(Ebook) Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction To

Basic And Advanced Multilevel Modeling by Tom A.

B. Snijders ISBN 9781849202008, 9781849202015,
1849202001, 184920201X, 2011926498 download
https://ebooknice.com/product/multilevel-analysis-an-
introduction-to-basic-and-advanced-multilevel-modeling-11280418

Explore and download more ebooks at ebooknice.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles, James

ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492, 1459699815,
1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II Success)

by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-
math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-
arco-master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth Study:
the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin Harrison ISBN
9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144, 1398375047

https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

(Ebook) Multilevel Network Analysis for the Social Sciences: Theory,

Methods and Applications by Emmanuel Lazega, Tom A.B. Snijders (eds.)
ISBN 9783319245188, 9783319245201, 331924518X, 3319245201

https://ebooknice.com/product/multilevel-network-analysis-for-the-
social-sciences-theory-methods-and-applications-5354550

(Ebook) An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques: MLM and SEM

Approaches by Ronald H. Heck, Scott L. Thomas ISBN 9780367182427,
0367182424

https://ebooknice.com/product/an-introduction-to-multilevel-modeling-
techniques-mlm-and-sem-approaches-11049532

(Ebook) An Introduction to Multilevel Modeling Techniques: MLM and SEM

Approaches Using Mplus by Ronald H. Heck, Scott L. Thomas ISBN
9781848725515, 1848725515

https://ebooknice.com/product/an-introduction-to-multilevel-modeling-
techniques-mlm-and-sem-approaches-using-mplus-5029548

(Ebook) Practical Multilevel Modeling Using R (Advanced Quantitative

Techniques in the Social Sciences) by Huang, Francis L. ISBN
9781071846124, 1071846124

https://ebooknice.com/product/practical-multilevel-modeling-using-r-
advanced-quantitative-techniques-in-the-social-sciences-55544916
MULTILEVEL
ANALYSIS
 2nd Edition

MULTILEVEL
ANALYSIS
An
Introduction to
Basic and Advanced
Multilevel Modeling

Tom A B SNIJDERS
Roel J BOSKER
© Tom A B Snijders and Roel J Bosker 2012

First edition published 1999

Reprinted 2002, 2003, 2004

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced,
stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the
publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms
should be sent to the publishers.

SAGE Publications Ltd

1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP

SAGE Publications Inc.

2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320

SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd

B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road
New Delhi 110 044

SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd

33 Pekin Street #02-01
Far East Square
Singapore 048763

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926498

British Library Cataloguing in Publication data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-84920-200-8
ISBN 978-1-84920-201-5

Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India

Printed by MPG Books Group, Bodmin, Cornwall
Printed on paper from sustainable resources
Contents

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

1 Introduction
1.1 Multilevel analysis
1.1.1 Probability models
1.2 This book
1.2.1 Prerequisites
1.2.2 Notation

2 Multilevel Theories, Multistage Sampling, and Multilevel Models

2.1 Dependence as a nuisance
2.2 Dependence as an interesting phenomenon
2.3 Macro-level, micro-level, and cross-level relations
2.4 Glommary

3 Statistical Treatment of Clustered Data

3.1 Aggregation
3.2 Disaggregation
3.3 The intraclass correlation
3.3.1 Within-group and between-group variance
3.3.2 Testing for group differences
3.4 Design effects in two-stage samples
3.5 Reliability of aggregated variables
3.6 Within- and between-group relations
3.6.1 Regressions
 3.6.2 Correlations
3.6.3 Estimation of within- and between-group correlations
3.7 Combination of within-group evidence
3.8 Glommary

4 The Random Intercept Model

4.1 Terminology and notation
4.2 A regression model: fixed effects only
4.3 Variable intercepts: fixed or random parameters?
4.3.1 When to use random coefficient models
4.4 Definition of the random intercept model
4.5 More explanatory variables
4.6 Within- and between-group regressions
4.7 Parameter estimation
4.8 ‘Estimating’ random group effects: posterior means
4.8.1 Posterior confidence intervals
4.9 Three-level random intercept models
4.10 Glommary

5 The Hierarchical Linear Model

5.1 Random slopes
5.1.1 Heteroscedasticity
5.1.2 Do not force τ01 to be 0!
5.1.3 Interpretation of random slope variances
5.2 Explanation of random intercepts and slopes
5.2.1 Cross-level interaction effects
5.2.2 A general formulation of fixed and random parts
5.3 Specification of random slope models
5.3.1 Centering variables with random slopes?
5.4 Estimation
5.5 Three or more levels
5.6 Glommary

6 Testing and Model Specification

 6.1 Tests for fixed parameters
6.1.1 Multiparameter tests for fixed effects
6.2 Deviance tests
6.2.1 More powerful tests for variance parameters
6.3 Other tests for parameters in the random part
6.3.1 Confidence intervals for parameters in the random part
6.4 Model specification
6.4.1 Working upward from level one
6.4.2 Joint consideration of level-one and level-two variables
6.4.3 Concluding remarks on model specification
6.5 Glommary

7 How Much Does the Model Explain?

7.1 Explained variance
7.1.1 Negative values of R2?
7.1.2 Definitions of the proportion of explained variance in two-
level models
7.1.3 Explained variance in three-level models
7.1.4 Explained variance in models with random slopes
7.2 Components of variance
7.2.1 Random intercept models
7.2.2 Random slope models
7.3 Glommary

8 Heteroscedasticity
8.1 Heteroscedasticity at level one
8.1.1 Linear variance functions
8.1.2 Quadratic variance functions
8.2 Heteroscedasticity at level two
8.3 Glommary

9 Missing Data
9.1 General issues for missing data
9.1.1 Implications for design
 9.2 Missing values of the dependent variable
9.3 Full maximum likelihood
9.4 Imputation
9.4.1 The imputation method
9.4.2 Putting together the multiple results
9.5 Multiple imputations by chained equations
9.6 Choice of the imputation model
9.7 Glommary

10 Assumptions of the Hierarchical Linear Model

10.1 Assumptions of the hierarchical linear model
10.2 Following the logic of the hierarchical linear model
10.2.1 Include contextual effects
10.2.2 Check whether variables have random effects
10.2.3 Explained variance
10.3 Specification of the fixed part
10.4 Specification of the random part
10.4.1 Testing for heteroscedasticity
10.4.2 What to do in case of heteroscedasticity
10.5 Inspection of level-one residuals
10.6 Residuals at level two
10.7 Influence of level-two units
10.8 More general distributional assumptions
10.9 Glommary

11 Designing Multilevel Studies

11.1 Some introductory notes on power
11.2 Estimating a population mean
11.3 Measurement of subjects
11.4 Estimating association between variables
11.4.1 Cross-level interaction effects
11.5 Allocating treatment to groups or individuals
11.6 Exploring the variance structure
11.6.1 The intraclass correlation
 11.6.2 Variance parameters
11.7 Glommary

12 Other Methods and Models

12.1 Bayesian inference
12.2 Sandwich estimators for standard errors
12.3 Latent class models
12.4 Glommary

13 Imperfect Hierarchies
13.1 A two-level model with a crossed random factor
13.2 Crossed random effects in three-level models
13.3 Multiple membership models
13.4 Multiple membership multiple classification models
13.5 Glommary

14 Survey Weights
14.1 Model-based and design-based inference
14.1.1 Descriptive and analytic use of surveys
14.2 Two kinds of weights
14.3 Choosing between model-based and design-based analysis
14.3.1 Inclusion probabilities and two-level weights
14.3.2 Exploring the informativeness of the sampling design
14.4 Example: Metacognitive strategies as measured in the PISA study
14.4.1 Sampling design
14.4.2 Model-based analysis of data divided into parts
14.4.3 Inclusion of weights in the model
14.5 How to assign weights in multilevel models
14.6 Appendix. Matrix expressions for the single-level estimators
14.7 Glommary

15 Longitudinal Data
15.1 Fixed occasions
15.1.1 The compound symmetry model
15.1.2 Random slopes
 15.1.3 The fully multivariate model
15.1.4 Multivariate regression analysis
15.1.5 Explained variance
15.2 Variable occasion designs
15.2.1 Populations of curves
15.2.2 Random functions
15.2.3 Explaining the functions
15.2.4 Changing covariates
15.3 Autocorrelated residuals
15.4 Glommary

16 Multivariate Multilevel Models

16.1 Why analyze multiple dependent variables simultaneously?
16.2 The multivariate random intercept model
16.3 Multivariate random slope models
16.4 Glommary

17 Discrete Dependent Variables

17.1 Hierarchical generalized linear models
17.2 Introduction to multilevel logistic regression
17.2.1 Heterogeneous proportions
17.2.2 The logit function: Log-odds
17.2.3 The empty model
17.2.4 The random intercept model
17.2.5 Estimation
17.2.6 Aggregation
17.3 Further topics on multilevel logistic regression
17.3.1 Random slope model
17.3.2 Representation as a threshold model
17.3.3 Residual intraclass correlation coefficient
17.3.4 Explained variance
17.3.5 Consequences of adding effects to the model
17.4 Ordered categorical variables
 17.5 Multilevel event history analysis
17.6 Multilevel Poisson regression
17.7 Glommary

18 Software
18.1 Special software for multilevel modeling
18.1.1 HLM
18.1.2 MLwiN
18.1.3 The MIXOR suite and SuperMix
18.2 Modules in general-purpose software packages
18.2.1 SAS procedures VARCOMP, MIXED, GLIMMIX, and
NLMIXED
18.2.2 R
18.2.3 Stata
18.2.4 SPSS, commands VARCOMP and MIXED
18.3 Other multilevel software
18.3.1 PinT
18.3.2 Optimal Design
18.3.3 MLPowSim
18.3.4 Mplus
18.3.5 Latent Gold
18.3.6 REALCOM
18.3.7 WinBUGS

References

Index
Preface to the Second Edition

Multilevel analysis is a domain of data analysis that has been developing

strongly before as well as after the publication of the first edition of our
book in 1999. This second edition has been seriously revised. It contains
more material, it has been updated and corrected, and a number of
explanations were clarified.
The main new material is in three new chapters. A chapter was added
about missing data, and another about the use of multilevel modeling for
surveys with nonconstant inclusion probabilities (‘survey weights’). Also a
chapter was added in which three special techniques are briefly treated:
Bayesian estimation, cluster-robust standard errors (the socalled sandwich
standard error), and latent class models. The topics of these new chapters all
belong to the ‘advanced’ part of the title. Among what was not covered in
the first edition, these are some of the topics which we believe are most
frequently encountered in the practice of multilevel research.
New material has been added also to existing chapters. The main
example (starting in Chapter 4) has been renewed because the treatment of
missing data in the old version was inadequate. Various other new examples
also have been added. Further, there now is a more elaborate treatment of
the combination of within-group evidence without using full-blown
multilevel modeling (Section 3.7); more detailed considerations are
discussed for choosing between fixed and random effects models (Section
4.3); diagnostic and comparative standard errors of posterior means are
explained (Section 4.8.1); the treatment of tests for parameters of the
random part was corrected and confidence intervals for these parameters are
discussed (Sections 6.2 and 6.3); multiple membership models are treated in
Chapter 13; and there has been an overhaul of the treatment of estimation
methods for hierarchical generalized linear models in Chapter 17. Chapter
18 about multilevel software was totally rewritten, keeping it relatively
short because this is the part of any textbook that ages most rapidly.
Throughout all chapters new developments have been mentioned, pointers
are given to the recent literature, various difficulties now are explained in
more elaborate ways, and errors have been corrected.
All chapters (from the second on) now start by an overview, and are
concluded (except for the last) by a ‘glommary’. As every reader will know
after reading this book, this is a summary of the main concepts treated in
the chapter in a form akin to a glossary. Our intention is that these new
elements will improve the didactical qualities of this textbook. Having said
this, we think that the understanding of the book, or parts of it, may be
further enhanced by going through the examples using the data that we
made available (as far as this was allowed) at http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/
∼snijders/mlbook.htm. This website will also contain our comments on
remarks made on the book by industrious readers, as well as our corrections
for errors if any will be discovered.
We are very grateful for stimulating discussions (over the years or in the
recent period of revising the text), comments on drafts of chapters, and help
with software, to many people: Marnie Bertolet, sir David Cox, Roel de
Jong, Jon Fahlander, Mark Huisman, Johan Koskinen, Catalina Lomos,
Mayra Mascareño, Paulina Preciado, Roy Stewart, Anneke Timmermans,
and Marijtje van Duijn. For help with new data sets we are grateful to some
of these people and also to Hennie Brandsma, Simone Doolaard, Sonja
Drobnič, Anja Knuver, Hans Kuyper, Sascha Peter, Stijn Ruiter, Greetje van
der Werf, and Frank van Tubergen.

Tom Snijders
Roel Bosker
March,2011
Preface to the First Edition

This book grew out of our teaching and consultation activities in the
domain of multilevel analysis. It is intended for the absolute beginner in this
field as well as for those who have already mastered the fundamentals and
are now entering more complicated areas of application. The reader is
referred to Section 1.2 for an overview of this book and for some reading
guidelines.
We are grateful to various people from whom we got reactions on
earlier parts of this manuscript and also to the students who were exposed to
it and helped us realize what was unclear. We received useful comments
from, and benefited from discussions about parts of the manuscript with,
among others, Joerg Blasius, Marijtje van Duijn, Wolfgang Langer, Ralf
Maslowski, and Ian Plewis. Moreover we would like to thank Hennie
Brandsma, Mieke Brekelmans, Jan van Damme, Hetty Dekkers, Miranda
Lubbers, Lyset Rekers-Mombarg and Jan Maarten Wit, Carolina de Weerth,
Beate Völker, Ger van der Werf, and the Zentral Archiv (Cologne) who
kindly permitted us to use data from their respective research projects as
illustrative material for this book. We would also like to thank Annelies
Verstappen-Remmers for her unfailing secretarial assistance.

Tom Snijders
Roel Bosker
June, 1999
 1
Introduction

1.1 Multilevel analysis

Multilevel analysis is a methodology for the analysis of data with complex
patterns of variability, with a focus on nested sources of such variability –
pupils in classes, employees in firms, suspects tried by judges in courts,
animals in litters, longitudinal measurements of subjects, etc. In the analysis
of such data, it is usually illuminating to take account of the fact that each
level of nesting is associated with variability that has a distinct
interpretation. There is variability, for example, between pupils but also
between classes, and one may draw incorrect conclusions if no distinction is
made between these different sources of variability. Multilevel analysis is
an approach to the analysis of such data, including the statistical techniques
as well as the methodology for their use. The term ‘multilevel analysis’ is
used mainly in the social sciences (in the wide sense: sociology, education,
psychology, economics, criminology, etc.), but also in other fields such as
the biomedical sciences. Our focus will be on the social sciences. Other
terms, referring to the technical aspects, are hierarchical linear models,
mixed models, and random coefficient models.
In its present form, multilevel analysis is a stream which has two
tributaries: contextual analysis and mixed effects models. Contextual
analysis is a development in the social sciences which has focused on the
effects of the social context on individual behavior. Some landmarks before
1980 are the paper by Robinson (1950) which discussed the ecological
fallacy (which refers to confusion between aggregate and individual
effects), the paper by Davis et al. (1961) on the distinction between within-
group and between-group regression, the volume edited by Dogan and
Rokkan (1969), and the paper by Burstein et al. (1978) on treating
regression intercepts and slopes on one level as outcomes on the higher
level.
Mixed effects models are statistical models in the analysis of variance
(ANOVA) and in regression analysis where it is assumed that some of the
coefficients are fixed and others are random. This subject is too vast even to
mention some landmarks. A standard reference book on random effects
models and mixed effects models is Searle et al. (1992), Chapter 2 of which
gives an extensive historical overview. The name ‘mixed model’ seems to
have been used first by Eisenhart (1947).
Contextual modeling until about 1980 focused on the definition of
appropriate variables to be used in ordinary least squares regression
analysis. Until the 1980s the main focus in the development of statistical
procedures for mixed models was on random effects (i.e., random
differences between categories in some classification system) more than on
random coefficients (i.e., random effects of numerical variables). Multilevel
analysis as we now know it was formed by these two streams coming
together. It was realized that, in contextual modeling, the individual and the
context are distinct sources of variability, which should both be modeled as
random influences. On the other hand, statistical methods and algorithms
were developed that allowed the practical use of regression-type models
with nested random coefficients. There was a cascade of statistical papers:
Aitkin et al. (1981), Laird and Ware (1982), Mason et al. (1983), Goldstein
(1986), Aitkin and Longford (1986), Raudenbush and Bryk (1986), de
Leeuw and Kreft (1986), and Longford (1987) proposed and developed
techniques for calculating estimates for mixed models with nested
coefficients. These techniques, together with the programs implementing
them which were developed by a number of these researchers or under their
supervision, allowed the practical use of models of which until that moment
only special cases were accessible for practical use. By 1986 the basis of
multilevel analysis was established. The first textbook appeared (by
Goldstein, now in its fourth edition) and was followed by a few others in
the 1990s and many more in the 2000s. The methodology has been further
elaborated since then, and has proved to be quite fruitful in applications in
many fields. On the organizational side, there are stimulating centers such
as the ‘Multilevel Models Project’ in Bristol with its Newsletter and its
website http://www.mlwin.com/, and there is an active internet discussion
group at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/multilevel.html.
In the biomedical sciences mixed models were proposed especially for
longitudinal data; in economics mainly for panel data (Swamy, 1971), the
most common longitudinal data in economics. One of the issues treated in
the economics literature was the pooling of cross-sectional and time series
data (e.g., Maddala, 1971; Hausman and Taylor, 1981), which is closely
related to the difference between within-group and between-group
regressions. Overviews are given by Chow (1984) and Baltagi (2008).
A more elaborate history of multilevel analysis is presented in the
bibliographical sections of Longford (1993) and in Kreft and de Leeuw
(1998). For an extensive bibliography of the older literature, see HÜttner
and van den Eeden (1995). A more recent overview of much statistical
work in this area can be found in the handbook by de Leeuw and Meijer
(2008a).

1.1.1 Probability models

The main statistical model of multilevel analysis is the hierarchical linear
model, an extension of multiple linear regression to a model that includes
nested random coefficients. This model is explained in Chapter 5 and forms
the basis of most of this book.
There are several ways to argue why it makes sense to use a probability
model for data analysis. In sampling theory a distinction is made between
design-based inference and model-based inference. This is discussed further
in Chapter 14. The former means that the researcher draws a probability
sample from some finite population, and wishes to make inferences from
the sample to this finite population. The probability model then follows
from how the sample is drawn by the researcher. Model-based inference
means that the researcher postulates a probability model, usually aiming at
inference to some large and sometimes hypothetical population such as all
English primary school pupils in the 2000s or all human adults living in a
present-day industrialized culture. If the probability model is adequate then
so are the inferences based on it, but checking this adequacy is possible
only to a limited extent.
It is possible to apply model-based inference to data collected by
investigating some entire research population, such as all 12-year-old pupils
in Amsterdam at a given moment. Sometimes the question arises as to why
one should use a probability model if no sample is drawn but an entire
population is observed. Using a probability model that assumes statistical
variability, even though an entire research population was investigated, can
be justified by realizing that conclusions are sought which apply not only to
the investigated research population but also to a wider population. The
investigated research population is assumed to be representative of this
wider population – for pupils who are older or younger, in other towns,
perhaps in other countries. This is called a superpopulation in Chapter 14,
where the relation between model-based and design-based inference is
further discussed. Applicability of the statistical inference to such a wider
population is not automatic, but has to be carefully argued by considering
whether indeed the research population may be considered to be
representative of the larger (often vaguely outlined) population. This is the
‘second span of the bridge of statistical inference’ as discussed by Cornfield
and Tukey (1956).1 The inference then is not primarily about a given
delimited set of individuals but about social, behavioral, biological, etc.,
mechanisms and processes. The random effects, or residuals, playing a role
in such probability models can be regarded as resulting from the factors that
are not included in the explanatory variables used. They reflect the
approximative nature of the model used. The model-based inference will be
adequate to the extent that the assumptions of the probability model are an
adequate reflection of the effects that are not explicitly included by means
of observed variables.
As we shall see in Chapters 3–5, the basic idea of multilevel analysis is
that data sets with a nesting structure that includes unexplained variability
at each level of nesting, such as pupils in classes or employees in firms, are
usually not adequately represented by the probability model of multiple
linear regression analysis, but are often adequately represented by the
hierarchical linear model. Thus, the use of the hierarchical linear model in
multilevel analysis is in the tradition of model-based inference.

1.2 This book

This book is intended as an introductory textbook and as a reference book
for practical users of multilevel analysis. We have tried to include all the
main points that come up when applying multilevel analysis. Most of the
data sets used in the examples, and corresponding commands to run the
examples in various computer programs (see Chapter 18), are available on
the website http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/mlbook.htm.
After this introductory chapter, the book proceeds with a conceptual
chapter about multilevel questions and a chapter on ways to treat multilevel
data that are not based on the hierarchical linear model. Chapters 4–6 treat
the basic conceptual ideas of the hierarchical linear model, and how to work
with it in practice. Chapter 4 introduces the random intercept model as the
primary example of the hierarchical linear model. This is extended in
Chapter 5 to random slope models. Chapters 4 and 5 focus on
understanding the hierarchical linear model and its parameters, paying only
very limited attention to procedures and algorithms for parameter
estimation (estimation being work that most researchers delegate to the
computer). Chapter 6 is concerned with testing parameters and specifying a
multilevel model.
An introductory course on multilevel analysis could cover Chapters 1–6
and Section 7.1, with selected material from other chapters. A minimal
course would focus on Chapters 4–6. The later chapters cover topics that
are more specialized or more advanced, but important in the practice of
multilevel analysis.
The text of this book is not based on a particular computer program for
multilevel analysis. The last chapter, 18, gives a brief review of computer
programs that can be used for multilevel analysis.
Chapters 7 (on the explanatory power of the model) and 10 (on model
assumptions) are important for the interpretation of the results of statistical
analyses using the hierarchical linear model. Researchers who have data
sets with many missing values, or who plan to collect data sets that may run
this type of risk, will profit from reading Chapter 9. Chapter 11 helps the
researcher in setting up a multilevel study, and in choosing sample sizes at
the various levels.
Some multilevel data sets come from surveys done according to a
complex design, associated with survey weights reflecting the
undersampling and oversampling of parts of the population. Ways to
analyze such data sets using the hierarchical linear model are covered in
Chapter 14.
 Several methods and models have been developed that can sometimes
be useful as additions or alternatives to the more commonly used methods
for the hierarchical linear model. Chapter 12 briefly presents three of these:
Bayesian procedures, the sandwich estimator for standard errors, and latent
class models.
Chapters 8 and 13–17 treat various extensions of the basic hierarchical
linear model that are useful in practical research. The topic of Chapter 8,
heteroscedasticity (nonconstant residual variances), may seem rather
specialized. Modeling heteroscedasticity, however, is easily done within the
hierarchical linear model and can be very useful. It also allows model
checks and model modifications that are used in Chapter 10. Chapter 13
treats data structures where the different sources of variability, the ‘levels’
of the multilevel analysis, are not nested but related in different ways:
crossed classifications and multiple memberships. Chapter 15 is about
longitudinal data, with a fixed occasion design (i.e., repeated measures
data) as well as those with a variable occasion design, where the time
moments of measurement may differ arbitrarily between subjects. This
chapter indicates how the flexibility of the multilevel model gives important
opportunities for data analysis (e.g., for incomplete multivariate or
longitudinal data) that were unavailable earlier. Chapter 16 is about
multilevel analysis for multivariate dependent variables. Chapter 17
describes the multilevel modeling of dichotomous, ordinal, and frequency
data.
Each chapter starts with an overview and finishes with a summarizing
glossary, which we have called a glommary. The glommaries can be
consulted to gain rapid overviews of what is treated in the various chapters.
If additional textbooks are sought, one could consider the excellent
introductions by Hox (2010) and Gelman and Hill (2007); Raudenbush and
Bryk (2002), for an elaborate treatment of the hierarchical linear model;
Longford (1993), Goldstein (2011), Demidenko (2004), and de Leeuw and
Meijer (2008a) for more detailed mathematical background; and Skrondal
and Rabe-Hesketh (2004) for further modeling, especially latent variable
models.

1.2.1 Prerequisites
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
was neither unsightly, nor an obstruction; however, to our great
disappointment, our appeal was non-suited.
“The removal of our ‘stand’ has not only deprived us of the means of
obtaining an honest livelihood, but, in fact, has compelled us to pledge and
sell our very clothes to provide a subsistence. Nor is this the worst; the
deprivation of the ‘stand’ occasioned such a shock to the female petitioner
(Lacey’s wife) as to bring upon her a nervous excitement, under which she
suffered intensely for upwards of eight months, and great doubts were
entertained that she would have been deprived of her reason altogether. In
addition to their other distresses, your petitioners regret, most painfully, to
add that their daughter, eighteen years of age, at the present time lies
dangerously ill of scarlet fever.”
At the end of June, 1852, the drive and promenade on the north side of
the Serpentine were widened and improved; whilst the old wooden railing
was replaced by the iron rail now existing, in August of the same year. In
March, 1854, the principal promenades were relaid with gravel, and the site
of the exhibition of 1851, being entirely covered with grass, and no trace of
the huge building left, was thrown open once more to the public. In
September, 1855, at the close of the season, the Serpentine underwent a
thorough revision, the holes in which many persons had lost their lives were
filled up, and the bed of the pond levelled, whilst the various sewers which
had so long run into it from Notting Hill to Bayswater were diverted into a
different channel in the main road.
We have no evidence when free seats began in Hyde Park; they were
probably in existence when the Park was first thrown open to the public; but
we do know when the movable chairs, for which a charge was and is made,
were introduced—in 1820, when some twenty or thirty were placed near
Stanhope Gate. Sir Benjamin Hall, when Chief Commissioner of Works,
provided free seats in plenty along the north side of Rotten Row; but when
he was succeeded by Lord John Manners, the latter had them all removed
early in 1859, and an abundance of chairs for hire was substituted in their
place. This doubtless tended to make that lounging place more select, but a
popular outcry was raised about it, and a few of the free seats were
grudgingly reinstated. In 1859 the band stand was erected, since when most
excellent music has been discoursed there, for the delectation of her
Majesty’s lieges.
 In The Times of July 30, 1864, is a letter complaining of the disgraceful
state of Hyde Park—“where may be seen, every day, hordes of half dressed,
filthy men and women, lying about in parties, and no doubt concocting
midnight robberies. There appear to be police and park-keepers enough to
prevent this, but they state they have no orders to remove them. The evil is
increasing, and it is hardly safe to allow ladies and children, who are
anxious to have their daily walks in Hyde Park without being disgusted at
the proceedings practised there daily.”
That the state of the Park has not improved, especially on Sundays, or at
night, see the correspondence on the subject in The Times, Sept. and Oct.,
1895.
From this time to the present, there is little to chronicle of the Park,
except that in 1877 a three-storied villa containing some thirteen rooms was
erected in the Park, as a residence for the head gardener, at the expense of
Mr. Albert Grant, in lieu of a lodge in Kensington Gardens, which was
demolished, by permission, because it interfered with an uninterrupted view
of the Gardens from Kensington House, which Mr. Grant was then building
at a fabulous cost, for his residence, but which was pulled down before it
was ever inhabited. Of course there have been, and are still, grumbles, but
they are about trifles—and, as a rule, the Park is very well kept, there being
a shade of partiality towards the south side, in preference to the north, as
anyone can see who draws an imaginary line from the middle of Park Lane
to the centre of Kensington Gardens.
 CHAPTER XXIII.
Works of art in the Park—Drinking fountain—Marble Arch—Hyde Park Corner—
Achilles statue—Walk round the Park—Cemetery of St. George’s, Hanover Square
—Sterne’s tomb and burial—Tyburn tree—The Tybourne—People executed—
Henrietta Maria’s penance—Locality of the gallows—Princess Charlotte—
Gloucester House—Dorchester House—Londonderry House—Apsley House—
Allen’s apple stall—The Wellington Arch—Statues of the Duke—St. George’s
Hospital, Knightsbridge—A fight on the bridge—Albert Gate and George Hudson
—Knightsbridge Barracks.

Works of Art in the Park are conspicuous by their general absence. There is
a drinking fountain near the Bayswater Road, a fountain on the site of the
Chelsea Waterworks reservoir—the statue of Achilles, the Marble Arch, and
the Gate at Hyde Park Corner.
The drinking fountain was dedicated on Feb. 29, 1868, with a great
function in which figured the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Duke of
Cambridge, Lord Harris, and many other noblemen. This fountain was the
gift of the Maharajah of Vizianagram, K.C.S.I., and cost about £1200. The
material employed is box-ground stone, the columns being blue pennant,
and the bowls polished granite. The form of the fountain is quadrangular,
and the style early Gothic. On two sides are the portrait and arms of the
Maharajah; and on the remaining two sides the portrait and arms of her
Majesty Queen Victoria. On one of the recesses is the following inscription,
in old English character:—“This fountain, the gift of the Maharajah Murza
Vizeram Gujaputty Raj Munca Sooltan, Bahadoor of Vizianagram, K.C.S.I.,
was erected by the Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association, 1868.”
The old Cumberland Gate, which was built about 1744, was, as may be
seen by a water-colour drawing in the Crace Collection (Port. ix. 75), a very
ugly brick construction with wooden gates—but it was removed in 1822,
and handsome iron gates substituted for it. But 1851—which turned Hyde
Park topsy-turvy—did away with them, and in their place was erected the
present Marble Arch, which was originally the chief entrance to
Buckingham Palace. The original estimate for it was £31,000, but that
included £6000 for an equestrian statue of George IV., which was to
surmount it, but was placed instead in Trafalgar Square. One authority says
it cost £80,000, whilst its metal gates cost £3000. It was designed by Nash,
the favourite architect of the Regency and reign of George IV., and is an
adaptation from the Arch of Constantine at Rome. Flaxman, Westmeath,
and Rossi did the ornamentation, and, being of Carrara marble, and kept
scrupulously clean, it forms a very effective entrance to the north of the
Park.
Its removal was effected with great rapidity—for the foundations were
not begun to be dug till the middle of January, 1851. We hear of it in The
Times of Feb. 25, that “the Arch is in a very advanced state, and is, in fact,
fast approaching towards completion. The works are so far advanced that
the massive gates have been fixed in their places, and the whole of the
superstructure is in a very forward condition.” And in The Times of April 1,
1851, we read: “On Saturday (March 29) the re-erection of the Marble Arch
at Cumberland Gate was completed; and, in the course of the week, the
carriage drive will be opened to the public. The blocks of marble of which
the Arch is composed have all been fresh polished, and the structure has
altogether a very chaste appearance. The upper part of the Arch has been
constructed as a police-station, and will contain a reserve of men.”
In 1756, as we may see by a water-colour drawing by Jones (Crace
Collection, Port. x. 39), the Piccadilly entrance to Hyde Park consisted only
of wooden gates, and so it remained until the present entrance was made
from designs by Decimus Burton in 1827. This is a screen of fluted Ionic
columns, supporting an entablature. This is divided into three arched
entrances for carriages, and two for foot passengers. The frieze, which
represents a naval and military triumph, was designed by Henning—and if
it were finished as he wanted it, with groups of statuary on the top, it would
be very fine. By the way, talking of statuary at this spot, in “A New Guide
to London,” 1726, p. 83, we find: “If you please, you may see a great many
Statues at the Statuaries at Hyde-Park Corner.”
Visible from this entrance is the Achilles Statue—the first public nude
statue in England. A great deal of rubbish has been talked about this statue,
especially in attributing its original to Pheidias. Whoever was its sculptor, it
was a marble statue which formed part of a group on the Quirinal Hill at
Rome—which has been christened Achilles for no particular reason, but
that it seemed applicable to a monument from the ladies of England to the
hero of the day, the great Duke of Wellington. The Pope gave the casts, the
Ordnance Office found the metal from captured French cannon, the
Government gave the site, and yet it cost £10,000 before it was erected.
True, Westmacott furnished it with a sword and shield which were not in the
original, and part of the Park wall had to be taken down in order to get it
into the Park, an event which took place on June 18, 1822 (the anniversary
of the Battle of Waterloo). But its beauties were not to be shown on that
occasion, as weighing about 33 tons, it required a lot of fixing—but it was
unveiled on July 14th. The height of this statue is more than 18 feet—and
with the mound, base, plinth, pedestal and statue, it is 36 feet high from the
road level. It was soon found necessary to surround it with an iron
balustrade, as it became a favourite play place of the little gamins of the
Park. On the pedestal is the following inscription:—
TO ARTHUR, DUKE OF WELLINGTON,
AND HIS BRAVE COMPANIONS IN ARMS,
THIS STATUE OF ACHILLES,
CAST FROM CANNON TAKEN ON THE VICTORIES OF
SALAMANCA, VITTORIA, TOULOUSE,
AND WATERLOO,
IS INSCRIBED
BY THEIR COUNTRYWOMEN.
PLACED ON THIS SPOT
ON THE XVIIITH OF JUNE MDCCCXXII
BY COMMAND OF
HIS MAJESTY GEORGE IV.
This statue was lampooned and caricatured very considerably, but both
are somewhat too broad for reproduction nowadays.
Let us now take a walk round the Park—outside—beginning on the
North side. All along the Park, till we come to Tyburn, was open fields and
market gardens, except the mortuary chapel and cemetery of St. George’s,
Hanover Square, and its concomitant, St. George’s Terrace, which we see in
Sandby’s camp picture of “The Toilet.” This burial ground was enclosed
and consecrated in 1764, and comprises an area of about four acres. It is
popularly supposed that Laurence Sterne is buried here—and if you do not
believe it, there is a tombstone to testify to the fact. It is near the centre of
the west wall of the cemetery, and it bears the following inscription:—
Alas, poor Yorick.
Near to this Place
 Lies the body of
The Reverend Laurence Sterne.
Dyed September 13, 1768,
Aged 53 years.
Ah! Molliter, ossa quiescant.

If a sound head, warm heart and breast humane,

Unsully’d worth, and soul without a stain,
If mental powers could ever justly claim
The well-won tribute of immortal fame,
Sterne was the Man who, with gigantic stride,
Mow’d down luxuriant follies far and wide.
Yet, what though keenest knowledge of mankind,
Unseal’d to him the springs that move the mind,
What did it boot him? Ridicul’d, abus’d,
By foes insulted, and by prudes accus’d.
In his, mild reader, view thy future fate,
Like him despise what ’twere a sin to hate.

This monumental stone was erected to the memory of the deceased by two Brother
Masons, for, although he did not live to be a member of their Society, yet all his
incomparable performances evidently prove him to have acted by Rule and Square; they
rejoice in this opportunity of perpetuating his high and unapproachable character to after
ages. W. & S.
If we analyze the above, and search out the truth of it, we find that
Sterne died on March 18th, and was buried in the cemetery on March 22nd,
being followed to the grave by only two persons, his publisher, Becket, and
Mr. Salt, of the India House. It is, and was, currently believed that two
nights after his burial his body was exhumed by the body-snatchers, or
“Resurrection Men,” as they were called, and by them sold to M. Collignon,
Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge: and the story goes on to show, how
among the scientific people the Professor invited to witness his
demonstration, there was one who had been personally acquainted with
Sterne, and who fainted with horror at the sight of his corpse being thus
anatomized. That this story is true is more than probable—exhumation
being rife—so much so, that in the St. James’s Chronicle, Nov. 24-26, 1767,
it is thus recorded of this very Cemetery: “The Burying-Ground in Oxford
Road, belonging to the Parish of St. George’s, Hanover Square, having been
lately robbed of several dead Bodies, a Watch was placed there, attended by
a large Mastiff Dog, notwithstanding which, on Sunday last, some Villains
found Means to steal out another dead Body, and carried off the very Dog.”
Ann Radcliffe, the novelist, who died in 1823, was also buried here.
The old chapel is now pulled down, and a new and much handsomer one
erected in its place; whilst the cemetery has been levelled, planted, pathed,
and seated, in accordance with modern taste.
Continuing our walk, we come to dread Tyburn, with its fatal tree of
which it was written:—

“Since Laws were made for ev’ry degree

To curb vice in others as well as me,
I wonder we ha’n’t better Company
Upon Tyburn Tree.
..........
In short, were Mankind their merits to have,
Could Justice mark out each particular knave,
Two-thirds the Creation would sing the last stave
Upon Tyburn Tree.”

It derives its etymology either from Twy bourne—Two brooks, or the

united brooks; or else from Aye-bourne[60]—t’Aye bourne—which rises in
Hampstead, and receiving nine other rills, crossed Oxford Street about
Stratford Place, by the Lord Mayor’s Hunting Lodge, now Sedley Place,
where conduits were built to receive water from it for the use of the City:
which conduits were found in pretty fair repair in Aug., 1875. It ran by
Lower Brook Street, which owes its name to it, as does also Hay (Aye) hill
—Lansdowne Gardens, Half Moon Street, crossed Piccadilly, where it was
spanned by a bridge, and thence into the Green Park, where it formed a
pond. Running past Buckingham Palace, it divided and formed Thorney
Island—or Westminster—one outfall turning the Abbey Mill.
Tyburn has been a place of execution for centuries, the earliest I can find
being in “Roger de Wendover,” who mentions that, A.D. 1196, William Fitz-
osbert, or Longbeard, was drawn through the City of London, by horses, to
the gallows at Tyburn. We hear occasionally of executions there in the 14th
and 15th centuries, and Perkin Warbeck was hanged there in 1499—as was
also Elizabeth Barton, the Holy Maid of Kent, in 1534—but I have no wish
to chronicle the people who were here done to death for crime, and
religious and political offences, except to mention that the bodies of Oliver
Cromwell, Ireton and Bradshaw, were exhumed, and on Jan. 30, 1661,
dragged on sledges to Tyburn, where they were suspended till sunset on the
“triple tree.”
That the shape of the Tyburn Gallows was triangular is proved by many
quotations, one of which, from Shakespeare’s Loves Labour’s Lost (Act. iv.
Sc. 3), will suffice:—

Biron.—Thou mak’st the triumviry, the corner cap of society,

The shape of love’s Tyburn, that hangs up simplicity.

There is a story that Queen Henrietta Maria did penance under the
gallows at Tyburn in expiation of the blood of the martyrs who had suffered
thereon. That it was a matter of public report there can be no doubt, as we
may read in the “Reply of the Commissioners of his Majesty the King of
Great Britain, to the proposition presented by Mons. le Maréschal de
Bassompierre, Ambassador Extraordinary from his most Christian
Majesty.”[61] “They (the Bishop of Mande and his priests) abused the
influence which they had acquired over the tender and religious mind of her
majesty, so far as to lead her a long way on foot, through a park, the gates
of which had been expressly ordered by Count de Tilliers to be kept open,
to go in devotion to a place (Tyburn) where it had been the custom to
execute the most infamous malefactors and criminals of all sorts, exposed
on the entrance of a high road; an act, not only of shame and mockery
towards the queen, but of reproach and calumny of the king’s predecessors,
of glorious memory, as accusing them of tyranny in having put to death
innocent persons, whom these people look upon as martyrs, although, on
the contrary, not one of them had been executed on account of religion, but
for high treason. And it was this last act, above all, which provoked the
royal resentment and anger of his Majesty beyond the bounds of his
patience, which, until then, had enabled him to support all the rest; but he
could now no longer endure to see in his house, and in his kingdom, people
who, even in the person of his dearly beloved consort, had brought such a
scandal upon his religion; and violated, in such a manner, the respect due to
the sacred memory of so many great monarchs, his illustrious predecessors,
upon whom the Pope had never attempted, nor had ever been able, to
impose such a mark of indignity, under pretext of penitence, or submission
due to his see.”
 That Charles I. believed this story, there can be but little doubt, for, on
July 12, 1626, he writes to his Ambassador in France: “I can no longer
suffer those that I know to be the cause and fomenters of these humours, to
be about my wife any longer, which I must do if it were but for one action
they made my wife do; which is to make her go to Tyburn in devotion to
pray, which action can have no greater invective made against it than the
relation.”
Replying to the Commissioners, Bassompierre takes up the cudgels for
the Queen, and denies the accusation thus: “The Queen of Great Britain,
with the permission of the King, her husband, gained the jubilee at the
Chapel of the Fathers of the Oratory at St. James’s (Saint Gemmes) with the
devotion suitable to a great Princess, so well born, and so zealous for her
religion—which devotions terminated with Vespers; and some time after the
heat of the day having passed, she went for a walk in the Park of St. James’,
and also in Hyde Park (Hipparc), which adjoins it, as she had, at other
times, been accustomed to do, and frequently in the company of the King,
her husband; but that she has done so in procession, that there have there
been made any prayers, public or private, high or low—that she has
approached the gallows within 50 paces—that she has been on her knees,
holding a book of Hours or a Chaplet in her hands, is what those that
impose these matters do not believe themselves.”
In the Print Room of the British Museum, in that fine collection of
pictures relating to London—Crowle’s interleaved edition of Pennant’s
London—is a very fine engraving of the Queen, praying under the gallows
by moonlight, assisted by a torch-bearer—a coach and six awaiting her
return; but as this picture is manifestly of the last century, it is not worth
reproducing in any way.
Where the gallows stood is still a moot point—but evidence points that
No. 49, Connaught Square was built on its site, and in the lease of the house
from the Bishop of London it is so expressed. Against this a correspondent
in “Notes and Queries” (2 S. x. 198) says, “that the late Mr. Lawford, the
bookseller of Saville Passage, told me that he had been informed by a very
old gentleman who frequented his shop, that the Tyburn Tree stood as
nearly as possible to the public house in the Edgware Road, now known by
the sign of the ‘Hoppoles,’ which is at the corner of Upper Seymour Street;
he having several times witnessed executions there. Amongst them, Dr.
Dodd’s, which had made a strong impression on his memory, on account of
the celebrity of the culprit, and because, when the hangman was going to
put the halter round the doctor’s neck, the latter removed his wig, showing
his bald shaved head; and a shower of rain coming on at the same time,
someone on the platform hastily put up an umbrella, and held it over the
head of the man who had but a minute to live, as if in fear that he might
catch cold.”
Another correspondent (4 S. xi. 98) practically endorses this site. He
says: “The potence itself was in Upper Bryanston Street, a few doors from
Edgware Road, on the northern side. The whole of this side of the street is
occupied by squalid tenements and sheds, now (Feb. 1, 1873) in the course
of demolition, and on the site of one of these, under the level of the present
street, is to be seen a massive brickwork pillar, in the centre of which is a
large socket, evidently for one of the pillars of the old gallows. An ancient
house at the corner of Upper Bryanston Street and Edgware Road, which
has been pulled down within the last few weeks was described to me as the
only one existing in the neighbourhood when executions took place at
Tyburn, and from the balcony in front of which the Sheriffs of London used
to take their official view of the proceedings.”
The date of the last hanging at Tyburn was Nov. 7, 1783.
A curious thing connected with Tyburn was the “Tyburn Ticket.” In the
Morning Herald, March 17, 1802, is this advertisement: “Wanted, one or
two Tyburn Tickets, for the Parish of St. George’s, Hanover Square. Any
person or persons having the same to dispose of may hear of a purchaser,”
etc. These tickets were granted to a prosecutor who succeeded in getting a
felon convicted, and they carried with them the privilege of immunity from
serving all parochial offices. They were transferable by sale (but only once),
and the purchaser enjoyed its privileges. They were abolished in 1818. They
had a considerable pecuniary value, and, in the year of their abolition, one
was sold for £280.
Tyburnia is that part of London bounded south by the Bayswater Road,
east by the Edgware Road, and the west includes Lancaster Gate.
There was a Turnpike called Tyburn Gate which commanded the
Edgware and Uxbridge Roads; and close by, on the north side of the
Bayswater Road—from the corner of the Edgware Road—is Connaught
Terrace; No. 7 of which was, in 1814, the residence of Queen Caroline—
wife of George IV. It was here, and to her mother, that the Princess
Charlotte ran, rather than live at Carlton House, or marry the Prince of
Orange. Then there was great consternation, and the Lord Chancellor, the
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and others, came to reason with her,
but she would none of them, and not even her kind uncle, the Duke of
Sussex, could prevail with her to go back.
Lord Brougham was more successful, and this is a portion of his account
of how he managed the wayward girl: “We then conversed upon the subject
with the others, and after a long discussion on that and her lesser
grievances, she took me aside, and asked me what, upon the whole, I
advised her to do. I said at once, ‘Return to Warwick House, or Carlton
House, and on no account to pass a night out of her own house.’ She was
extremely affected and cried, asking if I, too, refused to stand by her. I said,
quite the contrary, and that as to the marriage, I gave no opinion, except that
she must follow her own inclination entirely, but that her returning home
was absolutely necessary; and in this all the rest fully agreed—her mother,
the Duke of Sussex, Miss Mercer and Lady Charlotte Lindsay, for whom
she had a great respect and regard. I said, that however painful it was to me,
the necessity was so clear, and so strong, that I had not the least hesitation
in advising it. She again and again begged me to consider her situation, and
to think whether, looking to that, it was absolutely necessary she should
return.
“The day now began to dawn, and I took her to the window. The election
of Cochrane (after his expulsion, owing to the sentence of the Court, which
both insured his re-election and abolished the pillory) was to take place that
day. I said, ‘Look there, Madam; in a few hours all the streets and the park,
now empty, will be crowded with tens of thousands. I have only to take you
to the window, show you to the crowd, and tell them your grievances, and
they will rise in your behalf.’ ‘And why should they not?’ I think she said,
or some such words. ‘The commotion,’ I answered, ‘will be excessive;
Carlton House will be attacked,—perhaps pulled down; the soldiers will be
ordered out; blood will be shed; and if your Royal Highness were to live a
hundred years, it never would be forgotten that your running away from
your father’s house was the cause of the mischief; and you may depend
upon it, such is the English people’s horror of bloodshed, you would never
get over it.’ She at once felt the truth of my assertion, and consented to see
her uncle Frederic (the Duke of York) below stairs, and return with him. But
she required one of the Royal carriages should be sent for, which came with
her governess, and they, with the Duke of York, went home about five
o’clock.”
Turning down Park Lane, we find Gloucester House, the residence of
H.R.H. the Duke of Cambridge, and it is so called because it was bought by
the late Duke of Gloucester on his marriage. Formerly the Earl of Elgin
lived here, and here he exhibited the “Elgin Marbles” which are now the
pride of the classical section of the British Museum. Byron, in his Curse of
Minerva, thus writes of them:—

“While brawny brutes, in stupid wonder stare,

And marvel at his lordship’s ‘stone shop’ there.”

Lower down is Dorchester House, the residence of Capt. Holford,

erected in 1852-4. It is so named because it stands on the site of a house
belonging to the Damers, Earls of Dorchester. It is celebrated for its
libraries, engravings, and paintings by the old masters. Yet nearer Hyde
Park Corner is Londonderry House, the town house of the Marquess of
Londonderry, K.G.
Hyde Park Corner, as shown in a water-colour drawing of 1756 in the
Crace Collection, gives us a good idea of what it was like—its wooden
gates, its apple stall, the row of squalid cottages, and the public-house
called the “Hercules’ Pillars”—where now stand Apsley House and the
houses of the Rothschilds. Anent the apple stall, the story is told that the
wife of a discharged soldier named Allen kept it during the reign of George
II. Allen somehow attracted the notice of the King, who, upon learning that
he had fought at Dettingen, asked what he could do for him. Allen asked for
the grant of the bit of land on which his hut and apple stall stood, and the
boon was granted. In 1784, Allen’s representative sold the ground to Henry,
Lord Apsley, who was then Lord Chancellor, who thereon built a red brick
house, which he is said to have designed, and, having built the first floor,
found that he had forgotten any staircases to go up higher.
In 1820 it was purchased by the nation and settled on the great Arthur,
Duke of Wellington, and his heirs for ever, but it had to undergo many
alterations before it took its present shape. Many of my readers will
remember the bullet-proof iron shutters which were put up at every window
facing Piccadilly, after all the windows had been smashed by a mob during
the popular ferment caused by the Reform Bill. They were never opened
during the old Duke’s life, and were only taken down by his son in 1856.
The story of these iron shutters is thus told by the Rev. R. Gleig, in his Life
of Arthur, Duke of Wellington (ed. 1864, p. 360):—
“The Duke was not in his place in the House of Lords on that memorable
day when the King went down to dissolve (prorogue) Parliament (April
22nd, 1831). He had been in attendance for some time previously at the sick
bed of the Duchess, and she expired just as the Park guns began to fire. He
was therefore ignorant of the state into which London had fallen, till a
surging crowd swept up from Westminster to Piccadilly, shouting and
yelling, and offering violence to all whom they suspected of being anti-
reformers. By-and-by, volleys of stones came crashing through the windows
at Apsley House, breaking them to pieces, and doing injury to more than
one valuable picture in the gallery. The Duke bore the outrage as well as he
could, but determined never to run a similar risk again. He guarded his
windows, as soon as quiet was restored, with iron shutters, and left them
there to the day of his death—a standing memento of a nation’s
ingratitude.”
The illustration representing the Duke looking out of his smashed
windows is taken from Political Sketches by H.B. (John Doyle), No. 267,
June 10th, 1833, and is entitled “Taking an Airing in Hyde Park; a portrait,
Framed but not YET Glazed.”
Nearly opposite Apsley House, and at the top of Constitution Hill, stands
an Arch which was originally intended as a private entrance to Buckingham
Palace; but it was erected on its present site about 1828, when Burton put
up his screen at the entrance to Hyde Park. It is now more generally known
as the Wellington Arch, from its having been surmounted by a colossal
bronze equestrian statue of the great Duke, by Matthew Cotes Wyatt, in
1846. This was the outcome of a public subscription for the purpose, which
is said to have amounted to £36,000. So much ridicule, however, was
heaped upon it, that it was taken
 THE BROKEN WINDOWS AT APSLEY HOUSE, 1831.
Page 280.

down in January, 1883, and removed to Aldershot in August, 1884, where it

now is. A new statue on a pedestal supported by four soldiers, by Sir J. E.
Boehm, was afterwards erected on nearly the same spot, and was unveiled
by the Prince of Wales, on December 21, 1888.
St. George’s Hospital, which stands close by, owes its existence to some
dissension in the government of the Westminster Infirmary—and the
seceders, in 1733, took Lanesborough House, on the site of the present
hospital. The house being found too small, wings were added, and, even
then, want of space compelled the governors to pull it down and erect a new
one, which was finished in 1834—since when it has been much enlarged.
Knightsbridge is a very old hamlet—adjacent to Hyde Park Corner and
thence running westward, bounded on the north by the Park. It is supposed
to have taken its name from a bridge over the Westbourne, which ran across
the road previous to its falling into the Thames at Chelsea. In Ellis’s
Introduction to Norden’s Essex, p. XV., he says that Norden, describing in
1593 the bridges of most use in Middlesex, “enumerates ‘Kinges bridge,
commonly called Stone bridge, nere Hyde parke corner, wher I wish noe
true man to walke too late without good garde, unless he can make his
partie good, as dyd Sir H. Knyvet, Knight, who valiantlye defended
himselfe, ther being assaulted, and slew the master theefe with his owne
hands.’ ”
This bridge was as near as possible where Albert Gate now stands—one
of the mansions there being once occupied by George Hudson, the Railway
King, who bought it for £15,000. From being a small draper at York, with
his own savings and a legacy of £30,000, he amassed a large fortune by
promoting Railway Companies. When the Railway mania collapsed he
became very poor, but a few friends having subscribed £4800, they bought
him an annuity with it, on which he lived until his death, in 1871.
The Barracks for the Household Cavalry are also in Knightsbridge, and
not many years ago they were condemned as being unsanitary, and the
present magnificent block built in their stead. From them to Kensington
Gardens, there is nothing particular to note.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LD.,
ST. JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C.

FOOTNOTES:
[1] Ancestor of the family of Mandeville, Earls of Essex.
[2] A hide was 100 or 120 acres—as much land as one plough could cultivate in a
year.
[3] A Carucate was as much arable land as could be cultivated by one plough in a
year, with sufficient meadow and pasture for the team.
[4] A plough is the same as a Carucate.
[5] These were not slaves, but persons used and employed in the most servile
work, and belonging, both they and their children, and their effects, to the lord of the
soil, like the rest of the cattle or stock upon it.
[6] A Virgate was from 8 to 16 acres of land.
 [7] Bordars were peasants holding a little house, bigger than a cottage, together
with some land of husbandry.
[8] An History of the Church of St. Peter, Westminster, by R. Widmore, 1751.
[9] John of Gaunt, brother of Edward III., and titular King of Castile.
[10] Strype’s edit, of Stow’s Survey, ed. 1720. Book VI. p. 80.
[11] Lord Burghley, High Steward of Westminster.
[12] Who had formerly been a kind of companion to his wife.
[13] England under the reigns of Edward VI. and Mary, by P. E. Tytler. Lond.
1839, vol i. p. 288.
[14] Illustrations of British History, etc., by E. Lodge. Lond. 1791, vol. ii. p. 205.
[15] The Duke of Anjou and his Court.
[16] Keeper, whose duty was to shoot trespassing dogs, and foxes.
[17] His lodge.
[18] Correspondence of Lord Scudamore, Ambassador at Paris in 1635, etc.,
privately printed.
[19] Vol. ii. p. 508.
[20] Mercurius Politicus. January 29-February 5, 1657.
[21] Mercurius Politicus. January 15-22, 1657, and The Publick Intelligencer,
January 19-26, 1657.
[22] Mercurius Politicus. February 12-19, 1657.
[23] “Amusements Serious and Comical, Calculated for the Meridian of London.”
Lond. 1700, p. 55.
[24] “Environs of London.” D. Lysons, 2nd ed. vol. ii. part i. p. 117.
[25] Amelia, by Hy. Fielding, ed. 1752. Book 5, ch. vi. p. 132.
[26] Brit. Mus. 515. 1. 2/215
[27] Richardson.
[28] The Duke of York, afterwards James II.
[29] Whenever “the tour” is mentioned, the “Ring” is meant which was the most
fashionable part.
[30] Rox. ii. 379.—Lutt. ii. 147.
[31] 1st Series, 2nd edition, 1862, p. 71.
[32] The age of the Prince Regent.
[33] Technically we were then at war with America—a war which began June
18th, 1812, and was ended by the Peace of Ghent, December 24th, 1814.
 [34] These mimic ships were drawn by artillery horses from the Thames side to the
Serpentine.
[35] Morning Chronicle, June 30, 1838; p. 4, c. 3.
[36] The “Book of Fame,” by Geoffrey Chaucer; printed by Caxton, 1486 (?)
[37] Dais.
[38] Punch, June 29, 1850.
[39] This was no mandarin, but the shipper of a Chinese junk, then on exhibition,
who had dressed himself gorgeously, and obtained admission somehow.
[40] 6s. iv. 172.
[41] The writer saw the messenger returning from the King at Kensington, and the
execution.
[42] “Celebrities of London and Paris.” 3rd Series, 1865.
[43] The Bishop of Durham is a Prince Palatine, as well as a Bishop, and on
entering his palatinate used to be, and may be now, girt with a sword.
[44] “A ramble thro’ Hyde Park; or, the Humours of the Camp.” London, 1722.
[45] Oil-cloth.
[46] Then called Buckingham House.
[47] Next in rank to gunners.
[48] Really, 841 cavalry and 7351 infantry.
[49] The barrels and locks of the muskets of that date were bright and burnished.
Browning military gun-barrels were not introduced till 1808.
[50] The then Chief Commissioner of Police.
[51] This Mr. Walpole denied in a letter to The Times, July 26th.
[52] So called because it was there that the Reform League used to hold their
meetings.
[53] 35 and 36 Vic. C. 15 (June 27, 1872); by which it is set forth in the first
Schedule, “That no person shall deliver, or invite any person to deliver any public
address in a park, except in accordance with the rules of the park.”
[54] A police inspector specially active in pursuit of Anarchists—knowing all their
haunts, etc.
[55] Now Sir E. Lawson, Bart., editor of The Daily Telegraph.
[56] 1000l.
[57] Then Chief Commissioner of Police.
[58] Probably meaning Sunday, 24th March.
[59] Now the French Embassy, and the London and County Banking Company.
 [60] In a plan of “Part of Conduit Mead”—about 1720—the little stream is called
“Aye brook.”
[61] “Memoirs of the Embassy of the Marshal de Bassompierre to the Court of
England in 1626,” p. 138. Translated. Lond. 1819.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HYDE PARK FROM
DOMESDAY-BOOK TO DATE ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States
copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy
and distribute it in the United States without permission and
without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the
General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree
to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease
using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for
keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the
work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement
by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full
Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and
with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country
where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of
the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
 containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute

this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must,
at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy,
a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy
upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
 payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these
efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium
on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as,
but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data,
transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property
infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be
read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in
paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic
work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for
damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE
THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT
EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE
THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of
receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you
paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you
received the work from. If you received the work on a physical
medium, you must return the medium with your written
explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the
defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu
of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.
If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund
in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set

forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’,
WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this
agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this
agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the
maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable
state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of
this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless
from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that
arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you
do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project
Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or
deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect
you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new
computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of
volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project
Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™
collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In
2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was
created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project
Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your
efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the
Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-
profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the
laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status
by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or
federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions
to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax
deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and
your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500

West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact
links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation’s website and official page at
www.gutenberg.org/contact
 Section 4. Information about Donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission
of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works
that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form
accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated
equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly
important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws

regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of
the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform
and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many
fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not
solicit donations in locations where we have not received written
confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine
the status of compliance for any particular state visit
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states

where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know
of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from
donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot

make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations
received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp
our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current

donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a
number of other ways including checks, online payments and
credit card donations. To donate, please visit:
www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could
be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose
network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several

printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by
copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus,
we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any
particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new
eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear
about new eBooks.
back
back
back
back
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com