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Computing Revision

The document is a Year 8 revision sheet covering three main units: Digital Citizenship, Web Design, and Networks. It includes key concepts such as media balance, copyright, HTML structure, CSS styling, and various types of networks like LAN and WAN. Each section provides definitions, examples, and explanations to aid in understanding digital literacy and web development.

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19 views27 pages

Computing Revision

The document is a Year 8 revision sheet covering three main units: Digital Citizenship, Web Design, and Networks. It includes key concepts such as media balance, copyright, HTML structure, CSS styling, and various types of networks like LAN and WAN. Each section provides definitions, examples, and explanations to aid in understanding digital literacy and web development.

Uploaded by

ridhakhalid09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Year 8

Term one
Revision sheet

Unit (1): Digital Citizenship


1. My Media Use
Inventory: A complete list of items or actions, such as property or goods.

Media Balance: Using media in a way that feels healthy and in balance with other life
activities (family, friends, school, hobbies, etc.).

Guideline: A set of criteria or piece of advice for how to do something.

Consumer: A person who buys products or services to use.

2. Big, Big Data


Data: Facts and statistics collected together to be used for different purposes.

Targeted Advertising: When apps or websites use information that they have collected
about you to show you certain types of advertisements.

Limiting tracked data steps:


1. Turning off cookies
2. Adjusting privacy settings
3. Limiting what we share
Cookies: Small text files stored on a computer that keep track of what a person does on a
website.

3. My Social Media Life

Social Media: Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to
participate in social networking.

• Snapchat is now the most popular app and use of Facebook has declined sharply.

Oversharing: Sharing personal feelings, information or experiences that later make


someone feel uncomfortable or regretful.

• Building real relationships with people is much easier face to face. Those
relationships are stronger and last longer.

4. Copyright and Fair Dealing


Copyright: Legal protection that creators have over the things they create.

Public Domain: Creative work that's not copyrighted and free to use without permission.

Fair Dealing: The circumstances in which copyrighted works can be used without
permission from the copyright owner.
Unit (2): Web Design
A website is a collection of interconnected web pages that are accessible through the
internet.

Web pages are files that contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia elements.
Web pages can be accessed through web browsers like Google Chrome or Safari.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the core language for creating web pages. It
defines the structure and content of a web page, using tags to markup text and images,
as well as other elements.

Content is placed between the opening and closing tags of different elements to define
its purpose and layout.

While HTML defines the structure and content, its presentation is usually controlled by
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets).

A simple web page can be designed using basic HTML tags, like headings, paragraphs,
lists, images, and links. Each tag has its purpose in defining the structure and content of
the web page.

Define the basic structure of the web page using tags like <html>, <head>, <body>, and
<title> to create a well-organized page.

Use CSS to add style and formatting to the elements on the page, for example, changing
colours, fonts, sizes, and layouts.

To add an image to a web page, use the <img> tag with a "src" attribute to specify the
image source and an "alt" attribute for alternative text if the image doesn't load.
To create a hyperlink, use the <a> tag with a "href" attribute that specifies the URL to
link to. Put the text that you want to make into a link between the opening and closing
tags.

Basic HTML Tags Explained


HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is used to create the structure of web pages. Here
are some essential tags:

1. Document Structure Tags


<!DOCTYPE html>
• Declares the document type and version of HTML being used.
• Example: <!DOCTYPE html> (for HTML5).

<html>
• The root element of an HTML document, containing all other elements.
Example:
<html>
<head> </head>
<body> </body>
</html>

<head>
• Contains meta-information about the document (not displayed on the page).
Example:
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
• Contains the visible content of the web page.
Example:
<body>
<h1>Hello World!</h1>
<p>Welcome to my website.</p>
</body>

2. Heading Tags
<h1> to <h6>
• Represent headings, with <h1> being the largest and <h6> the smallest.
Example:
o <h1>Main Heading</h1>
o <h2>Subheading</h2>

3. Text Formatting Tags


<p>
• Defines a paragraph.
Example:
<p> This is a paragraph. </p>
<b> and <strong>
• Make text bold.
• <b> is for styling, while <strong> conveys importance.
Example:
o <b>Bold Text</b>
o <strong>Important Text</strong>
<i> and <em>
• Make text italicized.
• <i> is for styling, while <em> adds emphasis.
Example:
o <i>Italic Text</i>
o <em>Emphasized Text</em>
<br>
• Inserts a line break.
Example:
Line 1<br>Line 2
<hr>
• Inserts a horizontal rule.
Example:
<hr>

4. Link and Image Tags


<a>
• Creates a hyperlink for an external website.
Example:
<a href="https://example.com"> Visit Example </a>

<img>
• Embeds an image.
Example:
<img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">
5. List Tags
Ordered List (<ol>)
• Creates a numbered list.
Example:
<ol>
<li>First Item</li>
<li>Second Item</li>
</ol>

Unordered List (<ul>)


• Creates a bulleted list.
Example:
<ul>
<li>First Item</li>
<li>Second Item</li>
</ul>

List Item (<li>)


• Represents an item in a list.
• Example (see above in <ol> and <ul>).
6. Table Tags
<table>
• Creates a table.
Example:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Header</th>
<th>Header</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Data</td>
<td>Data</td>
</tr>
</table>

<tr>
• Defines a row in a table.

<td>
• Defines a cell in a row.

<th>
• Defines a table header.
7. Input and Form Tags
<form>
• Defines a form for user input.
Example:
<form action="submit.php" method="post">
<input type="text" name="username">
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

<input>
• Defines an input field.
Example:
<input type="text" placeholder="Enter text">

<button>
• Defines a clickable button.
Example:
<button>Click Me</button>

8. Multimedia Tags
<video>
• Embeds a video.
Example:
<video controls>
<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
</video>
<audio>
• Embeds audio content.
Example:
<audio controls>
<source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
</audio>

Basics of HTML Images


Key Concepts
• The <img> tag is used to embed images in an HTML document. It is a self-closing
tag.
• Attributes of the <img> tag:
o src (source): Specifies the path to the image file.
o alt (alternative text): Provides text to display if the image cannot load.
o width and height: Define the dimensions of the image in pixels or
percentages.
Syntax example
<img src="example.jpg" alt="Description of image" width="300" height="200">
Explanation
• src: Points to the location of the image (relative or absolute path).
• alt: Improves accessibility and SEO; helps screen readers describe the image.
• width and height: Maintain proportional scaling to avoid distortion.
Basics of the HTML <a> (Link) Tag

• The <a> tag in HTML is used to create hyperlinks, allowing users to navigate from
one page to another or from one location on a page to another. It's one of the
fundamental elements of the web, enabling interconnectivity between web
pages.

Attributes of the <a> Tag


href Attribute
• Specifies the URL or path the link navigates to.
• Can be an absolute URL (e.g., https://example.com) or a relative URL (e.g.,
page.html).
• Example:
<a href="https://example.com">Visit Example</a>
title Attribute
• Provides additional information about the link when the user hovers over it.
• Enhances accessibility and gives context to the link.
• Example:
<a href="https://example.com" title="Click to learn more">Visit
Example</a>
HTML Paragraph Tag Basics
The HTML <p> tag is used to define paragraphs in a web page. It is a block-level element
that starts on a new line and is primarily used for text content.

1. Structure of the <p> Tag


The <p> tag has an opening tag <p> and a closing tag </p>. Any text content placed
between these tags is treated as a paragraph.
Example:
<p>This is a paragraph of text.</p>

2. Key Features
• Paragraphs are automatically spaced out with default margins provided by
browsers.

3. Nesting Tags Inside Paragraphs


You can include other inline elements like <b>, <i>, or <a> within a paragraph for
additional formatting or linking.
Example:
<p>This is a <b>bold</b> word, and this is an <a
href="https://example.com">example link</a>.</p>

4. Line Breaks in Paragraphs


If you need a line break within a paragraph without creating a new paragraph, use the
<br> tag.
Example:
<p>This is the first line.<br>This is the second line.</p>
5. Section Breaks in Paragraphs

• Section breaks in paragraphs allow you to divide content into meaningful sections for
clarity and organization.
• Use the <hr> tag to create a visual separator between sections
Example:
<p>This is the first section of text.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is the second section of text.</p>

CSS Basic Syntax


CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style HTML elements and control their layout,
appearance, and behaviour.
• Selector: Targets the HTML element to style.
• Declaration Block: Contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.
Example:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}

1. Structure of CSS Syntax


selector {
property: value;
}
Explanation:
• Selector: Identifies the HTML element(s) to style (e.g., p, .class, #id).
• Property: Specifies the styling aspect (e.g., color, font-size).
• Value: Assigns the desired style for the property (e.g., red, 16px).
Example:
p{
color: blue;
font-size: 14px;
}

2. Setting a Background Colour


Property: background-color
The background-color property sets the background colour of an element.
Syntax:
selector {
background-color: value;
}

Example:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
3. Setting a Background Image
Property: background-image
The background-image property sets an image as the background of an element.
Syntax:
selector {
background-image: url("image-path");
}
Example of adding a background image:
body {
background-image: url("background.jpg");
}
Unit(3) Networks

A network is a system of interconnected devices or nodes that communicate and share


resources with each other. These devices can include computers, servers, printers,
smartphones, and more. Networks enable data exchange, resource sharing, and
communication, forming the backbone of modern digital systems.

Components of a Network

Key elements include:

• Devices: Computers, printers, or other endpoints.


• Transmission Media: Cables, fiber optics, or wireless connections.
• Protocols: Rules for communication, such as TCP/IP.
• Networking Devices: Routers, switches, and hubs that facilitate data flow.

Here are the detailed definitions of key network concepts:

1. ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Definition:

An ISP is a company or organization that provides users with access to the Internet. ISPs
offer a variety of services, including broadband, DSL, fiber-optic, or wireless connections.

Explanation:

• ISPs act as intermediaries, connecting your home or business to the global


network (Internet) via infrastructure like routers and servers.
• They typically offer additional services such as email accounts, domain
registration, and web hosting.

Examples:

• In the UK: BT, Virgin Media, Sky Broadband.


• Globally: Comcast (USA), Reliance Jio (India).
2. Global Network

Definition:

A global network is a large-scale network that spans multiple countries or continents,


connecting devices and networks worldwide. It is synonymous with the Internet.

Explanation:

• A global network allows seamless communication and data exchange between


different regions.
• It uses a combination of technologies, including undersea cables, satellites, and
data centers, to enable connectivity.

Example Use Case:

• A student in the UK accessing a website hosted in the USA is using the global
network to retrieve data.

3. WAN (Wide Area Network)

Definition:

A WAN is a network that spans a large geographical area, often connecting multiple
smaller networks like LANs (Local Area Networks).

Explanation:

• WANs are used by businesses and organizations to link branch offices and data
centers over cities, countries, or continents.
• They rely on public or private infrastructure, including leased lines, satellite links,
or VPNs.

Examples:

• The Internet is the largest example of a WAN.


• Corporate networks connecting multiple office locations.
4. LAN (Local Area Network)

Definition:

A LAN is a network confined to a small geographical area, like a building or campus, used
for sharing resources among connected devices.

Explanation:

• LANs use Ethernet cables, switches, and routers for connectivity.


• Common in homes, schools, and small businesses for file sharing, printer access,
and Internet connectivity.

Example:

• A school network connecting classrooms to a central server.

5. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Definition:

A MAN is a network that connects multiple LANs within a metropolitan area, such as a
city or campus.

Explanation:

• It provides high-speed connectivity over a wider area than a LAN but smaller
than a WAN.
• Typically used by city governments, universities, or large organizations.

Example:

• A city government network connecting its offices, libraries, and schools.


6. IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

Definition:

An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network, enabling


identification and communication.

Explanation:

• IP addresses can be static (fixed) or dynamic (changing).


• They are categorized into IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.1.1) and IPv6 (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334).

Example:

• Devices like laptops and phones use IP addresses to communicate on the


Internet.

7. DNS (Domain Name System)

Definition:

The DNS translates human-readable domain names (e.g., www.google.com) into IP


addresses that computers use to locate resources.

Explanation:

• It acts as the Internet’s phonebook, ensuring that when you type a website URL,
your browser connects to the correct server.

Example:

• Typing "www.example.com" in a browser translates to its IP address (e.g.,


93.184.216.34).
8. Bandwidth

Definition:

Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a
network in a given amount of time, usually measured in Mbps (Megabits per second) or
Gbps (Gigabits per second).

Explanation:

• Higher bandwidth allows faster data transfer and better performance for
activities like streaming and downloading.

Example:

• Streaming a 4K video smoothly requires high bandwidth.

9. Router

Definition:

A router is a network device that connects multiple networks and directs data packets
between them.

Explanation:

• Routers enable communication between local networks (e.g., LAN) and external
networks (e.g., the Internet).

Example:

• A home Wi-Fi router that connects multiple devices to the Internet.

10. VPN (Virtual Private Network)

Definition:

A VPN extends a private network across a public network, encrypting the connection to
provide security and privacy.
Explanation:

• VPNs allow remote users to securely access resources in a private network.


• They are also used to bypass geographic restrictions and protect online identity.

Example:

• A remote employee accessing their company’s internal network securely.


1. Types of Networks

Definition:

Networks are categorised based on their size, geographic scope, and purpose. The main
types include PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN.

Key Types:

• Personal Area Network (PAN):


A small network covering a personal workspace, typically within 10 metres.
Example: Connecting a smartphone to a smartwatch via Bluetooth.

• Local Area Network (LAN):


A network confined to a single building or campus, used for sharing resources
like printers or data.
Example: School or office network.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):


Connects multiple LANs within a city or large campus, offering high-speed
connectivity.
Example: City-wide government networks.

• Wide Area Network (WAN):


Spans large geographical areas, connecting multiple LANs and MANs.
Example: The Internet.

Comparison Table:

Type Coverage Area Example Use Ownership


PAN 1-10 metres Personal devices Individual
LAN Single building Office or school Organisation
MAN City or campus City-wide connections Public/Private
WAN Global Internet connections Multiple entities
2. Network Devices

Definition:

Network devices are hardware components that facilitate communication and resource
sharing in a network.

Key Devices:

• Router:
Directs data packets between networks. Essential for connecting a LAN to the
Internet.
Example: A home Wi-Fi router.

• Switch:
Connects devices within a LAN, enabling data to flow between them efficiently.
Example: Office network switches.

• Hub:
Similar to a switch but less intelligent, forwarding data to all connected devices.
Example: Basic home network hubs.

• Access Point:
Enables wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
Example: Wi-Fi access points in public places.

• Server:
A computer dedicated to managing network resources, such as files or email.
Example: A file server in an office.
• Client:
A device that accesses resources from a server.
Example: Laptops in an office network.

Diagram Example:

[Router] --> [Switch] --> [PC, Laptop, Printer]


--> [Access Point] --> [Smartphone]

3. Network Protocols

Definition:

Network protocols are rules and conventions for data communication between devices.

Key Protocols:

• HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure):


Used for web browsing. HTTPS ensures encrypted and secure communication.
Example: Accessing websites securely.

• SMTP/IMAP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol/Internet Message Access Protocol):


SMTP sends emails, while IMAP accesses and manages emails on a server.
Example: Using Gmail to send and read emails.

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):


Forms the backbone of internet communication by managing data transmission
and addressing.
Example: Browsing the Internet.

Explanation of HTTPS:

• HTTPS encrypts data using SSL/TLS, protecting sensitive information like passwords
or bank details from interception.
4. Troubleshooting Network Issues

Definition:

Troubleshooting involves identifying and resolving problems that disrupt network


connectivity or performance.

Steps for Troubleshooting:

1. Check Physical Connections:


Verify cables, power supplies, and devices are securely connected.

2. Restart Devices:
Reboot routers, switches, or computers to refresh connections.

3. Verify IP Configuration:
Ensure devices have valid IP addresses for network access.

4. Run Network Diagnostics:


Use built-in tools like ping, tracert, or troubleshooting wizards.

5. Update Firmware/Drivers:
Ensure network devices have the latest software updates.

6. Check for External Issues:


Confirm with your Internet Service Provider (ISP) for any outages.
Example Problem:

Issue: A user cannot access the Internet.


Solution Steps:

1. Verify the router's connection to the ISP.


2. Check the user’s Wi-Fi or Ethernet connection.
3. Reboot the router and user’s device.
4. Run a ping command to test connectivity.

Summary Table

Topic Key Points


Types of Networks PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN definitions, examples, and comparisons
Network Devices Devices like routers, switches, hubs, servers, and their roles
Network Protocols HTTP/HTTPS, SMTP/IMAP, TCP/IP: definitions and uses
Troubleshooting Step-by-step guide to resolving network issues

Benefits of a Network

• Resource Sharing: Printers, storage, and files can be shared.


• Communication: Facilitates email, messaging, and video calls.
• Centralized Management: Allows monitoring and controlling connected devices.
• Data Accessibility: Provides access to shared databases or the Internet.
Summary of Concepts
Concept Key Features
Types of PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN; categorized by size, scope, and use.
Networks
Network Devices Router, Switch, Access Point, Server; facilitate data flow
and connectivity.
Network HTTP/HTTPS, SMTP/IMAP, TCP/IP; enable communication
Protocols and secure data transfer.
Troubleshooting Steps to identify and resolve issues like connectivity
failures.
Network Security Encryption, firewalls, and authentication to protect data
and resources.

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