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Topic 4 Basic Differential Forms

This document outlines the basic conservation laws of fluid mechanics—mass, momentum, and energy—in differential form, essential for fluid dynamics analysis. It includes equations for mass conservation, momentum conservation (Navier-Stokes equations), and energy conservation, along with simplifying assumptions and physical interpretations of terms. Additionally, multiple choice questions are provided to test understanding of these concepts.

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18 views4 pages

Topic 4 Basic Differential Forms

This document outlines the basic conservation laws of fluid mechanics—mass, momentum, and energy—in differential form, essential for fluid dynamics analysis. It includes equations for mass conservation, momentum conservation (Navier-Stokes equations), and energy conservation, along with simplifying assumptions and physical interpretations of terms. Additionally, multiple choice questions are provided to test understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

hassanjameal7
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 4: Basic Differential Forms of

Basic Laws for System and Control


Volumes
Expanded Summary:

This topic explains how the basic conservation laws of fluid mechanics—mass, momentum,
and energy—are written in differential form. These forms describe the local behavior of
fluids at a specific point in space and time, which is essential for advanced fluid dynamics
analysis and simulations.

1. Mass Conservation (Continuity Equation):


- For compressible flow: ∂ρ/∂t + ∇·(ρV) = 0
- For incompressible flow: ∇·V = 0
Where:
- ρ is the density of the fluid.
- V is the velocity vector.
- ∇· is the divergence operator, representing outflow.
This equation ensures that mass is neither created nor destroyed at any point.

2. Momentum Conservation (Navier-Stokes Equations):


ρ(∂V/∂t + V·∇V) = -∇P + μ∇²V + ρg
Where:
- ∂V/∂t is the local acceleration.
- V·∇V is the convective acceleration.
- ∇P is the pressure gradient.
- μ∇²V represents the viscous forces (diffusion).
- ρg represents external body forces (like gravity).
This equation is the vector form of Newton’s Second Law applied to fluids.

3. Energy Conservation (Differential Form):


ρ(∂e/∂t + V·∇e) = -P(∇·V) + ∇·(k∇T) + Φ
Where:
- e is internal energy per unit mass.
- P(∇·V) is the work done by pressure.
- ∇·(k∇T) is the heat conduction term.
- Φ is the viscous dissipation function (energy lost to friction).
This equation includes the First Law of Thermodynamics for a control volume.

4. Simplifying Assumptions:
- Steady flow: No changes with time (∂/∂t = 0).
- Incompressible: Constant density (∇·V = 0).
- Inviscid: No viscosity (μ = 0), removes viscous terms.
These simplify the Navier-Stokes equations to Euler or Bernoulli equations.

5. Physical Interpretation of Terms:


- Convective terms account for transport due to the fluid’s movement.
- Diffusive terms reflect the effects of viscosity or heat conduction.
- Source/sink terms indicate any external additions/removals (e.g., heat, mass).
Understanding the meaning of each term is essential for setting up fluid simulations or
solving analytical problems.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ):


1. 1. What does the term ∇·V = 0 signify in the continuity equation?

 A) Steady flow
 B) Compressible flow
 C) Incompressible flow
 D) Irrotational flow

Correct Answer: C

2. 2. The Navier-Stokes equation is derived from which fundamental law?

 A) Conservation of energy
 B) Newton’s second law
 C) First law of thermodynamics
 D) Bernoulli’s principle

Correct Answer: B

3. 3. What does the term μ∇²V represent in the momentum equation?


 A) Pressure gradient
 B) Convective acceleration
 C) Viscous forces
 D) Inertial forces

Correct Answer: C

4. 4. Which term in the energy equation represents heat conduction?

 A) ∇·(k∇T)
 B) Φ
 C) -P(∇·V)
 D) ρ(∂e/∂t)

Correct Answer: A

5. 5. The viscous dissipation function is symbolized by:

 A) k
 B) Φ
 C) T
 D) μ

Correct Answer: B

6. 6. Which assumption removes the viscous term from the momentum equation?

 A) Steady flow
 B) Incompressible flow
 C) Inviscid flow
 D) Laminar flow

Correct Answer: C

7. 7. The term V·∇V in the Navier-Stokes equation refers to:

 A) Local acceleration
 B) Convective acceleration
 C) Diffusive transport
 D) Pressure work

Correct Answer: B

8. 8. When is the term ∂ρ/∂t equal to zero?


 A) Compressible flow
 B) Incompressible steady flow
 C) Turbulent flow
 D) Rotational flow

Correct Answer: B

9. 9. In the energy equation, internal energy is represented by:

 A) e
 B) P
 C) T
 D) μ

Correct Answer: A

10. 10. Which simplification leads to Bernoulli’s equation?

 A) Compressible, viscous flow


 B) Steady, inviscid, incompressible flow
 C) Rotating flow
 D) Laminar, turbulent flow

Correct Answer: B

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