥 ≤ 300 has infinitely many solutions when 𝑥 is an
integer.
1
20
Reason: There are infinitely many integers less than or equal to .
3

53
 Directions for questions 16 to 20: Questions from 16 to 20 are true false type
questions. State whether the given statement is true or false.

16 If 𝑥 ≥ −3, then 5 − 𝑥 ≤ 8. 1

17 If 𝑝 > 0 & 𝑞 < 0, then 𝑝 + 𝑞 > 𝑝. 1

𝑥 𝑦
18 If 𝑥 < 𝑦 and 𝑏 < 0, then 𝑏 > 𝑏. 1

19 If 𝑥 > −2 & 𝑥 < 9, then 𝑥 ∈ (−2, 9) 1

20 If |𝑥| ≥ 3, then 𝑥 ∈ [−3, 3]. 1

21 A manufacturer has 600 litres of a 12% solution of acid. How many litres of a 30% acid
solution must be added to it so that acid content in the resulting mixture will be more
4
than 15% but less than 18%?

22 Find all pairs of consecutive odd natural numbers, both of which are larger than 10,
such that their sum is less than 40.
4

ANSWERS:

Q. NO ANSWERS MARKS

1 (b) 𝑥 ∈ [−11, 7] 1

2 (a) 𝑥 ∈ (−3, 3) 1

3 (a) 𝑥 ∈ [9, ∞) 1

4 (c) 𝑥 ∈ (2, ∞) 1

5 (b) – 𝑥 > −5 1

6 (c) 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 3] 1

7 (c) 𝑥 ∈ (4, ∞) 1

8 (c) 𝑥 ∈ {(−∞, 1] ∪ [3, ∞)} 1

9 (a) Indefinitely many 1

10 (c) 6 1

11 (d). A is false and R is true. 1

12 (c). A is true and R is false. 1

13 (b). Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A. 1

14 (a). Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1

15 (a). Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1

54
16 True 1

17 False 1

18 True 1

19 True 1

20 True 1

21 Let, 𝑥 litres of 30% acid solution is required to be added. Then,

Total mixture = (𝑥 + 600) litres,
Therefore, 30%. 𝑥 + 12% of 600 > 15% of (𝑥 + 600)
and 30%. 𝑥 + 12% of 600 < 18% of (𝑥 + 600) 1
30𝑥 12 15
Or, + × 600 > × (𝑥 + 600)
100 100 100
30𝑥 12 18 1
and 100 + 100 × 600 < 100 × (𝑥 + 600)

Or, 30𝑥 + 7200 > 15𝑥 + 9000

1
and 30𝑥 + 7200 < 18𝑥 + 10800
Or, 15𝑥 > 9000 − 7200
and 30𝑥 − 18𝑥 < 10800 − 7200
Or, 15𝑥 > 1800 and 12𝑥 < 3600
1800 3600
Or, 𝑥 > and 𝑥 <
15 12

Or, 𝑥 > 120 and 𝑥 < 300

Combining we get, 120 < 𝑥 < 300.
1

22 Let x be the smaller of the two consecutive odd natural number, so that the other 1
one is x +2. Then, we should have x > 10 ... (1)
and x + ( x + 2) < 40 ... (2)
1
Solving (2), we get 2x + 2 < 40 i.e., x < 19 ... (3)
From (1) and (3), we get 10 < x < 19.
1
Since x is an odd number, x can take the values 11, 13, 15, and 17.
So, the required possible pairs will be (11, 13), (13, 15), (15, 17), (17, 19)
1

CHAPTER-6: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

55
Q. QUESTION MARK
NO
1 Which one of the following is wrong 1
(a) 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 (b) 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = 𝑟! 𝑛𝐶𝑟
(c) 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛 − 1𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛 − 1𝐶𝑛−𝑟 (d) 𝑛 + 1𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1
2 The number of diagonals in a decagon is 1
(a) 45 (b) 40 (c) 35 (d) 30

3 If 21𝐶2𝑟+15 = 21𝐶3𝑟+6 then r = 1

(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 9 (d) 0
4 The number of positive integral solution of equation 𝑥𝑦 = 24 is 1
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) 6
5 Number of words with or without meaning can be formed with the letters of 1
the word BHARAT
(a) 60 (b) 120 (c) 360 (d) 720
6 The number of arrangement of letters of the word HONEST in which H always 1
precedes E and E precedes T (not necessarily adjacent) is
(a) 360 (b) 240 (c) 720 (d) 120
7 𝑛𝑃4 = 20. 𝑛𝑃2 , then n= 1
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 5
8 Appu has 6 members in his family, grandpa, granny, parents, Appu and his 1
sister, in how many ways a family photo graph can be taken in which grandpa
and Granny will be always in the centre.
(a) 24 (b) 48 (c) 120 (d) 720

9 Assertion (A) :∑51

47 𝑛𝐶3 + 47𝐶4 = 52𝐶4 1
Reason (R) :𝑛 + 1𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1

(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is true R is false
(d) ) R is true A is false
10 Assertion (A) :Total number of functions that can be defined from a set 1
containing 3 elements to a set of 4 elements is 43
Reason (R) :Every image can have 3 pre image

(a) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not correct explanation of A
(c) A is true R is false
(d) ) R is true A is false
11 How many numbers are there between 100 and 1000 which have exactly one 2
of their digits as 6
12 Find total no of divisors of 180 2
13 Bishal is exploring with the number of five digits formed with 1,2,3,4,5 with all
56
 digits used once. Try to answer the following questions
(a) How many numbers Bishal can form. 1
(b) Find Sum of unit digits of all numbers formed by Bishal 1
(c) Find the sum of all the numbers he got 2
14 There is a country called Mazeland in which all roads are either going north-
south or east - west and all lanes are at a equal distance of 100 meters like
shown in the figure. Now answer the following question
(i) Gourav, a student of class XI has his
home at A and school at B. the shortest 2
distance from home to school is 1 KM. In
how many ways he can go from his home
to his school covering shortest distance.

(ii)Suppose there is a shortest alternative C in 2

a square as shown in figure. He wants to use that
path for commuting every time. In how many ways
he can go from home to school.

Q. QUESTION MARK
NO
1 A coin is tossed 6 times, and the outcomes are noted. How many possible 2
outcomes can be there?
2 How many words can be formed each of 2 vowels and 3 consonants from the 2
letters of the given word – DAUGHTER?
3 It is needed to seat 5 boys and 4 girls in a row so that the girl gets the even places. 2
How many are such arrangements possible?
4 Find the number of 5-card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if each selection 2
of 5 cards has exactly one king.
5 In how many of the distinct permutations of the letters in MISSISSIPPI do 3
the four Is not come together?
6 In a small village, there are 87 families, of which 52 families have at most 2 3
children. In a rural development programme, 20 families are to be chosen
for assistance, of which at least 18 families must have at most 2 children. In
how many ways can the choice be made?

57
7 Determine the number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards, if 3
there is exactly one ace in each combination.
8 How many numbers greater than 1000000 can be formed using the digits 1, 3
2, 0, 2, 4, 2, 4?

9 A group consists of 4 girls and 7 boys. In how many ways can a team of 5 4
members be selected if the team has

(i) no girls

(ii) at least one boy and one girl

(iii) at least three girls

10 Out of 7 boys and 5 girls a team of 7 students is to be formed. 4

(i) Find the number of ways, if team contains at least 3 girls.
(ii) Find the number of ways, if team contains at most 3 girls.
(iii) Find the number of ways, if team contains exactly 3 girls.
Or
If exactly 3 girls ae selected and ae arranged in a row for photograph.
Fid the number of ways, if all girls and all the boys stand together.
11 How many permutations of the letters of the word ‘MADHUBANI’ do not 5
begin with M but end with I?
12 How many different words can be formed from the letters of the word 5
‘GANESHPURI’? In how many of these words:
(i) the letter G always occupies the first place?

(ii) the letters P and I, respectively, occupy the first and last place?

(iii) Are the vowels always together?

(iv) the vowels always occupy even places?

13 How many words can be formed with the letters of the word ‘PARALLEL’ so 5
that all L’s do not come together?
14 Find the rank of the word SUCCESS, if all possible permutations of the word 5
SUCCESS are arranged as in dictionary.
15 Find the number of arrangements of the letters of the word INDEPENDENCE. In 5
how many of these arrangements.
(i) Do the words start with P?
(ii) Do all the vowels always occur together?

58
 (iii) Do all the vowels never occur together?
(iv) Do the words begin with I and end in P?

ANSWERS:

Q. NO ANSWER MARKS
1 c
2 (c)
3 (d)
4 (b)
5 (c)
6 (d)
7 (a)
8 (b)
9 (a)
10 (c)
11
Case 1: 6 ½

8 ways 9 ways =72

½
Case 2: 6

8 ways 9 ways =72 ½

Case 3 6

9 ways 9 ways =81

Total =72+72+81=225 1/2
12 180 = 22 32 5
Any number of the form 2𝑝 3𝑞 5𝑟 will be divisor of 180 where p can be
0,1,2, q can be 0,1,2 and r can be 0,1.
So total no of divisors is 3.3.2 = 18
13 (a) 5! = 120
(b) 1 can be fixed in unit place in 4! Ways= 24 ways. Similarly each
digits 2,3,4,5 can be fixed in in unit place in 24 ways. So the sum of
the unit digits is 24(1+2+3+4+5) = 24. 15 =360
(c) Hence the sum of all numbers can be written as
360X10000 +360X1000+360X100+360X10 +360
= 3999960

59
14 (i) he will cover distance in shortest path
by moving 5 horizontal (H)units and 4
vertical(V) units. So the shortest path
can be obtained by arranging the
letter of word VVVVHHHHH.
9!
So the no of paths =
5!4!
(ii) In this case he has to reach D first
,then cover DE and then E to B.
A toD is square of 2 by 2 and E to B
is 2X1
so in this case no of paths is
4! 3!
×
2! 2! 2! 1!

Q. NO ANSWER MARKS
1 When we toss a coin once, the number of outcomes we get is 2 (Either Head or 2
tail)

So, in each throw, the no. of ways to get a different face will be 2.

Therefore, by the multiplication principle, the required no. of possible outcomes

is

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 × 2 × 2 = 64

2 No. of Vowels in the word – DAUGHTER is 3. 2

No. of Consonants in the word Daughter is 5.

No of ways to select a vowel = 3c2 = 3!/2!(3 – 2)! = 3

No. of ways to select a consonant = 5c3 = 5!/3!(5 – 3)! = 10

Now you know that the number of combinations of 3 consonants and 2 vowels =
10x 3 = 30

Total number of words = 30 x 5! = 3600 ways.

60
3 5 boys and 4 girls are to be seated in a row so that the girl gets the even places. 2

The 5 boys can be seated in 5! Ways.

For each of the arrangements, 4 girls can be seated only at the places which are
cross marked to make girls occupy the even places).

BxBxBxBxB

So, the girls can be seated in 4! Ways.

Hence, the possible number of arrangements = 4! × 5! = 24 × 120 = 2880

4 Take a deck of 52 cards, 2

To get exactly one king, 5-card combinations have to be made. It should be made
in such a way that in each selection of 5 cards, or in a deck of 52 cards, there will
be 4 kings.

To select 1 king out of 4 kings = 4c1

To select 4 cards out of the remaining 48 cards = 48c4

To get the needed number of 5 card combination = 4c1 x 48c4

= 4x2x 47x 46×45

= 778320 ways.

5 Given word – MISSISSIPPI 3

M–1

I–4

S–4

P–2

Number of permutations = 11!/(4! 4! 2!) = (11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4!)/ (4! ×

24 × 2)

= 34650

We take that 4 I’s come together, and they are treated as 1 letter,

61
 ∴ Total number of letters=11 – 4 + 1 = 8

⇒ Number of permutations = 8!/(4! 2!)

= (8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4!)/ (4! × 2)

= 840

Therefore, the total number of permutations where four Is don’t come together =
34650 – 840 = 33810

6 Given, 3

Total number of families = 87

Number of families with at most 2 children = 52

Remaining families = 87 – 52 = 35

Also, for the rural development programme, 20 families are to be chosen for
assistance, of which at least 18 families must have at most 2 children.

Thus, the following are the number of possible choices:

52C18 × 35C2 (18 families having at most 2 children and 2 selected from other types
of families)

52C19 × 35C1 (19 families having at most 2 children and 1 selected from other types
of families)

52C20 (All selected 20 families having at most 2 children)

Hence, the total number of possible choices = 52C18 × 35C2 + 52C19 × 35C1 + 52C20

7 Given a deck of 52 cards 3

There are 4 Ace cards in a deck of 52 cards.

According to the given, we need to select 1 Ace card out of the 4 Ace cards

∴ The number of ways to select 1 Ace from 4 Ace cards is 4C1

⇒ More 4 cards are to be selected now from 48 cards (52 cards – 4 Ace cards)

∴ The number of ways to select 4 cards from 48 cards is 48C4

62
 Number of 5 card combinations out of a deck of 52 cards if there is exactly one
ace in each combination = 4C1 × 48C4

= 4 × [48!/(44! 4!)]

= 4 × [(48 × 47 × 46 × 45 × 44!)/ (44! × 24)]

= 4 × 2 × 47 × 46 × 45

= 778320

8 Given numbers – 1000000 3

Number of digits = 7

The numbers have to be greater than 1000000, so they can begin either with 1, 2
or 4.

When 1 is fixed at the extreme left position, the remaining digits to be rearranged
will be 0, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, in which there are 3, 2s and 2, 4s.

Thus, the number of numbers beginning with 1 = 6!/(3! 2!) = (6 × 5 × 4 × 3!)/(3! ×

2)

= 60

The total numbers begin with 2 = 6!/(2! 2!) = 720/4 = 180

Similarly, the total numbers beginning with 4 = 6!/3! = 720/6 = 120

Therefore, the required number of numbers = 60 + 180 + 120 = 360.

9 Given, 4

Number of girls = 7

Number of boys = 7

(i) No girls

Total number of ways the team can have no girls = 4C0 × 7C5

= 1 × 21

= 21

63
 (ii) at least one boy and one girl

1 boy and 4 girls = 7C1 × 4C4 = 7 × 1 = 7

2 boys and 3 girls = 7C2 × 4C3 = 21 × 4 = 84

3 boys and 2 girls = 7C3 × 4C2 = 35 × 6 = 210

4 boys and 1 girl = 7C4 × 4C1 = 35 × 4 = 140

Total number of ways the team can have at least one boy and one girl = 7 + 84 +
210 + 140

= 441

(iii) At least three girls

Total number of ways the team can have at least three girls = 4C3 × 7C2 + 4C4 × 7C1

= 4 × 21 + 7

= 84 + 7

= 91

10 (i) Ways to select at least 3 girls 4

3 girls 4 boys or 4 girls 3 boys or 5 girls 2 boys
= 5C3 × 7C4 + 5C4 × 7C3 + 5C5 × 7C2
= 10 × 35 + 5 × 35 + 1 × 21 = 350 + 175 + 21 = 546
(ii) Ways to select at most 3 girls
3 girls 4 boys or 2 girls 5 boys or 1 girls 6 boys or 0 girl 7 boys
= 5C3 × 7C4 + 5C2 × 7C5 + 5C1 × 7C6 + 5C0 × 7C7
= 10 × 35 + 10 × 21 + 5 × 7 + 1 × 1 = 350 + 210 + 35 + 1 = 596
(iii) Ways to select exactly 3 girls = 5C3 × 7C4 = 350
Or
Ways of arranging 3 girls and 4 boys if all girls and boys stand together
= 2! X 3! X 4! = 2 X 6 X 24 = 288
Total ways of selecting and arranging = 288 X 350 = 100800

11 The word ‘MADHUBANI’ 5

64
 Total number of letters = 9

A total number of arrangements of word MADHUBANI excluding I: Total letters 8.

Repeating letter A, repeating twice.

The total number of arrangements that end with the letter I = 8! / 2!

= [8×7×6×5×4×3×2!] / 2!

= 8×7×6×5×4×3

= 20160

If the word starts with ‘M’ and ends with ‘I’, there are 7 places for 7 letters.

The total number of arrangements that start with ‘M’ and end with the letter I =
7! / 2!

= [7×6×5×4×3×2!] / 2!

= 7×6×5×4×3

= 2520

The total number of arrangements that do not start with ‘M’ but end with the
letter I = The total number of arrangements that end with the letter I – The total
number of arrangements that start with ‘M’ and end with the letter I

= 20160 – 2520

= 17640

Hence, the total number of arrangements of the word MADHUBANI in such a way
that the word is not starting with M but ends with I is 17640.

12 The word ‘GANESHPURI’ 5

There are 10 letters in the word ‘GANESHPURI’. The total number of words
formed is 10P10 = 10!

(i) the letter G always occupies the first place?

If we fix the first position with the letter G, and then the remaining number of
letters is 9.

The number of arrangements of 9 things, taken all at a time, is 9P9 = 9! Ways.

65
Hence, the possible number of words using letters of ‘GANESHPURI’ starting with ‘G’
is 9!

(ii) the letters P and I, respectively, occupy the first and last place?

If we fix the first position with letters P and I in the end, then the remaining
number of letters is 8.

The number of arrangements of 8 things, taken all at a time, is 8P8 = 8! Ways.

Hence, the possible number of words using letters of ‘GANESHPURI’ starting with ‘P’
and ending with ‘I’ is 8!

(iii) Are the vowels always together?

There are 4 vowels and 6 consonants in the word ‘GANESHPURI’.

Consider 4 (A, E, I, U) vowels as one letter, then the total number of letters is 7 (A,
E, I, U, G, N, S, H, P, R)

The number of arrangements of 7 things, taken all at a time, is 7P7 = 7! Ways.

(A, E, I, U) can be put together in 4! Ways.

Hence, a total number of arrangements in which vowels come together is 7! × 4!

(iv) the vowels always occupy even places?

Number of vowels in the word ‘GANESHPURI’ = 4(A, E, I, U)

Number of consonants = 6(G, N, S, H, R, I)

Even positions are 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10

Now, we have to arrange 10 letters in a row such that vowels occupy even places.
There are 5 even places (2, 4, 6, 8 or 10). 4 vowels can be arranged in these 5
even places in 5P4 ways.

The remaining 5 odd places (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) are to be occupied by the 6 consonants

in 6P5 ways.

So, by using the formula,

P (n, r) = n!/(n – r)!

P (5, 4) × P (6, 5) = 5!/(5 – 4)! × 6!/(6 – 5)!

66
 = 5! × 6!

Hence, a number of arrangements so that the vowels occupy only even positions is
5! × 6!

13 The word ‘PARALLEL’ 5

There are 8 letters in the word ‘PARALLEL’, out of which 2 are As, 3 are Ls and
the rest all are distinct.

So by using the formula,

n!/ (p! × q! × r!)

The total number of arrangements = 8! / (2! 3!)

= [8×7×6×5×4×3×2×1] / (2×1×3×2×1)

= 8×7×5×4×3×1

= 3360

Now, let us consider all L’s together as one letter, so we have 6 letters, out of
which A repeats 2 times and others are distinct.

These 6 letters can be arranged in 6! / 2! ways.

The number of words in which all L’s come together = 6! / 2!

= [6×5×4×3×2×1] / (2×1)

= 6×5×4×3

= 360

So, now the number of words in which all L’s do not come together = total
number of arrangements – The number of words in which all L’s come together

= 3360 – 360 = 3000

14 Alphabets present in the word SUCCESS are S,U,C,E 5

Dictionary order of the alphabet's is C,E,S,U
Number of words starting with C (C _ _ _ _ _ _) (no two C will be repeated but here
we have three S) is 6!3!
Number of words starting with E (E _ _ _ _ _ _) (here we have two C and three S)
67
 is 6!2!3!
Now we want the word starting with S
So, Number of words starting with SC (SC _ _ _ _ _) (here we have single C and
two S) is 5!2!

Number of words starting with SE (SE _ _ _ _ _) (here we have two C and two S)
is 5!2!2!
Number of words starting with SS (SS _ _ _ _ _) (here we have two C and single S)
is 5!2!

Now next word will be SUCCESS

Now rank of the word SUCCESS is
6!3!+6!2!3!+5!2!+5!2!2!+5!2!+1
= 120+60+60+30+60+1=331

15 No. of letters =12 5

No. of Ns = 3
No. of Es = 4
No. of Ds = 2
12!
Required number of arrangements = 3!2!4! = 1663200
11!
(i) If starting with P, then total arrangements = 1 × 3!2!4!
(ii) There are 5 vowels in the given word, which are 4 Ex and 1 I. since,
they to always occur together, we treat them as a single object
8!
andtogether with remaining 7 objects can be arranged = 3!2! and 5
5!
vowels van be arranged in 4! ways so total number of arrangements =
8! 5!
× 4! = 16800
3!2!
(iii) The required number of arrangements = 1663200 – 16800 = 1646400
(iv) Let us find I and P at the extreme ends ( I at the left end and P at the
right end ) we are left with 10 letters. Hence, the required number of
10!
arrangements = 3!2!4! = 12600

CHAPTER-7: BINOMIAL THEOREM

Q. Question Marks
No.
1 The number of ways 7 boys and 6 girls can be seated in a row so that they 1
are alternate is
a)3620800 b)3062800c)3628800 d)3645280
2 The value of P(n, n – 1) is 1

68
 a) n!
b) n
c) 2n
d) 2n!
3 If repetition of the digits is allowed, then the number of even natural 1
numbers having two digits is
a) 20
b) 25
c) 45
d) 90
4 1 1 𝑥 1
If + = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥
8! 9! 10!
a) 64
b) 50
c) 90
d) 100
5 The English alphabet has 5 vowels and 21 consonants. How many words 1
with two different vowels and 2 different consonants can be formed from
the alphabet?
a) 50400
b) 50300
c) 50200
d) 50100
6 If nC3 = nC5 then find n: 1
a) 4 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10
7 The number of odd numbers lying between 40000 and 70000 that can be 1
made from the digits 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7 if digits can be repeated any number of
times is
a) 766
b) 1296
c) 1125
d) 655
8 If 8C x= 8C1 then x will be: 1
a) 6 b)5 c) 7 d)4
9 Find the number of ways of choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing 1
cards when four cards belong to four different suits.
a) 413
b) 133
c) 135
d) 134
10 Find the value of 5P2. 1
a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d)20
11 Given 4 flags of different colors, how many different signals can be 3
generated, if a signal required the use of 2 flags one below the other?
12 7 men and 5 women are to be seated in a row so that no two women sit 3
69
 together. Find the number of ways they can be seated.
13 Determine n if 2 nC3 : nC3 = 16 :1 3
14 In how many ways a debate team of 3 boys and 3 girls are selected from 6 3
boys and 5 girls?
15 In how many ways can a cricket team of eleven be chosen out of a batch of 4
17 players for the following cases, if

1. There is no restriction on the selection

2. A particular player is always chosen
3. A particular player is never chosen
16 4

Four friends are playing with cards. They are choosing 4 cards from a pack of 52 playing
cards. Using these information answer the following questions.
(i) How many of these four cards are of the same suit?
(ii) How many of these four cards belong to four different suits?
(iii) How many of these four cards are face cards?
(iv) How many of these two are red cards and two are black cards?

ANSWERS

Q NO ANSWERS MARK
1 c 1
2 a 1
3 c 1
4 d 1
5 a 1
6 c 1
7 b 1
8 c 1
9 d 1
10 d 1
11 Here, the upper place of the flag can be filled in 4 ways by using the 4 flags 3
70
 of different colors.
Now, the lower place of the flag can be filled in 3 ways by using the
remaining 3 flags of different colors.
∴ total number of signals can be generated = 4 × 3
= 12
12 Given, 7 men and 5 women are to be seated in a row so that no two 3
women sit together.
The number of ways they can be seated is
7 men can be sit asxMxMxMxMxMxMxMx
Here x denote the space for women to sit. So there are 8 space and 5
women can be sit as
8 8!
P5 =(8−5)!
8×7×6×5×4×3!
=
3!
= 6720
Now total number of arrangement = 7! × 6720
= 5040 × 6720
=33868800
13 2n
C3 16 3
n
=
C3 1


( 2n )! * 3!( n − 3)! = 16
3!( 2n − 3)! n! 1


( 2n )( 2n − 1)( 2n − 2 )( 2n − 3)! * ( n − 3)! = 16
( 2n − 3 ) ! n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )( n − 3)!


( 2 )( 2n − 1)( 2n − 2 ) = 16
( n − 1)( n − 2 )

( 2n − 1)( n − 1) = 4
( n − 1)( n − 2 )

( 2n − 1) = 4
( n − 2)
 2n − 1 = 4 ( n − 2 )
 2n − 1 = 4n − 8
 4n − 2n = 8 − 1
7
Hence, n =
2
14 A debate team of 3 boys and 3 girls is to be selected from 6 boys and 5 girls. 3

3 boys can be selected from 6 boys in 6C3 ways.

3 girls can be selected from 5 girls in 5C3 ways.

Therefore, according to multiplication principle, number of ways in which a

71
 team of 3 boys and 3 girls can be selected is given by

 6!   5!   6*5*4   5*4 
6
C3 * 5C3 =   * =  *  = 20*10 = 200
 3!3!   3!2!   3*2   2 
15 Given: Total number of players = 17 4
1. There is no restriction on the selection
The number of ways for team selection when there is no restriction is
expressed by:
17! 17 *16*15*14*13*12*11!
17
C11 = =
11!6! 11!6!
17 *16*15*14*13*12
 = 12376
6*5* 4*3* 2
2. A particular player is always chosen
The number of ways a team selected when a particular player is always
chosen is expressed by:

16! 16*15*14*13*12*11*10!
16
C10 = = = 8008
10!6! 10!( 6*5* 4*3* 2 )
3. A particular player is never chosen
The number of ways a team selection is done when a particular player is
never chosen can be expressed by:

16! 16*15*14*13*12*11!
16
C11 = = = 4368
11!5! 11!( 5* 4*3* 2*1)
16 (i) Required number of ways=13C4+13C4+13C4+13C4=4×13C4=2860 4
(ii) Required number of ways=13C1×13C1×13C1×13C1=134
(iii) Required number of ways=12C4=495
• Required number of ways=26C2×26C2=105625

72
 SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Q. NO QUESTION MARK
1 −1
1 The 4th and 7th terms of a GP are and respectively. Its first term is 1
18 486

2
a)
3

2
b) − 3

3
c) −
2

3
d)
2

2 In a GP, the ratio between the sum of first 3 terms and the sum of first 6 terms is 125 : 152. 1
The common ratio is
1
a)
2

5
b)
6

2
c)
3

3
d)
5

3 If second term of a G.P. is 2 and the sum of its infinite terms is 8, then its first term is 1
1
a)
4

b) 2

1
c)
2

d) 4

4 For any two positive numbers, we have 1

a) None of these

b) AM≤ GM
3
c) 𝐴𝑀 = 4 𝐺𝑀

d) AM≥ GM

5 If a, b, c are in G.P., then 1

a) a(b2 + c 2 ) = c(a 2 + b 2 )

b) a(b2 + a 2 ) = c(b 2 + c 2 )
73
 c) a2 (b + c) = c 2 (a + b)

d) none of these

6 The two geometric means between the numbers 1 and 64 are 1

a) 4 and 16

b) 8 and 16

c) 2 and 16

d) 1 and 64

7 If the sum of n terms of a GP is (2𝑛 - 1) then its common ratio is 1

−1
a)
2

1
b)
2

c) 2

d) 3

8 The third term of G.P. is 4. The product of its first 5 terms is 1

a) 44

b) 43

c) 45

d) None of these

9 The sum of first three terms of a G.P. is to the sum of next three terms is 125 : 27. The 1
common ratio of the G.P. is

1
a)
2

5
b)
3

3
c)
5

d) none of these

10 The sum of first eight terms of a G.P. is 82 times the sum of first four terms. The common ratio 1
of the G.P. is

a) 3

b) 2

c) 5

d) 4

74
11 The next term of the sequence 1, 1, 2, 4, 7, 13,…. is 1

a) 21

b) 24

c) none of these

d) 19

12 The sum of an infinite G.P. is 4 and the sum of the cubes of its terms is 92. The common ratio 1
of the original G.P. is
1
a) −
2

1
b)
3

2
c)
3

1
d) 2

13 1 + √3 + 3 + 3√3 + ... upto 10 terms = ? 1

a) None of these

b) 81(√3 + 1)

c) 121(√3 + 1)

d) 100(√3 + 1)
1
14 f the nth term of the GP 3,√3 , 1,... is then n = ? 1
243

a) 14

b) 13

c) 12

d) 15
1 1 1
15 The next term of the sequence , , , 1
4 36 144

1
a)
169

1
b)
400

1
c)
576

1
d) 1296

16 1 1 1 1
The sum of the infinite GP(1 + + + + ⋯ ∞) is:
3 9 27

75
 3
a)
2

4
b)
9

5
c)
9

2
d)
3

80 4
17 The sum of an infinite GP is and its common ratio is − 5 . The first term of the GP is 1
9

a) 16

b) 8

c) 20

d) 12

18 If (k - 1), (2k +1), (6k + 3) are in GP then k = ? 1

a) - 2

b) 7

c) 0

d) 4

−2 −7
19 Assertion (A): If the numbers , K, are in GP, then k = ±1 . Reason (R): If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 are 1
7 2
𝑎2 𝑎3
in GP, then = .
𝑎1 𝑎2

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true

20 Assertion (A): The sum of first 6 terms of the GP 4, 16, 64, ... is equal to 5460. 1
𝑎(𝑟𝑛 −1)
Reason (R): Sum of first n terms of the G.P is given by S 𝑛 = , where a = first term r =
𝑟−1
common ratio .

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

c) A is true but R is false.

d) A is false but R is true.

21 Read the text carefully and answer the questions: A student of class XI draws a square of side 4
76
 10 cm. Another student joins the mid - point of this square to form a new square. Again, the
mid - points of the sides of this new square are joined to form another square by another
student. This process is continued indefinitely.

(i) Write the given information in progression and name progression.

(ii) Find the sum of areas of all the square formed is (in sq cm)?

(iii)Find the sum of the perimeter of all the square formed is (in cm)?

(iv)Find the sum area of 5 squares?

22 Read the text carefully and answer the questions: Each side of an equilateral triangle is 24 4
cm. The mid - point of its sides are joined to form another triangle. This process is going

77
23 A sequence
continuously of non-zero numbers is saidto be a geometric progression, if theratio of
infinite. 4
each term, except the first one,by its preceding term is always constant.Rahul being a
(i)Find the sum of perimeter of all triangles (in cm)?
plant lover decides to
(ii) Find the sum of area of all the triangle (in sq cm)?

(iii) Find the sum of perimeter of first 6 triangle is (in cm)?

(iv) Find the sum of areas of first 4 triangles in sq cm?

78
 open a nursery and he bought fewplants with pots. He wants to place potsin such a
way that number of pots infirst row is 2, in second row is 4 and inthird row is 8 and so
on....

Based on the above information, answer

the following questions.

(i) Find the constant multiple by which thenumber of pots is increasing

inevery row.
(ii) Find the number of pots in 8th row
(iii) Find the difference in number of pots placed in 7th row and 5th row
(iv) If Rahul wants to place 510 pots in total, then find the total number of rows
formed in this arrangement.

ANSWERS

Q. ANSWER MARK
NO.
3
1 c) − 2 1
3
2 d) 1
5

3 d) 4 1

4 d) AM≥ GM 1

5 a) a(b2 + c 2 ) = c(a 2 + b 2 ) 1

6 a) 4 and 16 1

7 c) 2 1

79
8 c) 45 1
3
9 c) 1
5
10 a) 3 1

11 b) 24 1
1
12 d) 1
2

13 c) 121(√3 + 1) 1

14 b) 13 1
1
15 b) 1
400
3
16 a) 1
2
17 a) 16 1

18 d) 4 1

19 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1

20 a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. 1

21 (I) Here side of first square is 10 cm.

Side of second square is 5√2 cm.

Side of third square is 5 cm.
Hence the given sequence is GP

First term = 10 and common difference = 1/√2 1

(ii) Area of squares are 100, 50, 25, ……..

Which is in GP
A = 100 r = ½
Sum of all squares = 100+50+25+……… +∞

S = 1−𝑟 =
𝑎 100
= 200 1
1
1−
2

(iii) Perimeters of squares are 40, 20√2, 20, ………

Which is in GP

A = 40 r = 1/√2

Sum of perimeters of all squares = 40 + 20√2 + 20 + ………+ ∞

𝑎 40
S = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 80+40√2 1
1−
√2

(iv) Area of squares are 100, 50, 25, ……..

80
 Which is in GP
A = 100 r = ½
1
100( 1−( )5
2
S5 = 1 = 96.85
1−
2
1

22 (i) Perimeter of first triangle = 24x3 = 72

Perimeter of second triangle = 12x3 = 36
Perimeter of third triangle = 6x3 = 18
Which is in GP, a = 72 and r = ½
Sum of all perimeter = 72 + 36 + 18 + ……. + ∞
𝑎 72 1
S = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 144
1−
2

√3
(ii) Area of first triangle = x 576
4

√3
Area of second triangle = x 144
4

√3
Area of third triangle = x 36
4

Which is in GP
√3 √3 √3
Sum of all area of triangle = x 576+ 4 x 144+ 4 x 36+……… +∞
4

√3
𝑎 576 1
4
S = 1−𝑟 = 1 = 192 √3
1−
4

(III) a = 72 and r = ½, n = 6
1
72( 1−( )6 567
2
S6 = 1 = 1
1− 4
2

√3
(iv) Area of first triangle = x 576
4

√3
Area of second triangle = x 144 1
4

√3
Area of third triangle = x 36
4

√3
Which is in GP, a = x 576, r = ¼
4

𝑎 ( 1− 𝑟 𝑛 )
Using the formula, Sn = 1−𝑟

765√3
We have S4 = 4

81
23 (i)The constant multiple by which thenumber of pots is increasing inevery row that 1
isthe common ratio = 2 ( Ans. a)
(ii) The number of pots in 8th row is 1
= 8th term in G.P
= 2x28-1 =2x27 = 256 ( Ans. b)
(iii) The difference in number of potsplaced in 7th row and 5th row is
1

= 2x26 – 2x24 = 25 (22 - 1) = 96 ( Ans. d)

(iv) Let, to place 510 pots in total, then the total number of rows formed in this
arrangement is n
Then we can write, 1

2(2𝑛 −1)
= 510
2−1

⇒ (2𝑛 − 1) =255 ⇒ 2n = 256

⇒ 2n = 2 8 ⇒n=8 ( Ans. b)

LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES

Q. No. QUESTION MARK

𝑦 2 −4
1. What is the value of lim ?
y→2 𝑦−2
a) 2
1 b) 4 1
c) 1
d) 0

2
What is the value of lim ?
y→∞ 𝑦
a) 0
2 b) 1 1
c) 2
d) ∞

𝑥 2 −9
What is the value of lim 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2
?
x→∞
3 a) 1 1
b) 2
c) 0

82
 d) Limit does not exist.

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−8
What is the value of lim ?
x→4 𝑥−4
a) 0
4 b) 2 1
c) 8
d) 6

ax + sin x
Evaluate ∶ lim
x→0 tan x + bx 2
5 a a+1 1
A) a + 1 B) a C) b D) b+1

What is the value of limy→4 f(y)? It is given that f(y) = y2 + 6y (y ≥ 2) and f(y) = 0 (y < 2).
a) 0
6 b) 16 1
c) 40
d) 30
2
2𝑥 2 +
𝑥
What is the value of the limit f(x) = 4 if x approaches infinity?
2𝑥 2 −
𝑥
a) 0
7 1
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4

𝑥 2 −4−3𝑥
What is the value of lim ?
x→4 𝑥−3
a) 0
8 b) 4 1
c) 1
d) Limit does not exist

sin 3𝑥
What is the value of lim ?
x→0 3𝑥
a) 0
9 b) 1 1
c) 3
d) 1/3

𝑥 2 sec 𝑥
What is the value of lim ?
x→0 sin 𝑥
a) 3
10 b) 2 1
c) 1
d) 0
2
x sin
𝑥
11 What is the value of lim 2
? 1
x→∞
a) 1

83
 b) 2
c) 1/2
d) Limit does not exist

Which of the following limits does not yield 1?

a) limx→0 (sin x / x)
12 b) limx→0(tan x / cot x) 1
c) limx→0 [(1/ex) +cosx]
d) limx→0 x cosec x
2
Find the derivative of 𝑒 𝑥 .
2
a) 𝑒 𝑥
13 b) 2x 1
𝑥2
c) 2𝑒
2
d) 2x𝑒 𝑥

What is the derivative of sin x tan x ?

a) sin x + tan x sec x
14 b) cos x + tan x sec x 1
c) sin x + tan x
d) sin x + tan x sec2x

What is the derivative ex sinx + ex cos x?

a) 0
15 b) 2 cosx 1
c) 2ex.sinx
d) 2ex.cos x

lim[x − 1], where [.] is the greatest integer function, is equal to

x→0

16 A) 1 B) 2 C) 0 D) does not exist 1

sin(𝑥+9) 𝑑𝑦
If y = , then 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 is
cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
17 1
(a)cos 9(b) sin 9 (c) 0 (d) 1
𝜋
If f(x) = x sin x, then f’(2 ) is equal to

1
18 A) 0 B) 1 C) – 1 D) 2 1

Derivative of f(x) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + …………….+x 50 at x = 1 is

19 1
A) 1725 B) 1275 C) 50 D) 0

20 Derivatives of the function sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 is equal to 1

84
 (a) - cos 2𝑥 (b) sin 2𝑥 (c) cos 2𝑥 (d) - sin 2𝑥
ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS(Questions 9 to 10)

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason

(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
21 1
(C) A is true but R is false.

(D) A is false but R is true.

1
z3 −1
9) Assertion(A) :lim 1 =2
z→1 z6 −1

xn −𝑎𝑛
Reason(R) :lim = nan-1
x→a x−a

d
Assertion(A) :dx (x 5 − 2x 4 − 2) = 5x4 – 8x3 – 2
22 1
n n-1
Reason(R) :Differentiation of x with respect to x is nx

𝑥......∞ 𝑑𝑦
23 𝑥𝑥 2
Let y = 𝑥 then find
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
24 If y = 𝑥 2023 + log 2023 𝑥 then find 2
𝑑𝑥

x−1 𝑑𝑦
25 If y = x+1 , then find 𝑑𝑥 2

0 ∞ 4
Indeterminate forms of limits:On direct evaluation, if a limit takes the forms 0 , ∞ , 0 x ∞ … … …,
we use standard results for evaluating limits.

There are a few indeterminate forms given below.

0 ∞
,
0 ∞
, 0 x ∞, ∞0, 00 , 1∞ , ∞ – ∞ etc.

Find the following limits.

𝑥 6 −64
26 (i) lim = ………
𝑥→2 𝑥−2

(a) 0

(b) 80

(c) 192

(d) 129

𝑥 15 −1
(ii) lim 𝑥 10 −1 = ………
𝑥→1

85
 (a) 0

(b) 3/2

(c) 2/3

(d) 15

√1+3𝑥 −√1−3𝑥
(iii) lim 𝑥
= ………
𝑥→0

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 3

(d) 6

8𝑥 −2𝑥
(iv) lim = ………
𝑥→0 𝑥

(a) 0

(b) log 2

(c) log 4

(d) log 8

Suppose f is a real valued function, the function defined by

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
lim ℎ
, wherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative of f at x and is denoted
ℎ→0
byf′(x). This definition of derivative is also called the first principle of derivative.

Let f and g be two functions such that their derivatives are defined in a common domain. Then

(i) Derivative of sum of two functions is sum of the derivatives of the

Functions.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)].
𝑑𝑥
27
(ii) Derivative of difference of two functions is difference of the derivatives of the functions.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] − 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)]. 4
𝑑𝑥

(iii) Derivative of product of two functions is given by the following product

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
rule.𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)] + 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)].

(iv) Derivative of quotient of two functions is given by the following quotient rule (whenever
the denominator is non–zero).
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥). [𝑓(𝑥)]−𝑓(𝑥). [𝑔(𝑥)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
[
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥)
] = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
.

86
 Using the above concepts, answer the following questions:

(i) What is derivative of sin x?

(ii) What is derivative of cosx ?

(iii) Find the derivative of tan x w.r.t. x.

OR
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
If y = tan 𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥.

ANSWERS:

Q. No. ANSWER MARKS

1 b) 1

2 a) 1

3 a) 1

4 d) 1

5 d) 1

6 c) 1

7 b) 1

8 a) 1

9 b) 1

10 d) 1

11 a) 1

12 c) 1

13 d) 1

14 a) 1

15 d) 1

16 d) 1

17 a) 1

18 b) 1

19 b) 1

87
20 c) 1

21 b)

22 d)

Clearly y = 𝑥 𝑦

Taking logarithm both side we get logy = y logx

1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
23 Now differentiate both side w.r.t x we get = + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Simplify above we will get our required answer

y = 𝑥 2023 + log 2023 𝑥

log𝑒 𝑥
24 therefore y = 𝑥 2023 + 1
log𝑒 2023

𝑑𝑦 1 1
Therefore = 2023 𝑥 2022 +
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 log𝑒 2023

2
25 −
(1 + x)2

(i) (c)

(ii) (b)
26
(iii) (c)

(iv) (c)

1
𝑑(sin 𝑥)
(i) 𝑑𝑥
= cos 𝑥

𝑑(cos 𝑥)
(ii) = − sin 𝑥 1
𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥
(iii) Let 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 = .
cos 𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
27 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥. (sin 𝑥)−sin 𝑥. (cos 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= (cos 𝑥)2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
.
𝑑𝑥 2
1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥.

OR 2

𝑥
Let 𝑦 = tan 𝑥.

88
 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥. (x)−x. (tan 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Then, 𝑑𝑥 = (tan 𝑥)2

tan 𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥

Straight line

Question Answers Marks

no.
1. The slope of line, whose inclination with the x-axis is 60°is 1
(a) -√3 (b)√3
(c)1/√3 (d)-1/√3
2. In which quadrant, the points (-2 ,-2) Lie?
(a)1st (b)2nd
(c)3rd (d)4th
3. A (1,1) and B (2,-3) are two points and D is a point on AB such that AD = 3AB, B 1
lies Between A and D then coordinates of D are
(a) (4,11) (b)(-4,11)
(c)(-4,-11) (d)(4,-11)
4. Find the slope of the lines passing through the points (6,3) and (-2,1). 1
5. Find the value of k , such that slope of the lines passing through the points (2,4) 1
and (-1,k) is 3.
6. Find the slope of a line which makes -120° angles with the x-axis . 1
7. Find the equation of a line which cuts off intercept 2 units on the negative side 1
of y-axis and makes an angle of 45° with the positive direction of x-axis.
8. Find the equation of a line which cuts of intercepts of 3 unit on the x-axis and 4 1
unit on the negative side of the y-axis.
9. Find the equation of a line parallel to y-axis ,at a distance of 5/2 units to the left 1
of y-axis.
10. The slope of the line, whose equation is 5x +6y=7 is 1
(a)5/6 (b)6/5
(c)-5/6 (d)-5
11. The inclination of line √3x+3y=5 with the x-axis is 1
(a) 180° (b)60°
(c)30° (d)150°
12. The distance between line x/a-y/b-1 and point (b,a) is 1
(a)|b2-a2-ab|/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (b) |-b2-a2+ab|/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
(c) |b2+a2-ab|/√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 (d)√𝑏 2 + 𝑎2 89
13. Distance between parallel lines x+3y-9=0 and x+3y+1=0 is 1
(a)3 units (b)1 unit
(c) √10 units (d)10 units
14. The value of S for which the following lines are parallel: 2x+3y=7 and Sx+6y=8 1
(a)-2/3 (b)2/3
(c)4 (d)-4
15. Reduce the equation of the line 2x-3y-4 =0 in the intercept form and hence find 1
the intercept made by the line on the x-axis and the y-axis.
16. Find the point(s) on the x-axis whose distance from the line x/3+y/4=4 unit. 1
17. Find the value of k for which the line (k-3)x-(4-k2)y+k2-7k+6=0 is parallel to the x- 1
axis .
18. Find the value of k ,if the straight line 2x+3y+4+k(6x-y+12)=0 is perpendicular to 1
the line 7x+5y-4=0.
19. Find the Value of P for which the following lines are perpendicular :Px+3y=4 and 1
3x-4y=7.
20. If the points (a,0),(b,0) and (3,4) are collinear, show that 3/a+4/b=1. 1
21. If A and B are two persons sitting at the positions (2, -3) and (6,-5). If C is a third 4
person who is sitting between A and B such that it divides the line AB in 1:3
ratio.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the distance between A and B

(ii) Find the equation of AB

(iii)Find the coordinate of point C

(iv) Find distance between A and C is

22. Villages of Shanu and Arun’s are 50km apart and are situated on Delhi Agra 4
highway as shown in the following picture. Another highway YY’ crosses Agra
Delhi highway at O(0,0). A small local road PQ crosses both the highways at
pints A and B such that OA=10 km and OB =12 km. Also, the villages of Barun
and Jeetu are on the smaller high way YY’. Barun’s village B is 12km from O
and that of Jeetu is 15 km from O.

90
 (i) Find the coordinates of A

(ii) Find the equation of line AB

(iii) Find the distance of AB from O(0, 0)

(iv) Find the slope of line AB

23 A parking lot in an IT company is triangular shaped with two of its vertices at 4

B(–2, 0) and C(1, 12). The third vertex A is at the midpoint of the line joining the
points (1, 1) and (3, 11).

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the coordinates of A
(ii) Find the equation of line parallel to BC and passing through
the vertex A.
(iii) Find the equation of line that passes through the points B(-2, 0) and
C(1,12).
(iv) Find the equation of line perpendicular to BC and passing through the
vertex A.

24 Prove that the line through the point(x1,y1) are parallel to the line Ax+By+C=0 is 5
A(x-x1)+B(y-y1)=0.
25 Find the image of the point(3,8) with respect to the line x+3y=7 assuming the 5
line to be a plane mirror .

Question Answers Marks

no.
1. (C), (-2, -2) lies in the 3rd quadrant. 1
2. (b), here θ = 60° 1
Or, slope of the line = tan θ = tan60° = √3

3. (d), we have AD = AB + BD 1
Or, AD = AD/3 + BD
2
Or, AD= BD
3
Or, AD : BD = 3: 2
D divides AB externally in the ratio 3 : 2
D(4 , -11)

91
 Coordinates of D are(4 , -11)

4. Slope of the line passing through the points (6 , 3) and (-2 , 1) is 1

1−3 −2
m=
−2−6 −8
= = ¼
5. Slope = 3 1
𝑘−4
Therefore, = 3 or, k – 4 = 9 or, k = -5
−1−4

6. m = tan(-120°) = -tan120° 1
= -tan(180° - 60°) = -[-tan60°] = √3

7. c = -2, m = tan45° = 1, equation is y = 1x – 2 1

Or, x – y – 2 = 0

8. . x- intercept = 3, y-intercept = -4 1
𝑥 𝑦
Therefore, equation is + = 1 or, 4x – 3y = 12
3 (−4)
4x – 3y -12 = 0
9. Line || to the y-axis is x = k 1
−5
Here k = (left of the y-axis)
2
−5
Therefore, equation is x =
2

10. (c) , equation is 5x + 6y = 7 1

𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
Slope = -
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
= -5/6

11. (d), equation of the line is√3x + 3y = 5 1

Slope = - 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
= - 1/ √3
Let θ be the inclination of line with x-axis
m = tanθ = - 1/ √3 = tanθ
θ = 150°

12. 𝑥 𝑦 1
.(a), equation of line is − =1
𝑎 𝑏
Or, bx – ay = ab
Or, bx – ay –ab = 0
Therefore, distance of point (b, a) from line bx – ay –ab = 0 is
|𝑏2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏|
=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2
13. (c), lines are x + 3y – 9 = 0 ……….(i) 1
X + 3y + 1 = 0 ……….(ii)
We notice that the coefficients of x and y in (i) and (ii) are the same

92
 Therefore, Distance = | 1−(−9)
√1+9
|| | =
10
√10
= √10 units

14. (c), if lines are ||, slopes are equal 1

−2 −𝑆
Therefore, =
3 6
Or, S = 4.
15. . Given equation is x + 2y – 4 = 0 1
Or, x + 2y = 4
Dividing by 4 we get
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 is the intercept form.
4 2
Therefore, x-intercept = 4, y- intercept = 2

16. let the required point be (α, 0), then the length of the perpendicular from(α, 0)on 1
𝑥 𝑦
+ = 1 or, 4x – 3y – 12 = 0 is 4
3 4

Therefore, | √4 2 +32
|
4α – 3×0 – 12
= 4 or, |4α – 12| = 201
Or, |α – 3| = 51
Therefore, α – 3 = +-5 or, α = 8, -2
Hence, the required points are (8,0) and (-2,0)

17. (𝑘−3) 1
Slope =
4−𝑘 2
if parallel to the x- axis
Slope = 0 or, k – 3 = 0 or, k = 3.

18. (2+6𝑘) 1
Slope of the line 2x + 3y + 4 + k(6x – y + 12) = 0 is {– }and slope of the
3−𝑘
line
7x +5y – 4 = 0 is (-7/5).
(2+6𝑘) (−7)
If the lines are perpendicular then {– }× = -1
3−𝑘 5
−29
Or, 14 + 42k = -15 + 15k or k =
37
19. −𝑃 1
the slope of Px + 3y = 4 is m1 =
3
3
The slope of 3x – 4y = is m2 =
4
As the lines are perpendicular, m1 × m2 = -1
−𝑃 3
× = -1 or P = 4
3 4

20. If points A(a, 0), B(0, b) and C(3, 4) are collinear, then the slope of AB = slope of 1
BC
𝑏−0 4−𝑏
=
0−𝑎 3−0

93
 Or, 3b = -4a + ab
3 4
Or, 3b + 4a = ab or + = 1
𝑎 𝑏

21. (i) 2√5 (ii) X+2Y+4=0 (iii) (3, − 2)(iv)

7 √5 4
2
22 (i)(a)(10, 0) 4
(ii)(b)6x+5y=60
60
(iii)(b) 𝑘𝑚
√61
6
(iv)(c ) − 5

23 (i)A is the mid-point of the points (1,1) and (3,11), By mid point formula
1+3 1+11
A=( 2 , 2 )
Therefore, coordinates of A= (2, 6)
(ii)Equation of line BC is
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1= (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
12−0
y-0= 1+2 (𝑥 + 2) => 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8 = 0
Equation of line parallel to BC and passes through (2,6) is
y-6=4(x-2)=> 4x - y =2.

(iii)Equation of line passes through two points B(-2, 0) and C(1, 12) is
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1= (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
4x-y-8=0.

(iv) Equation of line perpendicular to BC and passes through (2,6) is

1
y-6=- 4 (𝑥 − 2)
x+4y=26.

24 −𝐴 5
Slope of line Ax + By + C = 0 is
𝐵
−𝐴
Therefore, slope of the parallel line =
𝐵
Therefore, line through(x1 , y1) and parallel to given line is
−𝐴
y – y1 = (x – x1)
𝐵
Or, A(x – x1) + B(y – y1) = 0

A (3, 8)
25 R

(0,0)
X + 3y = 7

94
 5

B (α , β)
Let B(α, β) be the image of A(3,8) in line x=3y=7
∴ R is mid-point of AB
R ([3+ α]/2, [8+ β]/2)
R lies on x+3y=7
∴ (3+α)/2+3× (8+ β)/2=7
Or, 3+α+24 +3β = 14
Or, α+3β=-13 …….. (i)
Also,AB perpendicular line x+3y=7
∴(β-8)/(α-3)×-1/3=-1
Or,β-8=3α-9
Or, 3α-β=1…………..(ii)
Solving (i) and (ii),we get
α=-1,β=-4
∴image is (-1,-4).

CONIC SECTION

Q. NO QUESTION MARK

1 The centre of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0 1

(i) (0,0) (ii) (a,0)

(iii) (-a,0) (iv) (0,a)

2 Radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 is 1

(i) √5 (ii) 1

(iii) √3 (iv) none

3 The radius of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 , is 1

(i) 1 (ii) 2
(iii) 4 (iv) √2
4 Vertex of the parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is 1

(i) (𝑎, 0) (ii) (−𝑎, 0)

(iii) (0, 𝑎) (iv) (0,0)

5 Focus of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 1

95
 (i) (0,0) (ii) (0, 𝑎)
(iii) (𝑎, 0) (iv) (−𝑎, 0)

6 Length of latus rectum of a parabola 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is 1

(i) 𝑎 (ii) 2𝑎
(iii) 3𝑎 (iv) 4𝑎

7 Eccentricity of a parabola is 1

(i) Less than 1 (ii) Equal to 1

(iii) Greater than 1 (iv) none

8 Eccentricity of ellipse is 1

(i) Less than 1 (ii) Equal to 1

(iii) Greater than 1 (iv) none

9 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
Length of latus rectum of the ellipse 𝑎2 + = 1(𝑎 > 𝑏 > 0) is
𝑏2

(i) 4𝑎 𝑏2
(ii) 𝑎

2𝑏 2 (iv) none
(iii) 𝑎

10 The equation of parabola with vertex (0,0) and focus (−2,0) is 1

(i) 𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 (ii) 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥

(iii) 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 (iv) 𝑦 2 = −4𝑥

11 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
The length of major axis of ellipse 36 + 16 = 1is

(i) 6 (ii) 8

(iii) 12 (iv) 36

12 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
The length of conjugate axis of hyperbola 16 − = 1, is
9

(i) 8 (ii) 6

(iii) 4 (iv) 3

13 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
The length of latus rectum of the ellipse + 16 = 1,is
9
9 32
(i) (ii)
4 3
16 9
(iii) (iv)
3 2

14 The equation 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑦 2 = 36 represents a/an 1

96
 (i) circle (ii) parabola

(iii) ellipse (iv) hyperbola

15 𝑦2 𝑥2 1
The vertices of the hyperbola − 27 = 1, is
9

(i) (0, ±3) (ii) (±3,0)

(iii) (0, ±3√3) (iv) (±3√3, 0)

16 The equation of directrix in the parabola 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥 is 1

(i) 𝑥=2 (ii) 𝑥 = −2

(iii) 𝑦=2 (iv) 𝑦 = −2

17 The equation of circle passing through (2,3) with centre (h,k) and radius r is given by 1

(i) (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (ii) (𝑥 − 2)2 +

(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑦 − 3)2 = 𝑟 2

(iii) (2 − ℎ)2 + (iv) none

(3 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2

18 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
The focus of the ellipse + = 1,is
4 9

(i) (0, ±2) (ii) (0, ±3)

(iii) (0, ±√5) (iv) (0, ±√13)

19 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
The focus of hyperbola − = 1, is
16 9

(i) (±√7, 0) (ii) (±5,0)

(iii) (±4,0) (iv) (±3,0)

20 He equation of directrix of the parabola of the form 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is 1

(i) 𝑥=𝑎 (ii) 𝑥 = −𝑎

(iii) 𝑦=𝑎 (iv) 𝑦 = −𝑎

21. An arch is in the form of semi ellipse. It is 8 m wide and 2 m high at the centre. The 4
𝑥2 𝑦2
equation of semi ellipse is given by𝑎2 + = 1.
𝑏2

Answer the following questions:

(i) What is the length of semi major axis?
(ii) What is the length of semi minor axis?
(iii) Write the equation of ellipse.
OR
Find the height of the arch at a point 1.5 m from the end.

97
Q. NO ANSWER MARKS

1 (ii) (a,0) because the equation of circle is written as (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 𝑎2 1

2 2 1
(i)√5 because the equation of circle is (𝑥 + 1)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 5 = (√5)

3 (ii)2 because the equation of circle is (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 4 = 22 1

4 (iv) (0,0) 1

5 (iii) (𝑎, 0) 1

6 (iv)4𝑎 1

7 (ii)Equal to 1 1

8 (i) Less than 1 1

9 2𝑏 2 1
(iii) 𝑎

10 (ii)𝑦 2 = −8𝑥, since, 𝑎 = −2, and equation is given by𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 1

11 (iii)12 , The length of major axis = 2𝑎, here 𝑎 = 6 1

12 (i)6 , length of conjugate axis = 2b, b = 3 1

13 2𝑏 2 2×9 1
(iv)length = = , 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 3
𝑎 4

14 𝑥2 𝑦2 1
(iii)ellipse The equation dividing by 36 reduces to + =1
9 4

15 (i)(0, ±3) , The vertices are (0, ±𝑎), a = 3 1

16 (i) 𝑥 = 2 , here, 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑠(−2,0) 1

17 (iii)(2 − ℎ)2 + (3 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 ,since,(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 , ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 = 1

2, 𝑦 = 3
18 (iii)(0, ±√5) , The focus of given ellipse is (0, ±𝑐) , where 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 1

19 (ii)(±5,0), The focus of given hyperbola (±𝑐, 0) , where 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 1

20 (iv) 𝑦 = −𝑎 , As,focus is (0, 𝑎) 1

21 (i)Length of major axis = 2a = 8, a = 4, 1

(ii)Length of minor axis = 2b = 4, b = 2, 1
𝑥2 𝑦2 2
(iii)equation of ellipse = 16 + =1
4

98
 OR
𝑥2 𝑦2 (4−1.5)2 𝑦2 6.25 𝑦2 2
+ =1⇒ + =1⇒ + = 1 ⇒ 𝑦 2 = 2.4375, 𝑦 =
16 4 16 4 16 4
1.56 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥. )
So, required height = 1.56 m.

22 (i) The relation between a , b and c in ellipse is given by 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 1

(ii) The length of major axis = 2a = 10 1
Therefore , a = 5

(iii) 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 , Given 2c = 8 , c = 4 2

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑏 2 = 9 ⇒ 𝑏 = 3
OR
𝑥2 𝑦2 2
Required equation of ellipse is 25 + =1
9

Q. NO QUESTION Mark

1 Find the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y2 + 8x + 10y -8 = 0 2

2 Given the ellipse with equation 9x2 + 25y2 = 225 , find the eccentricity and foci. 2

3 Find the equation of the parabola which is symmetric about the y-axis, and 2
passes through the point (2, -3).

4 Find the eccentricity of the conic 9x2 – 16y2 = 144. 2

5 Find the focus, vertex and equation of directrix of the parabola y2 = x 3

6 Find the equation of the ellipse , whose length of the major axis is 20 and foci are 3
(0 , ± 5)

7 Find the equation of the hyperbola where foci are (0 ,±12) and the length of the 3
latus rectum is 36.

8 fffind Find the equation of the circle whose radius is 5 and which touches the circle x 2 + 3
y2 -2x -4y -20 = 0 exexteexternally at the point (5,5).

9 A beam is supported at its ends by supports which are 12 metres apart. Since the 4
load is concentrated at its centre, there is a deflection of 3 cm at the centre and
the deflected beam is in the shape of a parabola. How far from the centre is the
deflection 1 cm ?

99
10 A man running a racecourse notes that the sum of the distances from the two 4
flag posts from him is always 10 m and the distance between the flag posts is 8
m. Find the equation of the posts traced by the man.

11 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (3,7) ,(5,5) and 5
has its centre on the line x – 4y = 1.

12 Find the equation of the hyperbola whose conjugate axis is 5 and the distance 5
between the foci is 13.

13 An arc is in the form of a semi-ellipse. It is 8 m wide and 2 m high at the centre. 5

Find the height of the arc at a point 1.5 m from one end.

14 An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola y2 = 4ax whose vertex is at the 5

vertex of the parabola .Find the length of its side.

15 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (5 , - 8) , (2 , - 9) 5
and (2 ,1). Find also the coordinates of its centre and radius.

ANSWERS:

100
Q. NO ANSWER MARKS

1 Centre (-4 , -5 ) and radius 7 units 2

2 Eccentricity = 4/5 , foci ( ± 4, 0) 2

3 3x2 = - 4y 2

4 5/4 2
1 1
5 Vertex (0,0) , focus (4 , 0) and equation of directrix , x = - 4 3

6 𝑥2 𝑦2 3
+ =1
75 100

7 3y2 – x2 = 108 3

8 (x – 9)2 + (y – 8)2 = 52 , centre (9,8) , radius = 5 3

9 2√6 metres 4

10 𝑥2 𝑦2 4
+ =1
25 9

11 x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y = 90 5

12 25x2 – 144 y2 = 900 5

13 √39
m 5
4

14 8a√3 5

15 x2 + y2 – 4x + 8y – 5 = 0 , centre (2 , - 4) and radius = 5 5

3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

SL QUESTION Marks
NO
1 Which octant do the point (−5,4,3) lie? 1

A. Octant I

B. Octant II

C. Octant III

D. Octant IV
2 What is the distance between the points (2, –1, 3) and (–2, 1, 3)? 1

101
 A. 2√5 units

B. 25 units

C. 4√5 units

D. √5 units
3 The locus represented by xy + yz = 0 is: 1

(a) A pair of perpendicular lines

(b) A pair of parallel lines

(c) A pair of parallel planes

(d) A pair of perpendicular planes

4 Find the image of (−2,3,4) in the y z plane. 1

A. (-2, 3, 4)

B. (2, 3, 4)

C. (-2, -3, 4)

D. (-2, -3, -4)

5 The distance of the point P(a, b, c) from the x-axis is: 1

(a) √(a² + c²)

(b) √(a² + b²)

(c) √(b² + c²)

(D) none of these

6 The maximum distance between points (3sin θ, 0, 0) and (4cos θ, 0, 0) 1
is:

(a) 3 units

(b) 4 units

(c) 5 units

102
 (d) Cannot be determined
7 The plane 2x - (1+a)y + 3az = 0 passes through the intersection of the 1
planes

(A) 2xy = 0 and y + 3z = 0

(B) 2x - y = 0 and y-3z = 0

(C) 2x + 3z = 0 and y = 0

(D) 2x - 3z = 0 and y = 0
8 The locus of a point which moves so that the difference of the squares 1
of its distances from two
given points is constant, is a

(a) Straight line

(b) Plane

(c) Sphere

(d) None of these

9 Three planes x + y = 0, y + z = 0, and x + z = 0 1

(a) none of these

(b) meet in a line

(c) meet in a unique point

(d) meet taken two at a time in parallel lines

10 The centroid of a triangle ABC is at the point (1, 1, 1). If the 1
coordinatesof A and B are (3, –5, 7) and (–1, 7, – 6), respectively, Then
the coordinates of thepoint C.

(a) (1 , 1 , 2) (b) (1 , 0 , 1 )

(c) (1 ,2 ,3) (d) (0 ,0 , 2)

11 YOZ-plane divides the line segment joining the points (3, −2, −4) 1
and (2,4, −3) in the ratio-
a) 1: 2
b) −4: 3
c) −2: 3

103
 d) −3: 2

ANSWER

1 B 1
2 A 1
3 D 1
4 B 1
5 C 1
6 C 1
7 B 1
8 C 1
9 C 1
10 A 1
11 d 1

SL QUESTION Marks
NO
1 Find the distance of the point (3,4,5) from the origin . 2
2 Find the coordinate of the image of the point (1,3,-6) in YOZ plane 2
3 Find the distance between the points (-1,4.0) and ( 3,6,1) 2
4 Find the value of p such that the distance between the points (4,5,p) and (7,1,-3) is 2
13
5 .Find the coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular from the point (4,-3,5) 2
on the Xaxis.
6 Find a point on x axis whose distance from the point (-1,4,2) is 3 √5 3
7 A is a point (1.3.4) and B is a point (1,-2,-1). A point P moves so that 3PA = 2PB . 3
Find the locus of the point P
8 Show that (0,7,-10) ,(1,6,-6) and (4,9,-6 are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.) 3
9 Find the centroid of the triangle mid point of whose sides are (1,2,-3) (3,0,1) and (- 3
1,1,-4)
10 Show that if 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =1 .then the point ( x. y.√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) is at a distance of 1 3
unit from the origin
11 Show that the points (-2,6,-2) (0,4,-1) (-2,3,1) and (-4,5,0)form the vertices of a 3
square
12 Find the coordinate of a point equidistant from the four points O (0,0,0) ,A(l,0,0) 3
B(0,m,0) and C(0,0,n)
13 A boy is standing at point O and observe three kites A, B and C in space. 4
Taking O as origin if the coordinates of three kites A, B and C are (3,4,5),
(1, 3, 4) and (2,-1,4) respectively, then
(i) Find the distance between kites A and B

104
 (ii) Find the coordinates of a point on the y-axis which is at a
distance of √35 units from kite A

(iii) Find the coordinates of point D so that ABCD is a

parallelogram

(iv) If the points (0,-1,-7), (2, 1-9) and (6,5.-13) represent kites A, B
and C then check whether the kites are collinear or not.

14 The mid-points of the sides of a triangle are (5, 7, 11), (0, 8, 5) and (2, 5
3, -1). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle.

ANSWERS
1 distance of the point (3,4,5) from the origin 2
√32 + 42 + 52 = √50 units
2 For image in YOZ plane x coordinate will change its sign. 2
So. image= (-1,3,-6)
3 Let the points beA (-1,4.0) and B ( 3,6,1) 2
So, AB =√(3 + 1)2 + (6 − 4)2 + (1 − 0)2
=√21 units
4 Here √(4 − 7)2 + (5 − 1)2 + (𝑝 + 3)2 =13 2
On solving we get p=-15 ,9
5 foot of the perpendicular from the point (4,-3,5) on the Zaxis is lie on Z axis omly. 2
So. Required foot of the perpendicular is (0,0,5)

6. Let the point on the xaxis be (x.0.0) 3

distance between the points (-1,4,2) from (x,0,0) = 3 √5
=> √(𝑥 + 1)2 + (0 − 4)2 + (0 − 2)2 = 3 √5
On solving we get x-1 = ±5
=> 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 − 6
Therefore the points are (4,0,0)and (-6,0,0)
7 Let P (x.y.z) be any point on the locus and it is given that 3PA=2PB 3
3√(𝑋 − 1)2 + (𝑌 − 3)2 + (𝑍 − 4)2 =2√(𝑋 − 1)2 + (𝑌 + 2)2 + (𝑍 + 1)2
On squaring and solving we get
2 2 2
5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 10𝑥 − 70𝑦 − 80𝑧 + 210 = 0 ,which is the required locus
8 Let A(0,7,-10) ,B(1,6,-6) andC (4,9,-6) be the given points. 3
By using distance formula we get AB = √1 + 1 + 16 =√18
BC=√9 + 9 + 0 =√18
Thus we get AB=BC
Hence∆ ABC is an isosceles triangle
9 We know that centroid of the triangle formed by joining the mid points of given 3
triangle coincide with the centroid of the original triangle.
1+3−1 2+0+1 −3+1−4
Hence the coordinate of the centroid is ( 3 , 3 , 3 ) =( 1,1,-2)
10 Distance of the point (( x.y.√1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) from the origin 3
105
 2
2 2 2 2
=√(𝑥 − 0) + (𝑦 − 0) + (√1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 0)

=√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 =1

11 Let the points be A(-2,6,-2), B (0,4,-1), C (-2,3,1) andD (-4,5,0) 3

To prove that ABCD IS A Square. Using distance formula we get
AB = √(0 + 2)2 + (4 − 6)2 + (−1 + 2)2 =√9 = 3
BC=√(−2 − 0)2 + (3 − 4)2 + (1 + 1)2 =√9 =3
CD=√(−4 + 2)2 + (5 − 3)2 + (0 − 1)2 =√9 =3
DA=√(−4 + 2)2 + (5 − 6)2 + (0 + 2)2 =√9 =3
Thus we get AB=BC=CD=DA
Also, AC= =√18 and BD= √18
Thus we get AB=BC=CD=DA AND AC=BD
Hence ABCD is a square
12 Let P (x,y,z) be the required point. Then OP=PA=PB=PC 3
Now OP=PA => 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = (𝑋 − 𝑙)2 + (𝑌 − 0)2 + (𝑍 − 0)2
𝑙
=> 𝑋 =
2
Similarly OP=PB
𝑚 𝑁
=>𝑌= 2 and OP=PC => 𝑍 = 2
Hence three coordinate of the required point is (l/2, m/2, n/2 )

13 (i) 3√2 units 4

(ii) (0,5,0)
(iii)(6, 0,5)
(iv) Collinear
14 Let A(x¹, y ¹, z¹ ) , B(x² , y² , z²) and C(x³ , y³ , z³) be the vertices of ∆ABC , 5
such that D(5, 7, 11) E(0, 8, 5) and F(2, 3, - 1) be the mid-points of the
sides BC, CA and AB respectively.

The vertex A is (-3, 4, -7).

The vertex B is (7, 2, 5).
The vertex C is (3, 12, 17).

STATISTICS
Q. QUESTION MAR
NO K
1 Range of a data is equal to: 1
a) Range = Max value – Min value
b) Range = Max value + Min value
c) Range = (Max value - Min value)/2
d) Range = (Max value + Min value)/2
106
2 If the variance of a data is 121, then the standard deviation of the data is: 1
a) 121
b) 11
c) 12
d) 21
3 Relation between mean, median and mode is given by: 1
a) Mode = 2 Median – 3 Mean
b) Mode = 2 Median + 3 Mean
c) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
d) Mode = 3 Median +2 Mean
e)
4 The geometric mean of a series having arithmetic mean = 25 and 1
harmonic mean = 16 is:
a) 16
b) 20
c) 25
d) 30
5 The coefficient of variation is computed by: 1
𝑆.𝐷
a) × 100
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁
𝑆.𝐷
b) 𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁
c) × 100
𝑆.𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁
d) 𝑆.𝐷
5𝑛
6 If the mean of first n natural numbers is , then 𝑛 = 1
9

a) 5
b) 4
c) 9
d) 10
7 The sum of 10 items is 12 and the sum of their squares is 18. Then the standard 1
deviation is:

a) 1/5
b) 2/5
c) 3/5
d) 4/5
8 The algebraic sum of the deviation of 20 observations measured from 30 is 2. 1
So, the mean of observations is:
a) 30.0
b) 30.1
c) 30.2
d) 30.3
9 The median and SD of a distribution are 20 and 4 respectively. If each item is 1
increased by 2, the new median and SD are:
a) 20, 4
b) 22, 6
c) 22, 4
d) 20, 6

107
10 If Mean = Median = Mode, then it is 1
a) Symmetric distribution
b) Asymmetric distribution
c) Both Symmetric distribution and
Asymmetric distribution
d) None of these
11 If one of the observations is zero then the 1
geometric mean is:
a) (Sum of observations)/2
b) (Multiplying of all observations)𝑛
c) (Multiplying of all observations)1/𝑛
d) 0
12 Which one is the measure of dispersion method: 1
a) Range
b) Quartile deviation
c) Mean deviation
d) All of above
13 if the variation is 𝑉 and standard deviation 𝜎 then 1
a) 𝜎 2 = 𝑉
b) 𝑉 2 = 𝜎
c) 𝑉 = 1/𝜎
d) 𝑉𝜎 = ±1
14 The mean deviation with respect to median of the observations 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1
5, 5, 5 is
a) 5
b) 0
c) 1
d) Equal to mean
15 If the two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are connected by 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥, then 1
a) 𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = |𝑎|𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ )
b) 𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = |𝑏|𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ )
c) 𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = 𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ )
d) 𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = 𝑎 + 𝑏. 𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ )
16 If 𝜎 is the standard deviation of a variable 𝑋, then the standard deviation of 1
1
(𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋) is
𝑐
𝑎
a) | 𝑐 | 𝜎
𝑎
b) 𝑏 𝜎
c) 𝑎𝜎 + 𝑏
1
d) 𝑐 𝜎
17 The standard deviation of a data will be minimum if it is determined respect 1
to
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Least observation
d) None of above

18 Let x and y are two variables connected by 3y+4x = 8and range of x is 6, then 1
the range of y is
a) 4
b) 8
c) 10
108
 d) 12
19 The standard deviation of the observations of a variable is 4. If 24 is 1
subtracted from each observation, then the standard deviation of the
obtained will be
a) 4
b) -20
c) 20
d) 6
20 Let x and y are two variables connected by 7x + 8y = 56 and 𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ ) = 4, then 1
𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) =
a) 4.5
b) 7
c) 3.5
d) 32.5
21 The standard deviation of the observations of a variable is 2.7. If 1.5 is added 1
to each observation, then the standard deviation of the obtained will be
a) 1.5
b) 3
c) 4.2
d) 2.7
CASE STUDY BASED- (4 Marks)
1 Arya is doing one of his projects. For this he asked shoe size of 10 of his class- 4
mates which are as follows:

6, 5, 5, 6, 8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8

Based on the above information answer the following:

a) What would be the mean shoe size for the data?

i)6 ii) 6.25 iii) 6.6 iv) 7

b) What would be the median for the data?

i)5 ii) 6 iii) 6.5 iv) 7

c) What would be the mean deviation respect to mean for the data?

109
 i)0.5 ii) 0.6 iii) 1 iv) 1.5

d) What would be the mean deviation respect to median for the data?

i)0.75 ii) 1 iii) 1.25 iv) 6.5

e) Different measure of dispersion we studied are ....

i)Range ii) Mean deviation iii) standard deviation

iv) all of above

2 For a group of 200 candidates, the mean and standard deviation of scores 4
were found to be 40 and 15 respectively. Later on, it was discovered that the
scores of 43 and 35 were misread as 34 and 53, respectively.

Student Eng Hind

Social Science Maths
sc.
Aditya 39 59 84 80 41
Pramit 79 92 68 38 75
Sumit 41 60 38 71 82
Arya 71 77 87 75 42
Shivam 72 65 69 83 67
Anupam 46 96 53 71 39
Based on the above information answer the following:

a) Find the sum of correct scores.

i)7991 ii) 8000 iii) 8550 iv) 6572

b) Find the correct mean.

i)42.924 ii) 39.995 iii) 38.423 iv) 41.621

c) The formula of variance is

(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2
i) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛
ii) ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2 iii) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖

iv) ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )2

d)Find the correct variance

i) 280.3 ii) 235.6 iii) 224.143 iv) 226.521

e) Find the correct standard deviation

i) 14.971 ii) 11.321 iii) 16.441 iv) 12.824

110
Q. NO QUESTION MARK
1 If the range and the smallest value of a set of data are 36.8 and 13.4 respectively, 2
then find the largest value.
2 Suppose that mean and standard deviation of 6 observations are 8 and 4 2
respectively . Let each observation be multiplied by 3. Find the new standard
deviation of the resulting observations.
3 The scores of batsman A are 40 ,70,52,34,42,55,63,46,54,44. Find their variance. 2
4 Suppose we have 10 students in a class and the marks scored by them in a 2
Mathematics test are 12, 14, 18, 9, 11, 7, 9, 16, 19, and 20 out of 20. Then find the
mean deviation w.r.t the average value scored by the student in the class.
5 The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16 respectively. If five of the 3
observations are 2, 4, 10, 12,14, find the remaining two observations.
6 Find the mean deviation about the mean for the data . 3

xi 5 10 15 20 25

fi 7 4 6 3 5
7 Find the mean and variance for the following frequency distribution. 3
Classes Frequencies
0-30 2
30-60 3
60-90 5
90-120 10
120-150 3
150-180 5
180-210 2

8 A teacher asked the students to complete 60 pages of a record note book. Eight 3
students have completed only 32, 35, 37, 30, 33, 36, 35 and 37 pages. Find the
standard deviation of the pages yet to be completed by them.

111
9 4=1+1
+2

A]Which stream/division has most varied salary for female professors?

B]Which stream/division has most varied salary for female professors than overall
salary variation?
C]Find the minimum amount of difference of SD of male and female professors and
the division ?
10 200 candidates marks in Chemistry with the mean and standard deviation 10 and 4=1+1
15 respectively. After that if was found that the scale 43 was misread as 34. +1+1

I] What is the correct total marks of 200 candidates ?

Ii] Find the correct mean?

III] Calculate the wrong sum of squares of marks?

IV]Calculate the correct standard deviation

112
11 Find the mean deviation about median for the following data : 5
Heights (in cm) 95-105 105-115 115-125 125-135 135-145 145-155
Number of Girls. 9 15 23 30 13 10
12 The yield of wheat and rice per acre for 10 districts of a state is as under: 5
District 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wheat 12 10 15 19 21 16 18 9 25 10
Rice 22 29 12 23 18 15 12 34 18 12
Calculate for each crop,
(i) Range
(ii) Mean Deviation about Mean
(iii)Which crop has greater Standard Deviation?
13 Find the mean deviation (M.D) from the mean and the standard deviation 5
(S.D) of the A.P.
a, a + d, a + 2 d,......,a + 2n.d
14 Suppose that mean and standard deviation of 6 observations are 8 and 4 5
respectively. On checking it is found that observation 3 was as wrong insert. Find
the new standard deviation of the observations if I]the wrong value is removed II]
the wrong value is changed by 11.
15 Calculate the mean deviation from the mean of the following data: 5
Class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 4 6 10 20 10 6 4

Q. NO ANSWER MAR
KS
1 Range = Max value – Min value (a) 1

113
2 Variation=𝑉 = 𝜎 2 = 121 1
Req. S.D = 𝜎 = √121 = 11 (b)

3 Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean (c) 1

4 Relation among A.M, G.M, H.M: 𝐺𝑀2 = 𝐴𝑀 × 𝐻𝑀 1

𝐺𝑀2 = 16 × 25 , 𝐺𝑀 = √16 × 25 = 20 (b)

5 𝑆.𝐷
𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁
× 100 ,𝑀𝐸𝐴𝑁 ≠ 0 (a) 1

6 Mean=
1+2+3…..+𝑛
𝑛
1
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 5
=
2𝑛 9
9𝑛 + 9 = 10𝑛
𝑛 = 9 (c)

7 ∑ 𝑥 = 12, ∑ 𝑥 2 = 18 1

∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 18 12 2
So, 𝜎 2 = 𝑉 = 𝑛
− ( 𝑛 ) = 10 − (10) = 9/25

𝜎 = √9/25 = 3/5 (c)

8 ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 30) = 2 1

∑ 𝑥𝑖 − 30 × 20 = 2

∑ 𝑥𝑖 20 2
− 30 × =
20 20 20
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 30 = 0.1
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 30.1

9 If each observation is increased by 2, new median = 20+2 =22 1

But 𝜎 will remain same as 4 as variance is independent respect to change of
origin.
22, 4 (c)

10 Mean = Median = Mode, in a symmetric distribution (a) 1

11 The G.M of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ……., n = (0 × 1 × 2 × 3 … … .× 𝑛)1/𝑛 = 0(d) 1
12 All of above(d) 1
13 𝑉 = 𝜎 2 (a) 1
14 Median = 5 1
114
 Mean deviation w.r to median for each observation = |5 − 5| = 0
Req. M.D =0 (b)

15 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 1
implies 𝑦̅ = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥̅
implies 𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = |𝑏|𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ ) (b)
1
16 Let, 𝑢 = (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋) 1
𝑐

𝑎 𝑏
𝑢= + 𝑋
𝑐 𝑐
𝑏
𝜎𝑢 = |𝑐 | 𝑋 (a)

17 standard deviation of a data will be minimum respect to Median (b) 1

8 4 4 4
18 3𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 8 → 𝑦 = 3 − 3 𝑥 → 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑦) = |− 3| 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑥) = 3 × 8 = 6 (b) 1

19 New observations 𝑢𝑖 can be written as 1

𝑢𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 4
𝜎 𝑢 = 𝜎𝑥 = 4 i.e standard deviation will be remained same (a)

20 7𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 56 → 8𝑦 = 56 − 7𝑥 1
𝑦 =56/8-7/8x
𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = |−7/8|𝑀𝐷(𝑥̅ )
𝑀𝐷(𝑦̅) = 7/8 × 4 = 3.5 (c)
21 𝑢𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 + 5
𝜎 𝑢 = 𝜎𝑥 = 2.7 i.e standard deviation will be remained same (d)
CASE STUDY BASED (4)-Answer
1 Given data: 6, 5, 5, 6, 8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8 4
6+5+5+6+8+7+7+8+8 6.6
a) Req. mean =m = = = 6.6 (iii)
10 10

b) To find median arranging the numbers in increasing order: 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7,7,

8,8, 8
6+7 13
Req. median = M= = = 6.5 (iii)
2 2

c) Obtained mean = m = 6.6

∑|𝑥𝑖 −𝑚|
Req mean deviation about mean = =
𝑛
(0.6×3)+(1.6×2)+(0.4×2)+(1.4×3) 10
= 10 = 1 (iii)
10

d) Obtained median = M = 6.5

∑|𝑥𝑖 −𝑀| (0.5×3)+(1.5×2)+(0.5×3)+(1.5×3)
Req mean deviation about median = = =
𝑛 10

115
 10
= 1 (ii)
10

e) All of above

2 We have, n = 200, incorrect mean = 40 and incorrect standard deviation = 15. 4

Now, incorrect mean = 40

𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
⇒ 200
= 20

⇒𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 = 800

⇒𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 ∑ 𝒙𝒊 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎 − (𝟒𝟑 + 𝟑𝟓) + (𝟑𝟒 + 𝟓𝟑) = 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟏 (i)

𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟏
So, correct mean = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟓 (ii)

And incorrect SD = 15

⇒ incorrect variance = 152 = 225

𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖2
⇒ − (𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2 = 225
200

𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖2
⇒ 200
− (40)2 = 225

⇒𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = 200(225 + 1600) = 365000

⇒ correct ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − (342 + 532 ) + (432 + 352 ) = 36500 − 3965 +
3074 = 364109

1 1
So, correct variance = correct ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)2 = (364109) −
200 200

799 2
(200) = 1820.545 − 1596.402

= 𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 (iv)

So, correct SD= √𝟐𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟕𝟏 (i)

̅) 𝟐
(𝒙𝒊−𝒙
The correct formula of the variance = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 (i)
𝒏

Q. NO ANSWER MARKS
1 Range = Greatest value-Lowest value 1

116
 So 36.8=Greatest value-13.4 ½
So Greatest value=36.8+13.4=50.2 ½
2 Here no of value n=6, mean M =8, Standard deviation (S.D)=4 2
If each value is multiplied by 3 ,
New Standard deviation is 3 * 4=12.
3 Scores xi = 40 ,70,52,34,42,55,63,46,54,44.
Here n=10.
Mean M= (40+70+52+34+42+55+63+46+54+44)/10=500/10=50 ½
So standard deviation =√[(40²+70²+52²+34²+42²+55²+63²+46²+54²+44²)/10 - ½
50²]
½
=√[1600+4900+2704+1156+1764+3025+3969+2116+2916+1946)/10-2500]
½
=√[2609.6-2500]=√109.6=10.5 approximately.
4 The average value scored by the student in the class is,
Mean (Average) = (12 + 14 + 18 + 9 + 11 + 7 + 9 + 16 + 19 + 20)/10
= 135/10 = 13.5 1
Then, the average value of the marks is 13.5
Mean Deviation = {|12-13.5| + |14-13.5| + |18-13.5| + |9-13.5| + |11-13.5| + |7- 1
13.5| + |9-13.5| + |16-13.5| + |19-13.5| + |20-13.5|}/10 = 34.5/10 = 3.45
5 The mean and variance of 7 observations are 8 and 16 respectively. If five of the ½
observations are 2, 4, 10, 12,14. Let remaining two observations are x, y.
So 2+4+10+12+14+x+y=56
1
Thus x+y=14…..(1)
½
Again 2²+4²+10²+12²+14²+x²+y²=(16+8²)7=560
1
then x²+y²= 100….(2)
½
Solving (1) and (2)
1
x=8 ,y=6 .
½
6 xi 5 10 15 20 25 total

fi 7 4 6 3 5 25
1
Xi fi 35 40 90 60 125 350
1
Ixi-14Ifi 63 16 6 18 55 158
½
Mean=350/25=14
½
Mean deviation about the mean=158/25=6.32

117
7 Classes Frequencies 2
fi xi xi fi Xi2fi
0-30 2 15 30 450
30-60 3 45 135 6075
60-90 5 75 375 28125
90-120 10 11025
105 1050 0
120-150 3 135 405 54675
150-180 5 13612
165 825 5
180-210 2 195 390 76050
51412 ½
TOTAL 30 3210 5 ½

Mean=3210/ 30=107
Variance=514125/30-1072=5688.5
8 Xi [no of 28 25 23 30 27 24 25 23 Tota
remaining I
page]

fi 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8
1
Xi fi 28 25 23 30 27 24 25 23 205
1
xi fi2 78 62 52 900 729 57 62 52 529
4 5 9 6 5 9 7
standard deviation of the pages yet to be completed by them is √[5297/8- ½
{205/8}2]=√5.725=2.39 ½
9 A]Humanities 1
B]All 1
C]Humanities 1
9224.04-8719.61=504.43 1
10 200 candidates marks in Chemistry with the mean and standard deviation 10 and
15 respectively. After that if was found that the scale 43 was misread as 34.
1
1
I] Correct total marks of 200 candidates =2000-34+43=2009 1

Ii] The correct mean=2009/200=10.045 1

III] The wrong sum of squares of marks=[152+102]200=65000.

IV]The correct standard deviation=√[{65000-342+432}/200- 10.0452]=15.1
11 Frequen Class [xi-Me 2
Class cy fi Cmf mark xi xi -Me ]fi Ixi-MeI fi
95-105 9 9 100 -26 -234 234
118
 105-115 15 24 110 67.14 1007.1 1007.1
115-125 23 47 120 77.14 1774.22 1774.22
125-135 30 77 130 87.14 2614.2 2614.2
135-145 13 90 140 97.14 1262.82 1262.82
107.1
145-155 10 100 150 4 1071.4 1071.4
Total 100 7963.74
1
N=100
so l=125
F=47
f=30
d=10 1
Me=l+[N/2-F]d/f =126
1
Thus Mean deviation w.r.t Me =7963.74/100=79.6374
12 (i) Range
a. Wheat
Range = H – L
= 25 – 9 ½
=16
b. Rice
Range = H – L
=34 – 12 ½
= 22
(ii) Mean Deviation about Mean ½
Mean : Wheat has Mean (12+10+15+19+21+16+18+9+25+10)/10=16.5 ½
Rice has mean ( 22+29+12+23+18+15+12+34+18+12)/10=19.5
So mean deviation about mean are:
Wheat
M.D(M)={|12-16.5| + |10-16.5| + |15-16.5| + |19-16.5| + |21-16.5| + |16-16.5| + ½
|18-16.5| + |9-16.5| +|25-16.5|+ |10-16.5|}/10=44/10=4.4
Rice
½
M.D(M)={|22-19.5| + |29-19.5| + |12-19.5| + |23-19.5| + |18-19.5| + |15-19.5| +
|12-19.5| + |34-19.5| +|18-19.5|+ |12-19.5|}/10=54/10=5.4
(iii)Which crop has greater Standard deviation
1
Variance[Rice]=∑[Xi − M]2 /N=458.5/10=45.85
1
Variance[Wheat]=∑[Xi − M]2 /N=322.5/10=32.25

119
 So rice has greater Standard deviation.
13 To find mean deviation (M.D) from the mean and the standard deviation
(S.D) of the A.P.
a, a + d, a + 2 d,......,a + 2n.d 1/2
Here no of terms is 2n+1. ½
Mean =[ {a+2nd}(2n+1)/2]/(2n+1)=(a+2nd)/2 1
S.D.=√[{(2n+1)a²+2n d² + (2ad+4ad+....4nad)}/(2n+1)-(a+2nd)²/4] 1
=√[{(2n+1)a²+2n d² + 2adn(2n+1)-(2n+1)a²-(2n+1)4adn-4n2d2(2n+1)}/(2n+1)] 1
=√[2n d²/(2n+1) -2adn-4n2d2 1
14 I]the wrong value is removed:
The sum of 6 values=8*6=48,if 3 is removed sum of 5 values =48-3=45 ½
So new mean=45/5=9 ½
Sum of squares of 6 values=[16+64]6=480 ½
Sum of squares of 5 values=480-9=471
Thus standard deviation of 5 values=√[471/5 -81]=√[94.2-81]=√13.2 ½
II] the wrong value is changed by 11:
The sum of new 6 values=48-3+11=56 ½
So new mean=56/6=28/3 ½
Sum of squares of new 6 values=480-9+121=592 1
Thus standard deviation=√[592/6-(28/3)2]=√[{1776-1568}/18]=√11.55 1
15 Frequency Ixi-M I 3
Class fi Class mark xi xi fi xi -M [xi-M ]fi fi
-
10-20 4 15 60 27.86 -111.44 111.44
-
20-30 6 25 150 17.86 -107.16 107.16
30-40 10 35 350 -7.86 -78.6 78.6
40-50 20 45 900 2.14 42.8 42.8
50-60 10 55 550 12.14 121.4 121.4
60-70 6 65 390 22.14 132.84 132.84
Total 56 2400 594.24
Mean 1
M = 2400/56 1
= 42.86
594.24
Mean deviation w.r.t mean= /56 i.e. 10.61

120
 PROBABILITY
Q. NO QUESTION MARK
1 Consider the experiment in which a coin is tossed repeatedly until a head comes up. 2
Describe the sample space.
2 A die is rolled. Let, E bethe event “die shows 4” and F be the event “die shows even 2
number”. Are E and F mutually exclusive?
3 3 1 2
GivenP(A) = 5 and P(B) = 5 . Find P(A or B), if A and B are mutually exclusive
events.
4 Events A and B are such that P(not A or not B) = 0.25, state whether 2
A and Bare mutually exclusive events or not.
5 In a class of 60 students, 30 opted for NCC, 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for both 3
NCC and NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, find the probability that:
I. The student opted for NCC orNSS.
II. The student has opted neither NCC nor NSS.
III. The student has opted NSS but not NCC.
6 Find the probability that win a hand of 7 cards is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 3
cards, it contains
I. All kings.
II. 3 kings.
III. At least 3 kings.
7 In a relay race, there are 5 teams A, B, C, D and E. 3
I. What is the probability that A,B& C finish first, second and third respectively.
II. What is the probability that A, B & C are first three to finish (in any order).
8 Out of 100 students, two sections of 40 and 60 are formed. If you and your friend are 3
among the 100 students, what is the probability that
I. You both enter the same section?
II. You both enter the different section?
9 Rahul went to a fair. There he saw in a shop a lottery 4
seller was selling lotteries. He asked the
shopkeeper about this lottery game and he got the
information that among these 10000 tickets, there
are 10 prizes will be awarded. He is willing to know
I. What is the probability of not getting
a prize, if he buys one ticket?
II. What is the probability of not getting a prize if he buys 2 tickets?
III. What is the probability of not getting a prize if he buys 10 tickets?

121
10 Shivnath went to a fair. In the fare he saw a 4
shopkeeper was mixing tickets numbered 1 to 20
thoroughly and asking customers to take out a ticket
randomly. He is willing to know
I. What is the probability that drawn ticket
number is a multiple of 3?
II. What is the probability that drawn ticket number is a multiple of 7?
III. If drawn ticket number is a multiple of 3 or 7 then he wins. What is the
probability of his winning?
11 A fair coin is tossed four times, and a person win ₹ 1 for each head and lose ₹ 1.50 for 5
each tail that turns up. From the sample space calculate how many different amounts of
money you can have after four tosses and the probability of having each of these
amounts.
12 Three letters are dictated to three persons and an envelope is addressed to each of them, 5
the letters are inserted into the envelopes at random so that each envelope contains
exactly one letter. Find the probability that at least one letter is in its proper envelope.
13 If 4-digit numbers greater than 5,000 are randomly formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5 and 5
7, what is the probability of forming a number divisible by 5 when the digits are
repeated?
14 If 4-digit numbers greater than 5,000 are randomly formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5 and 5
7, what is the probability of forming a number divisible by 5 when the repetitions of
digits are not allowed?
15 A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.54, P(B) = 0.69 and 5
P(A ∩ B) = 0.35. Find
I. P(A ∪ B)
II. P(A′ )
III. P(A′ ∩ B′ )
IV. P(A ∩ B′ )
V. P(A′ ∩ B)

Q. NO ANSWERS MARK
1 In the experiment head may come up on the first toss, or on the second toss, or on the 2
third toss and so on till headis obtained. Hence, the desired sample space isS =
{H, TH, TTH, TTTH, TTTTH, … }.
2 1,2,3,4,5and6arethepossibleoutcomeswhen adieisthrown.So, 2
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Aspertheconditionsgiventhequestion

Ebetheevent“dieshows4”
E = {4}
Fbetheevent“dieshowsevennumber”
F = {2, 4, 6}
E ∩ F = {4}
∴ E ∩ F≠ φ …[becausethereisacommonelementinEandF]
Therefore, EandFarenotmutuallyexclusiveevent.
3 If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then 2

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 3 1 4
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) = + =
5 5 5
4 P(not A or not B) = 0.25 2
⟹ P(A′ ∪ B′ ) = 0.25
⟹ P[(A ∩ B)′ ] = 0.25
⟹ 1 − P(A ∩ B) = 0.25
⟹ P(A ∩ B) = 0.75
Hence, A and Barenot mutually exclusive events.
5 Let, A and B be the sets of students who have opted for NCC and NSS respectively. 3
∴ n(A) = 30, n(B) = 32, n(A ∩ B) = 24, n(A ∪ B) = 60
I. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
30 32 24
⟹ P(A ∪ B) = + −
60 60 60
38 19
⟹ P(A ∪ B) = =
60 30
II. P(neither A nor B)
= P(A′ ∩ B′ )
= P[(A ∪ B)′ ]
= 1 − P(A ∪ B)
19
=1−
30
11
=
30
III. P(B but not A)
= P(A′ ∩ B)
= P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
32 24
= −
60 60
8
=
60
2
=
15
6 The total number of possible hands= C(52, 7) 3
I. Number of hands with 4 kings = C(4, 4) × C(48, 3)(other 3 cards must be
chosen from remaining 48 cards)
C(4,4)×C(48,3) 1
Hence,P(a hand wil have 4 kings) = = 7735
C(52,7)
II. Number of hands with 3 kings and 4 non-king cards = C(4, 3) × C(48, 4)
C(4,3)×C(48,4) 9
Hence, P(a hand will have 3 kings) = = 1547
C(52,7)
III. P(atleast 3 kings) = P(3 kings or 4 kings) = P(3 kings) + P(4 kings) =
9 1 46
+ =
1547 7735 7735
7 If we consider the sample space consisting of all finishing orders in the first three 3
1
places, we will haveP(5, 3) = 60 sample points, each with a probability of 60.
I. A, B and C finish first, second, and third respectively. There is only one
finishing order for this, i.e. ABC.
1
∴ P(A, B and C finish first, second and third respetively) =
60
II. A, B and C are the first three finishers. There will be 3! = 6arrangements for
A, B and C.
6 1
∴ P(A, B and C are the first three to finish) = =
60 10
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8 The total number of students is 100. 3
I and my friend are among the 100 students.
Two sections of 40 are 60 students are formed.
Total number of ways of selecting two students out of 100students is C(100, 2)
I. Both of us will enter the same section if both of us are among either 40
students or 60 students.
Number of ways in which both of us enter the same section is C(40, 2) +
C(60, 2)
C(40, 2) + C(60, 2) 17
∴ P(Both of us will enter the same section) = =
C(100, 2) 33
17 16
II. P(Both of us will enter different section) = 1 − 33 = 33

9 I. Out of 10000 tickets, one ticket can be chosen in C(10000, 1) = 10000 4

ways.
There are 9990 tickets not containing a prize.Out of these 9990 tickets one
can be chosen in C(9990, 1) = 9990
9990 999
∴ P(not getting a prize) = =
10000 1000
II. Out of 10000 tickets, twotickets can be chosen in C(10000, 2)ways.
As there are 9990 tickets not containing a prize. Out of these 9990 tickets
two can be chosen in C(9990, 2) ways.
C(9990,2)
∴ P(not getting a prize) =
C(10000, 2)
III. Out of 10000 tickets, ten tickets can be chosen in C(10000, 10)ways.
As there are 9990 tickets not containing a prize. Out of these 9990 tickets
ten can be chosen in C(9990, 10) ways.
C(9990,10)
∴ P(not getting a prize) =
C(10000, 10)
10 Let, S be the sample space associated with the given random experiment. A and B 4
denote the events getting a ticket bearing a number which is a multiple of 3 and 7
respectively, then
S = {1, 2, 3, … , 20}, A = {3,6,9, … , 18}, B = {7,14}
6 3
I. P(ticket numbe is a multiple of 3) = 20 = 10
2 1
II. P(ticket numbe is a multiple of 7) = 20 = 10
3 1 4 2
III. P(winning) = 10 + 10 = 10 = 5

11 A coin is tossed 4 times then the respective sample space will contain 24 = 16 5
elements.
In 4 tosses of a coin, the possible number of heads are 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 .
Now we shall discuss all the 5 cases.
Case 1(0 Heads):
There is only one possibility, i.e.{(T, T, T, T)}
For 0 head, he will get = −4 × 1.5 = −₹6
So, in this case a loss will incur of ₹6
1
∴ P(a loss of ₹6) =
16
Case 2(1 Heads):
There are 4 possibilities, i.e.{(H, T, T, T), (T, H, T, T), (T, T, H, T), (T, T, T, H)}
For 1 head, he will get = 1 − 3 × 1.5 = −₹3.5
So, in this case a loss will incur of ₹3.5
4 1
∴ P(a loss of ₹3.5) = =
16 4
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 Case 3(2 Heads):
There are 4 possibilities, i.e.
{(H, H, T, T), (T, H, H, T), (T, T, H, H), (H, T, T, H), (H, T, H, T), (T, H, T, H)}
For 2 heads, he will get = 1 + 1 − 2 × 1.5 = −₹1
So, in this case a loss will incur of ₹1
6 3
∴ P(a loss of ₹1) = =
16 8
Case 4(3 Heads):
There are 4 possibilities, i.e. {(H, H, H, T), (T, H, H, H), (H, T, H, H), (H, H, T, H)}
For 3heads, he will get = 1 + 1 + 1 − 1.5 = ₹1.5
So, in this case a profit will incur of ₹1.5
4 1
∴ P(a profit of ₹1.5) = =
16 4
Case 5(4 Heads):
There is only one possibility, i.e. {(H, H, H, H)}
For 4 head, he will get = 4 × 1 = ₹4
So, in this case a profit will incur of ₹4
1
∴ P(a loss of ₹4) =
16
12 Total number of ways by which three letters can be put into three envelopes= 3! = 6 5
1 1 1 1
Derrangement of n objects = n! [1 − + − + ⋯ + (−1)n ]
1! 2! 3! n!
1 1 1 1 1
∴ Derrangement of 3 objects = 3! [1 − + − ] = 3 (1 − 1 + − ) = 2
1! 2! 3! 2 6

2 1
P(no letter is in the correct envelope) = =
6 3
1 2
∴ P(atleast one letter is in the correct envelope) = 1 − =
3 3
13 Since 4 digit numbers greater than 5000 are formed. The thousand’s place digit is 5
either 7 or 5.
The total number of 4 digits number greater than 5000 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 − 1 = 249
A number is divisible by 5, if the digit at it’s unit place is either 0 or 5.
∴ The total number of 4 − digits numbers greater than 5000 and divsible
by 5 = 2 × 5 × 5 × 2 − 1 = 99
∴ P(forming a number which is greater than 5000 and divisible by 5)
99 33
= =
249 83
14 Since 4 digit numbers greater than 5000 are formed. The thousand’s place digit is 5
either 7 or 5.
The total number of 4 digits number greater than 5000 = 2 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 48
A number is divisible by 5, if the digit at it’s unit place is either 0 or 5.
∴ The total number of 4 − digits numbers starting with 5 and divsible
by 5 = 1 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
∴ The total number of 4 − digits numbers starting with 7 and divsible
by 5 = 1 × 3 × 2 × 2 = 12
∴ The total number of 4 − digits numbers greater than 5000 and divsible
by 5 = 6 + 12 = 18
∴ P(forming a number which is greater than 5000 and divisible by 5)
18 3
= =
48 8
15 I. P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) 5
⟹ P(A ∪ B) = 0.54 + 0.69 − 0.35

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 88 22
⟹ P(A ∪ B) = 0.88 = =
100 25
II. P(A′ )
= 1 − P(A)
= 1 − 0.54
= 0.46
III. P(A′ ∩ B′ )
= P[(A ∪ B)′ ]
= 1 − P(A ∪ B)
22
=1−
25
3
=
25
IV. P(A ∩ B′ )
= P(A) − P(A ∩ B)
= 0.54 − 0.35
= 0.19
19
=
100
V. P(A′ ∩ B)
= P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
= 0.69 − 0.35
= 0.34
34
=
100
17
=
50

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