Written as per the latest syllabus prescribed by Maharashtra state board of textbook production

and curriculum, Research by Pune.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLGY PART-2

CLASS -X

SALIENT FEATURES
 Useful for teachers and students for the best performance.
 Based on Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher
Secondary Education Board curriculum.
 Unit wise test and test papers for practice.
 For Private circulation only.
 Model question paper in accordance with the latest paper pattern.
 Point-wise topic to understand easily.
 Some diagrams are from internet.

Suresh Kenwadkar (M.Sc., B.Ed.)

Rajesh wagh (M.Sc., B.Ed.)

Important notice: - All rights are reserved, no parts of this book may be copied, adapted or translated, store
in any computer, photography, or Xerox or by any means without a prior written permission of the copyright
holders, Mr. Suresh Kenwadkar and Mr. Rajesh Wagh will entail legal action and prosecution without further
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SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

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 INDEX

S.N. CHAPTER PAGE NO

1 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION 03 - 11

2 LIFE PROCESS IN LIVING ORGANISMS – I 11 - 21

3 LIFE PROCESS IN LIVING ORGANISMS – I 21 - 30

4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 31 - 39

5 TOWARDS GREEN ENERGY 40 - 48

6 ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION 48 - 62

7 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY 62 - 71

8 CELL BIOLOGY 71 - 80

9 SOCIAL HEALTH 81 - 86

10 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 87 - 95

Unit Tests 96-106

Test Papers 107- 113

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 1.CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
 Evolution of gas.
Physical Change:  Change in temperature.
 It is a temporary change occurring in a  Formation of precipitate.
substance.
 Physical change is reversible. Chemical equation:
 The composition of matter remains same “Representation of chemical reaction by
 Properties of basic substances do not using chemical formulae called as chemical
change. equation.”
 Example ice converts in to water. Word equation:
Chemical change: “Representation of chemical reaction by
 it is a permanent change occurring in a using chemical formulae called as chemical
substance. equation.”
 Chemical change is Irreversible Methane + Oxygen ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Carbon di oxide +
water.
 The composition of matter changes.
CH4 + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2 + H2O
 Properties of basic substances change.
Writing of chemical equation
 Ex. Ripening of fruits are the examples of
 Write the reactants on LHS (left hand
chemical changes.
side) and products on RHS (Right hand
Chemical reaction:
side).
“The process in which reactants are
 An arrow between reactants and products
converted into products is called as
shows direction of reaction.
chemical reaction”.
 When the number of reactants or
Terms related to chemical reaction
products are more than one then + sign is
Reactant: -The substances which take part
used.
in chemical reaction called reactants.
 When catalyst is required write it on the
Products: - The substances which are
arrow.
formed in chemical reaction are called as
If heat is given it is indicated by sign
products.
above the arrow.
Solute: - The substances which are in lower
quality into the solution called solute.  Write the states of compound at the base.
Solvent: - The substance which is in higher  An arrow in upward direction shows
quantity into the solution called as solvent. gaseous state.
Solution: - Homologous mixture of solute  An arrow in downward direction shows
and solvent called solution. formation of ppt.
Fe + CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeSO4 + Cu ↓  When the reactants and products are in
Reactant Product the aqueous solution, they are indicated by
Fe + CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeSO4 + Cu ↓ (aq).
Solute solvent Solution  Physical states are indicated as solid(s),
liquid(l), gaseous (g).
Characteristics of the chemical Balancing chemical equation
Reactions.  Balance equation: -The chemical
 Change in state. equation in which number of atoms in
 Change in color.
SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

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 reactants and products are same then it is  We find that the number of hydrogen
called as balance equation.” atoms is unequal.
 unbalanced equation: - The chemical  To balance hydrogen and oxygen give
equation in which the number of atoms in suitable coefficient before H2O.
reactants and product are unequal then it  Check the number of all the atoms on both
is called unbalanced equation.” side are equal means balanced.
AgNO3 +NaCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ AgCl + NaNO3
element No. of atoms No. of atoms
Element No. of atoms No. of atoms in in reactant in product
in reactants products Na 2 2
Ag 1 1 O 6 6
N 1 1 H 4 4
O 3 3 S 1 1
Na 1 1
Cl 1 1 Write final balanced chemical equation.

Law of conservation of matter 2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯ Na2SO4 + 2H2O

‘In any reaction the total mass of each of b) Write down the steps in the following
the element in reactant is same as the reaction?
total mass of elements in product this is Step 1. write the given chemical equation.
according to law of mass conservation.” N2 +H2 ⎯⎯⎯ NH3
Steps in balancing chemical reaction Step 2. Count the number of atoms present
Write the given chemical equation. in the reactant and product?
NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯⎯ Na2SO4 + H2O
Check the number of atoms in reactants and Element Reactant Product
products. N 2 1
element No. of atoms No. of atoms H 2 3
in reactant in product
Na 1 2 Step3: Choose the reactant or product
O 5 2 having maximum number of atoms and
H 3 2 equalize them from both sides.
S 1 1 NH3 has maximum number of atoms first
 In above equation sodium and hydrogen balance N by giving suitable coefficient.
are not balanced.
 In product the number of sodium atoms is Element Reactant Product
two. To balance the number of sodium, N 2 1
give suitable coefficient without changing H 2 1X2
basic formula.
 2NaOH + H2SO4 ⎯⎯ Na2SO4 + H2O Apply a coefficient 2 to the product NH3.
 Check whether the equation is balanced or N2 +H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NH3
not. Step 4: count the number atoms from both
the side.
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H2 is not balance yet, 4.Fe and H atoms are still not balanced.
Give a coefficient 3 in reactant before H2 Pick any of these elements to proceed
N2 + 3H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NH3 further. Let us balance hydrogen atoms in
Step 5: now count the number atoms from the partly balanced equation.
both the side. Fe + 4 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 + H2
Element Reactant Product To equalize the number of H atoms, make
N 2 2 the number of molecules of hydrogen as
H 6 6 four on the RHS.
Atom of In reactant In product
In above reaction, number of atoms in Hydrogen
reactants and products become same. Initial 8 2
Step 6 : write the final equation. To balance 8 2X4
N2 + 3H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NH3
Fe + 4 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 + 4H2
3. Fe + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 + H2 5. In Above Equation Fe is not yet
Element Reactant Product balanced to balance Fe give sufficient
Fe 1 3 coefficient in reactant side.
H 2 2 3 Fe + 4 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 + 4H2
O 1 4 6. Finally check the number of atoms in
reactants and products.
3.It is often convenient to start balancing Element Reactant Product
with the compound that contains the Fe 3 3
maximum number of atoms. It may be a H 8 8
reactant or a product. In that compound, O 4 4
select the element which has the maximum
number of atoms. Using these criteria, we 7. Write the physical states at the base.
select Fe3O4 and the element oxygen in it. 3 Fe(s)+ 4 H2O(g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2(g)
There are four oxygen atoms on the RHS
and only one on the LHS. QUESTIONS
To equalize the number of atoms, it must 1.Why should a magnesium ribbon be
be remembered that we cannot alter the cleaned before burning in air?
formulae of the compounds or elements Ans : Magnesium ribbon reacts with
involved in the reactions. For example, to oxygen present in air to form a protective
balance oxygen atoms we can put and inert layer of magnesium oxide on its
coefficient 4' as 4H2O and Now the partly surface. This layer is unreactive and
balanced equation becomes- prevents the ribbon from burning.
Atom of In reactant In product Hence, it needs to be cleaned with sand
Oxygen paper before burning in air.
Initial 1 4 2.Write the balanced equation for the
To balance 1X4 4 following chemical reactions:
(i)Hydrogen + Chlorine ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Hydrogen
chloride
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 H2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 HCl air to form a thin layer of calcium
(II) Barium chloride + Aluminium carbonate on the wall.
sulphate Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCO3 + H2O
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Barium C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2
sulphate+Aluminium chloride 2H2 + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 H2O
3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 3BaSO4↓ +
2AlCl3 Endothermic reaction
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium “The reaction in which heat is absorbed
hydroxide + Hydrogen called endothermic reaction.”
2Na+ 2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaOH + H₂ CaCO3(S) + heat ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaO + CO2
Q 3. Write a balanced chemical NH4Cl + heat ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NH3 +HCl
equation with state symbols for the Exothermic reaction
following reactions:
“The reaction in which heat is evolved is
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and called as exothermic reaction.”
sodium sulphate in water react to give CaO +H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 + heat
insoluble barium sulphate and the NaOH +H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaOH + heat
solution of sodium chloride. CH₁(g) + 202 (g) → CO₂ (g) + 2H₂O (g)
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ BaSO4 (s) +
respiration is an exothermic
2NaCl(aq)
process………..
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in
water) reacts with hydrochloric acid  We all know that we need energy to stay
solution (in water) to produce sodium alive. We get this energy from the food we
chloride solution and water. eat.
(ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq)  During digestion, food is broken down
+H2O(l) into simpler substances. For example, rice,
potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates.
Types of chemical reactions  These carbohydrates are broken down to
1.Combination reactions: - form glucose.
“The reaction in which two or more  This glucose combines with oxygen in the
reactants combine together to form a single cells of our body and provides energy.
product it is called combination reaction.” C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Energy
NH3(g) +HCl(g) ⎯⎯ NH4Cl(s)
2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯ 2MgO 2. Decomposition reaction
Calcium oxide react vigorously with “The reaction in which single reactant
water to produce slaked lime releasing formed two or more products is called
large amount of heat. decomposition reaction.”
CaO + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 + Heat. 2 FeSO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
A solution of slaked lime is used for In above reaction ferrous sulphate
white washing walls. Calcium hydroxide decomposes in to ferric oxide, sulphur
slowly react with the carbon di oxide in dioxide and sulphur trioxide.
Thermal decomposition: -
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“When decomposition is completed in “The reaction in which an atom or group of
presence of heat is called as thermal atom is displaced by another atom or group
decomposition.” of atom to form new product is called as
CaCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaO + CO2 displacement reaction.”
Use your brain power!
Electrolytic decomposition: - CuSO4 + Fe ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeSO4 + Cu↓
“When decomposition is completed by CuSO4 +Pb ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ PbSO4 + Cu↓
using electricity called as electrolytic Pb + CuCl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ PbCl2 + Cu
decomposition.”
Al2O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Al +O2↑ 4.Double displacement reaction
2 Pb(NO3)2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 PbO + “The reactions in which ions of the reactants
4NO2 + O2 are mutually exchanged their places to form
2AgCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ag + Cl2 a precipitate are called double
2AgBr ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ag + Br2 displacement reaction.”

AgNO3 +NaCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaNO3 +

QUESTIONS AgCl
1.A solution of a substance X is used for Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ BaSO4 + 2NaCl
whitewashing.
1. Name the substance X and write its Oxidation reaction
formula. “The chemical reaction in which gain of
2. Write the reaction of the substances oxygen or loss of hydrogen take place is
X named in (i) above with water. called oxidation reaction.”
Ans : Substance X is calcium oxide or 2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2MgO
quicklime its formula is CaO C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2
It react with water to form calcium MgH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Mg + H2
hydroxide. CH3 – CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH2 = CH2
CaO + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 CH3 – CH2 – OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH3 –
𝑲𝟐𝑪𝒓𝟐𝑶𝟕/𝑯𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
2.Why is the amount of gas collected in
COOH
one of the test tubes in activity 1.7
2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CuO
double of the amount collected in the
other? Name this gas.
Reduction reaction
 Chemical formula of water is H2O and its
“The chemical reaction in which a reactant
ratio is 2:1.
combines with hydrogen or loses oxygen to
 When water is electrically decomposing form product is called reduction reaction.”
the constituent gases hydrogen and C + 2H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH4
oxygen are forms in the ratio of 2:1 thus O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ O2 + (O)
the amount of hydrogen become doubled The process in which positive charge
so this gas is hydrogen. decreases or negative charge increases
called reduction.
3.Displacement reaction
Red-ox reaction
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“The chemical reaction in which oxidation Galvanizing is the process of giving a
and reduction take place simultaneously is thin coat of zinc on iron or steel to
called red-ox reaction.” protect from corrosion.
𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 It is used to protect the iron or steel
BaSO4 + 4C ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ BaS +4CO
articles from rusting. Ex. Iron nails or
reduction
𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 pins
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cu + H2O B) Tinning:
Reduction “The process of giving a thin coat of tin
Redox Reaction = Reduction + oxidation. over the metal called as tinning.”
2H2S + SO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 S ↓ + 2 H2O Copper and brass vessels are coated with
H2S is reductant while SO2 is oxidant. tin to prevent corrosion.
MnO2 +4HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ MnCl2 + 2 H2O + C) Anodization:
Cl2 ↑ “The process of coating metal such as
HCl is reductant while MnO2 is oxidant. aluminium and copper with a thin and
strong layer of their oxide by electrolysis
Corrosion is called anodization.”
“The decay or degradation of metals by the In this process, copper or aluminium
action of air, acid and moisture is called as article is used as anode when aluminium
corrosion.” is anodized the thin layer of aluminium
Example of corrosion oxide is formed which prevent the
 When iron expose to air it react with contact of Al metal with air and water.
oxygen get corroded. D) Electroplating:
 Copper vessel get corroded when copper “The process in which less reactive metal
react with CO2to form copper carbonate. is coated by more reactive metal by
 Silver ornamentals become black when electrolysis is called as electroplating.”
silver react with sulphur gas present in Ex. Gold plated ornaments.
atmosphere. It protects the object made of reactive
 Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form metal from corrosion.
aluminium oxide. E) Alloying:
“A homogeneous mixture of two or more
Effects of Corrosion metals, or metal and nonmetals called as
 Corrosion is a wasteful process in most of alloy.”
cases. Bronze ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ copper + tin (10%)
 Every year tones of various metals Steel ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ iron+ nickel+ chromium +carbon
especially iron get wasted. Brass ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ copper +zinc.
 It causes damage to car bodies, bridges,
iron railings, ships and to all objects made F) Amalgam:
of metals. “When one of the metals in an alloy is
Prevention of corrosion mercury then the alloy is called amalgam.”
A) Galvanizing: Ex. Sodium amalgam, zinc amalgam, gold
amalgam.
Rust:
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“When iron react with atmospheric oxygen 2.Why does the colour of copper sulphate
it forms reddish brown substance called solution change when an iron nail is
rust.” dipped in it?
Chemical formula Fe2O3.X H2O”  Iron being more reactive than copper,
Rancidity displaces copper metal from aqueous
“When oil or fats are allowed to stand for copper sulphate solution.
long time their taste and smell changes it is  Thus, blue colour of copper sulphate fades
called rancidity.” away to give green colour solution of
Examples of Rancidity ferrous sulphate.
1.Cooking oil become rancid when kept for Fe(s) +CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
long time.
2.When butter expose for long time develop 2.Give an example of a double
a sour taste and smell. displacement reaction other than the
3.When potato chips are exposed in air for reaction of barium chloride with sodium
few days, the oil in them oxidizes leading to sulphate.
off state.
CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cu + H2O
Prevention of rancidity
Reduction
 Keeping food materials in air-tight
2H2S + SO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 S ↓ + 2 H2O
containers.
 Refrigeration of cooked food at low 3.Identify the substances that are
temperatures. oxidized and the substances that are
 Packing of food items like potato wafers reduced in the following reactions?
etc., in packets containing nitrogen gas a) 4Na + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 Na2O
instead of air. Na is oxidized and O 2 is reduced.
 By adding antioxidants (substances which
prevent oxidation) are added to foods b) CuO + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cu + H2O
containing fats and oil. CuO lose oxygen and form Cu.
QUESTIONS Cu reduced and H2 is oxidized.
1.Why is the amount of gas collected in
one of the test tubes during electrolysis EXERCISE
of water double of the amount collected 1.Which of the statements about the
in the other? Name this gas. reaction below are incorrect?
2PbO + C ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 Pb + CO2
 The composition of water, suggests that
the molar ratio of hydrogen and oxygen a) Lend is getting reduced.
is 2: 1. (b) Carbon dioxide is getting oxidized.
(c) Carbon is getting oxidized.
 When water is electrically decomposed,
(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced.
the constituent gases hydrogen and
(i) (a) and (b)
oxygen are produced in the same molar
(ii) (a) and (c)
ratio, 2: 1.
(iii) (a), (b) and (c)
 Thus, the amount (volume) of hydrogen
(iv) All of these
gas is double than that of oxygen gas.
Ans: The given reaction can be written in
So, this gas is hydrogen.
the form of two separate reactions:
SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

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 2PbO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Pb + O2
C ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2 Q.5 Translate the following statements
Therefore, (a) and (b) are incorrect, while into them:
(c) and (d) are correct statements. and (i) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen
to form ammonia.
Q.2 Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Al2O3 + 2Fe Ans : 3 H2 + N2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 NH3
The above reaction is an example of (ii) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to
(i) combination reaction give water and sulphur dioxide.
(ii) double displacement reaction Ans :2H2S + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2H2O + 2SO2
(iii) decomposition reaction (iii) Barium chloride reacts with
(iv) displacement reaction aluminium sulphate to aluminium
Ans: In the above reaction, Al is more chloride and a precipitate of barium
reactive than Fe. So, it displaces Fe from sulphate.
Fe₂O3 to form Al2O3. Hence, it is a Ans :3BaCl2+Al2(SO4)3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2AlCl3
displacement reaction. +3BaSO4
(iv) Potassium metal reacts with water to
Q.3.What happens when dilute give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
hydrochloric acid is added to iron filings? gas.
Tick the correct answer. Ans ; K + 2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2KOH +H2
(i) Hydrogen gas and iron chloride are
produced. Q.6.Balance the following chemical
(ii) Chlorine gas and iron hydroxide are equations:
produced. (i) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2
(iii) No reaction takes place. ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(NO3)2+H₂O
(iv) Iron salt and water are produced. Ans :2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2
Ans : Iron being more reactive than ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(NO3)2+2H₂O
hydrogen, displaces hydrogen from the (ii) NaOH+H₂SO₄ → Na2SO4 + H2O
dilute hydrochloric acid. Thus, hydrogen gas Ans :2NaOH+H₂SO₄ → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
and iron chloride (a salt of iron) are formed (iii) NaCl+AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
as follow Ans :NaCl+AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)↑ (iv) BaCl2 + H₂SO₄ → BaSO4 + HCl
Ans . BaCl2 + H₂SO₄ → BaSO4 + 2HCl
Q.4 What is a balanced chemical
equation? Why should chemical Q.7 Write the balanced chemical
equations be balanced? equations for the following reactions:
 Ans: When the number of atoms of in (i) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide
reactant and product side are equal, then it →
is called a balanced chemical equation. Calcium carbonate + Water
 Balancing of chemical equations validate Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCO3 + CO2
the law of conservation of mass which (ii) Zinc+ Silver nitrate ⎯ Zinc nitrate +
states that the mass of reactants should be Silver
equal to the mass of the products. Zn + AgNO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnNO3 + Ag

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(iii) Aluminium + Copper chloride ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 10.Why is respiration considered an
Aluminium chloride + Copper exothermic reaction? Explain.
2Al + 3CuCl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2AlCl3 + 3Cu  We all know that we need energy to stay
(iv) Barium chloride + Potassium alive. We get this energy from the food we
sulphate Barium sulphate + Potassium eat.
chloride  During digestion, food is broken down
BaCl2 + K2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ BaSO4 + 2 KCl into simpler substances. For example, rice,
potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates.
Q 8. Write the balanced chemical  These carbohydrates are broken down to
equation for the following and identify form glucose.
the type of reaction in each case.  This glucose combines with oxygen in the
i) Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium cells of our body and provides energy.
iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) + C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6CO2 + 6H2O +
Barium bromide. Energy
Ans : 2KBr + BaI2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2KI + BaBr2
Type : Double Displacement reaction Q.11. Q.II Why are decomposition
(ii) Zinc carbonate ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Zinc oxide + reactions called the opposite of
Carbon dioxide. combination reactions? Write equations
ZnCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnO + CO2 for these reactions.
Type : Combination reaction Decomposition Combination
(iii) Hydrogen (g) + Chlorine (g) reaction reactions
Hydrogen chloride (g) Those reaction in which Those reaction in two
H + Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯ HCl single reactant form two or more reactant form
Type : Combination reaction or more product. single product.
(iv) Magnesium +Hydrochloric acid → ZnCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnO + H + Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯ HCl
Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen (g) CO2
Mg + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯ MgCl2 + H2
Type : Displacement reaction Q.12 Write one equation each for
decomposition reactions where energy is
Q 9. What does one mean by exothermic supplied in the form of heat, light or
and endothermic reactions? Give electricity.
examples. (1) Heat: CaCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaO+CO2
Endothermic reaction: - (2) Light: 2AgCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ag(s) + Cl2
E“The reaction in which heat is absorbed (3) Electricity: Al2O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Al + O2
called endothermic reaction.”
CaCO3(S) + heat ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaO + CO2 Q.13 What is the difference between
NH4Cl + heat ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NH3 +HCl displacement and double displacement
Exothermic reaction: - reactions? Write equations for these
“The reaction in which heat is evolved is reactions.
called as exothermic reaction.” Displacement double
CaO +H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 + heat displacement
NaOH +H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaOH + heat

SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

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 The reaction in The reaction in Name elements X and the coloured
which a atom or which ions of compound formed?
group of atom reactant mutually Ans : Element X is copper and the black
displace by another exchange their places colored substance is copper oxide.
atom to form new to form new product 2Cu + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CuO.
product.
Zn(s)+CuSO4 → AgNO3 + NaCl → Q.18 Why do we apply paint on iron
ZnSO4+ Cu AgCl + NaNO3 articles?
 Ans : By applying paint on iron articles,
Q.14. In the refining of silver, the they can be prevented from corrosion
recovery of silver from silver nitrate (rusting).
solution involved displacement by copper  Paint avoid contact between oxygen (from
metal. Write down the reaction involved. air) and water (moisture) to come in direct
2AgNO3+ Cu(s)→ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag contact with the surface of iron.
Q 15. What do you mean by a
precipitation reaction? Explain by Q.19 Oil and fat containing food items
giving examples. are flushed with nitrogen. Why?
Ans: The reaction in which ion of  Nitrogen is unreactive gas as compared to
reactants mutually exchange their places to oxygen.
form new product it is called as  Oil and fat present in the food items get
precipitation reaction or double oxidized and become rancid in the
displacement reaction. presence of air or oxygen.
AgNO3 +NaCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaNO3 + AgCl  Therefore, food items like potato chips etc.,
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ BaSO4 + 2NaCl are packed with nitrogen gas to prevent
Q 16. Explain the following terms of them from rancidity for a long time.
gain or loss of oxygen with two examples
each? Q.20 Explain the following terms with
Oxidation reaction: one example of each.
“The chemical reaction in which gain of Corrosion
oxygen or loss of hydrogen take place is “The decay or degradation of metals by the
called oxidation reaction.” action of air, acid and moisture is called as
2Mg + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2MgO corrosion.”
C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2
MgH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Mg + H2 Example of corrosion
Reduction reaction:  When iron expose to air it react with
“The chemical reaction in which a reactant oxygen get corroded.
combines with hydrogen or loses oxygen to  Copper vessel get corroded when copper
form product is called reduction reaction.” react with CO2to form copper carbonate.
C + 2H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CH4  Silver ornamentals become black when
O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ O2 + (O) silver react with sulphur gas present in
Q 17.A shiny brown coloured element X atmosphere.
on heating in air become black in colour.

SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

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Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form
aluminium oxide.

Rancidity
“When oil or fats are allowed to stand for
long time their taste and smell changes it is
called rancidity.”

Examples of Rancidity

1.Cooking oil become rancid when kept for

long time.
2.When butter expose for long time develop
a sour taste and smell.
3.When potato chips are exposed in air for
few days, the oil in them oxidizes leading to
off state.

2. Acid, Base and Salts

“Acid: The substances which are sour in taste 3. Dilute H2SO4 is used in the batteries.
and give H+ ions are called as acid.” There areis many
4. Acid other
used for natural
making whitematerials
paper from
Examples of acid : pulp.
like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, colour of
Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Some naturally occurring acids as follows.
petals of some flower such as Hydrangea,
( HCl) (H2SO4) Name of substance Acid present
Carbonic Nitric acid(HNO3) Petunia
Vinegar and Geranium, which acid
Acetic is the
acid(H2CO3) Orange of acid or base Ascorbic
presence acid
in a solution.
Tamarind Tartaric acid
These are called acid base indicators or
Properties of acid: Tomato Oxalic acid
1. Acid is sour in taste. sometimes
Curd simply indicators.
Lactic acid
2. Acid molecules contain H+ ion Lemon Citric acid
3. In Acid blue litmus turns red.
4. Acid reacts with the metal to form Do you know?
hydrogen gas.
Litmus solution is a purple, which is
5. Nonmetals oxide is acidic in nature.
Uses of acid: extracted from Lichen, a plant belonging
1. Acids are used in the production of the division Thallophyta, and is
chemical fertilizers.
commonly used as a treason. When the
2. It is also used in the production of
explosives, oil purification, medicines, solution is neither acid nor base, its
dyes and paints. colour is purple.
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 All metals react with acid and release the
hydrogen gas but reactivity of metals are
different.

INTEXTQUESTIONS

Q.1.You have been provided with three test Metal + acid ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ metal salt +
tubes. One of them contain distilled water, hydrogen
other two contain acidic and basic solution Mg + 2 HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ MgCl2 + H2 ↑
respectively. 2Al + 6 HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 AlCl3 + 3H2 ↑
 We can identify acid and base by using Fe + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeCl2 +H2 ↑
litmus paper, Zn + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
 In water, litmus paper does not show any Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
change. Zn + H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
 In acid, Blue litmus paper turn change in to Zinc+ Sulphuric acid ⎯ Salt+ Hydrogen gas
red. Test for the presence of Hydrogen gas
 In base, Red litmus paper turn in to blue. Pass the gas through soap solution and bring a
burning splinter near the soap bubble filled
with the gas. If the gas burn with pop sound, it
Phenolpht
Blue litmus
Red litmus
Sample

Methyl

confirms the presence of hydrogen gas.

orange

nature
halein

Reaction with metal carbonate and

Lime Red red colourless pink acidic bicarbonate
juice Acid react with metal carbonate and
NH4OH Blue blue Pink yellow basic bicarbonate produce metal salt, water and
evolve carbon dioxide gas with brisk
HCl Red red colourless pink acidic effervescence.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaCl + H2O +
HNO3 Red red colourless pink acidic CO2
NaHCO3 +HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl + H2O +
CO2
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCl2 + H2O
+CO2↑
Limestone, chalk and marble are different
Chemical properties of Acid forms of calcium carbonate.
1.Reaction of acid with metal: -
Test for CO2 gas

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 Alkali
Alkali: The bases which can be dissolved in
water are called alkali.

Chemical properties of the base

1.Reation with metal: -
Strong bases react with active metals to
produce hydrogen gas.
Thud these bases should not be kept in active
container.
Metal + Base ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Salt + Hydrogen
gas
When CO2 gas passing through the lime water
Zn + 2NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na2ZnO2 + H2
it turns milky due to formation of white
precipitate of calcium carbonate.
Reaction with non-metallic oxide
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCO3 + H2O
But, if CO2 is passed in excess milkiness Base react with non-metallic oxide to produce
disappear due to formation of Calcium bi salt and water.
carbonate Ca(HCO3)2 which is soluble in The chemical nature of non-metallic oxide is
water. acidic hence they are called as acidic oxide.
Base + Non-metallic oxide Salt + Hydrogen
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

gas
Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCO3 + H2O
Reaction with metallic oxide
Acid react with metallic oxide to form salt and INTEXTQUESTIONS
water. Since the chemical nature of these oxide 1.Why should curd and sour substances not
is basic thus they are called as basic oxide. be kept in brass and copper vessel?
Metal oxide + Acid ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Salt + water Curd and sour substances contain acids which
CuO + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CuCl2 + H2O react with copper and brass to form certain
salts that are poisonous in nature and can cause
Base food poisoning. Hence, sour substances like
“Base: The substances which are bitter in taste curd, pickles etc., should not be kept in brass
and give OH – ions are called as base.” and copper vessels.
Ex. NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2. Q. 2. Which gas is usually liberated when an
Properties of base: - acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an
 Bases are bitter in taste. example. How will you test for the presence
 They are slippery. of this gas?
 The base contains OH- ion. Ans : Hydrogen gas is usually liberated when
 In base red litmus turn blue. an acid reacts with metal.
 Metals oxide is basic in nature. Zn(s)+H₂SO₄ (aq) → ZnSO4(aq)+H2↑
Uses of base: - Test for H₂ gas Testing of the presence of H₂
 NaOH is used in the production of soap. gas can be done by passing the gas through
 KOH is used in the production of shampoo. soap solution and then bring a burning splinter
near the soap bubble filled with the gas. If the
 Mg(OH)2 is used as an antacid.
gas burns with a pop sound, it confirms the
 Ammonium hydroxide is used in the
presence of hydrogen gas.
production of fertilizers.

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Q.3. Metal compound A reacts with dilute generated may cause the mixture splash out
hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. and cause burns.
The gas evolved extinguishes a burning The glass container may also break due to
candle. Write a balanced chemical equation excessive local heating.
for the reaction, if one of the compounds Reaction between Acids and Bases
formed is calcium chloride. Acids react with bases to produce salt and
Ans : CO₂ is the gas that extinguishes a water. In this reaction, an acid neutralizes a
burning candle. CO2 is produced when metal base, or reduces the effect of a base or vice-
carbonate reacts with acid since, one of the versa thus, the reactions known as
products is calcium chloride. Thus the neutralization reaction.
compound A should be calcium carbonate. In general, neutralization reaction can be
CaCO3 + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaCl2 + CO2 written as Base+ Acid ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Salt + Water
+H2O NaOH +HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl + H2O

What Do all acid and base have in Indicators

common? The substances that change their colour or
In presence of water, all acid gives H+ ion odor when added into an acid or an alkaline
These (H+ ) ion combine with water molecule solution to indicate the presence of an acid or a
and form H3O+ ion hence we can say that in base are called indicators.
presence of water, all acid gives H+ ion or Indicators can be classified in the following
H3O+ ways
HA ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H+ + A+ On the Basis of Colour Change
HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H+ + Cl- These indicators tell us whether a substance is
H+ + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H3O+ acidic or basic by the change in colour.
In presence of water, all base give OH- ion (i) Natural Indicators: -
BOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ B+ + OH- These indicators are obtained from natural
𝑯𝟐𝑶
NaOH- ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na+ + OH- sources, eg litmus solution is a purple colour
𝑯𝟐𝑶 dye extracted from the lichen plant (belonging
KOH- ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ K+ + OH-
to the division "Thallophyta").
𝑯𝟐𝑶
Mg(OH)2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Mg + 2OH- Indicator Color in Color in
All acid and base (Alkali) dissolve in water Acid Base
and can conduct electricity. Litmus Blue----Red Red--blue
What happen to an acid or base in a water
Red cabbage Red Green
solution?
Turmeric Yellow Reddish
Mixing of an acid or base with water is called
Brown
results in decrease in the concentration of ions
dilution. (H3O/OH-) per unit volume and the Flower of Blue Pink
acid or base is to be diluted. Hydrangea
When we dilute an acid or a base, the reaction Flower of Reddish Violet
is highly exothermic (heat generating). Hence, Petunia purple
care must be taken while doing it. During Flower of Orange red Blue
dilution, acids must always be added slowly to Geranium
water with constant stirring.
Water should not be added to concentrated
acid because if water is added, the heat
(2) Synthetic Indicators: -
SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

16
 The indicators which are synthesised in the H+ ions hence, no acidic character is shown
laboratory or in known as synthetic by them.
indicators. e.g. Methyl orange, industry and Q.2. Why does an aqueous solution of an
are not obtained by natural sources are acid conduct electricity?
phenolphthalein etc. Ans :An acid molecule dissociates in an
Some Synthetic Indicators with aqueous solution to produce H+ or [H3O]+ions
Characteristic Colours. and corresponding anions A- These free ions
S.N Name of Color of Color in Color
carry the electrical charge from one place to
indicator indicator acid in
other hence, conduct electricity.
alkali
Q .3. Why does dry HCI gas not change the
3 Methyl orange Orange Pink Yellow
colour of dry litmus paper?
4 Phenolphthalein Colourless colourless Pink  Ans : Dry HCl gas does not contain any H+
5 Methyl red Red Red yellow or H3O+ ions so, it does not show any acidic
property.
 Hence, it does not change the colour of dry
3.Universal Indicator: - litmus paper. To show its acidic behavior, it
The mixture of several indicators called as needs wet litmus paper in needed.
universal indicator.
To predict how strong a given acid or base is, Q.4.While diluting an acid, why is it
a universal indicator is preferred over litmus recommended that the acid should be added
paper. to water and not water to the acid?
It shows different colour at different  Ans : Dilution of a concentrated acid is a
concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution. highly exothermic reaction and a lot of heat
On the basis of odor change is generated.
Olfactory indicators: -  Care must be taken while mixing
Those substances whose odor changes in concentrated acid with water.
acidic or basic medium called as olfactory  The acid must always be added slowly to
indicator. water with constant stirring.
Vanilla extract, clove and onion can be used as  If water is added to the concentrated acid,
olfactory indicator. the heat generated may cause the mixture to
The smell of vanilla and onion indicator can be splash out and cause burns.
detected in the presence of an acid only but not  The glass container may also break due to
in the presence of a base. excessive local heating.
Q.5 How is the concentration of hydronium
INTEXTQUESTIONS ions, [ H3O+] affected when a solution of an
Q.1.Why do HCl, HNO3 etc, show acidic acid is diluted?
characters in aqueous solution while  Ans : An acid dissociates into hydronium
solutions of compounds like alcohol and ions [ H3O+] and anions when dissolved in
glucose do not shows acidic characters? water.
 Ans : Acidic character of a compound is due
 When a solution is diluted, the volume of the
to the presence of replaceable H + ions,
solution increases but the number of ions
which are released in aqueous solution and
remains the same.
are responsible for acidic properties.
 So concentration of hydronium ions
 As HCI, HNO3 etc., have replaceable H ^ +
[ H3O+] per unit volume decreases.
ions, they show acidic character while
glucose and alcohol do not have replaceable
SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

17
Q.6. How is the concentration of hydroxide  When pH of solution is in between 7 to 14
ions [OH] affected when excess base is then the solution is basic.
dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?  When pH of solution is 7 then the solution is
Ans : Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. neutral.
When excess base is dissolved in the solution
of NaOH, the concentration of hydroxide ions
[OH] per unit volume increases due to
dissociation of NaOH as well as the other base
in aqueous solution.
𝑯𝟐𝑶
NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na+ + OH- Strong acid Solution pH
1M HCl 0.0
Strength of acid or base Gastric juice 1.0
Lemon juice 2.5
Strong Acid : Vinegar 3.0
“Those acid on dissolving in water dissociate Tomato juice 4.1
completely and gives more number of H+ ion Black coffee 5.0
called strong acid.” Acid rain 5.6
Ex HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3 Weak acid Urine 6.0
“Weak Acid: Neutral Rain, milk 6.5
“Those acid on dissolving in water, does not Weak base Pure water 7.0
dissociate completely and gives less number of Blood 7.4
H+ ion called weak acid.” Baking soda 8.5
Ex. HCOOH, CH3COOH. Toothpaste 9.5
Strong Base : Milk of 10.5
“Those base on dissolving in water dissociate magnesia
completely and gives more number of OH- Limewater 11.0
ion called strong base.” Strong base 1M NaOH 14.0
Ex . NaOH, KOH.

Weak base : Importance of pH in everyday life

“Those base on dissolving in water, does not 1.Plants and Animals are pH sensitive:-
dissociate completely and gives less number of Living organisms can survive only in a narrow
OH- ion called weak base.” range of pH change. Our body works normally
Ex . NH4OH. within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. When pH of
pH scale rain water goes below 5.6, it is called acid rain.
When acid rain flows into the rivers, it lowers
the pH of the river water and makes survival
 “The scale which measure the hydrogen ion
of aquatic life difficult.
concentration in a solution is called as pH
scale.” 2.pH of soil :-
 The p in pH stands for potenz which mean Every type of plant requires a specific pH
power in German. range for their healthy growth. Therefore, the
 It was discovered by Sorensen. nature of soil is known first by testing its pH
and then a particular crop is grown in it. It is
 When pH of solution is in between 0 to 7
also suitable for selecting the fertilizer for a
then the solution is acidic.
particular crop by knowing the pH of the soil.

SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

18
3.pH in Our Digestive System:- Ans :Higher the concentration of [ H + ] ions
Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid in a solution, more acidic is the solution.
(HCl), which helps in the digestion of food. Q.3. Do basic solutions also have [ H+] ions?
During indigestion, the stomach produces too If yes, then why are these basic?
much acid, which causes pain and irritation. Ans :Yes, basic solutions also contain [H ^
To correct the disturbed pH range, magnesium (aq)] ions even though they are basic because
hydroxide or milk of magnesia (a mild base) is in these solutions, concentration of OH is
used as a medicine, which is also called much higher than that of H+ ions.
antacid as it neutralizes the effect of acid (or Q.4 Under what soil condition do you think
acidity). a farmer would treat the soil of his fields
4.pH Change Leads to Tooth Decay:- with quicklime (calcium oxide) or slaked
Tooth enamel is made up of calcium lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium
hydroxyapatite (a crystalline form of calcium carbonate)?
phosphate). It is the hardest substance in the Ans : These fertilizers CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3
body. If the pH inside the mouth decreases are of basic nature. Therefore, their use will be
below 5.5 (acidic), the decay of tooth enamel beneficial, if the soil is acidic. The purpose is
begins. to neutralise or decrease the acidity of the soil.
The bacteria present in the mouth degrades the
sugar and left over food particles that remains Salts
in the mouth after eating and produce acids. “Those ionic compound which have a basic
The best way to prevent this is to clean the radical other than H+ and acidic radical other
mouth after eating food. To prevent tooth than OH- are called as salt.”
decay, toothpastes (basic) are used which Acidic salt : “When strong acid react with
neutralise the excess acid. weak base it produce salt and water having pH
5.Self defence by animals and plants less than 7 called as acidic salt.”
through chemical warfare :- Basic salt : “When weak acid react with
When insects like honeybee, ant etc., bite, they strong base it produce salt and water having
inject an acid into the skin, that causes pain pH greater than 7 called as basic salt.”
and irritation. If mild base is applied on the Neutral salt : “When strong acid react with
affected area, it gives relief. strong base it produce salt and water having
pH equal to 7 called as Neutral salt.”
INTEXTQUESTIONS
Q.1 You have two solutions A and B. The
1.Common salt
pH of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is
Chemical name :- Sodium chloride
8.
Chemical formula :- NaCl
(i) Which solution has more (H+)ion
Preparation:-
concentration?
Ans : The solution A having pH 6 has more  When sodium hydroxide reacts with
[ H + ] ion concentration. hydrochloric acid it produces sodium
(ii) Which solution is acidic and which is chloride.
basic?  NaOH + HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl + H2O
Ans : Solution A having pH 6 is acidic.
Solution B having pH 8 is basic. Properties :
Q.2. What effect does the concentration of  It is the most common salt used in daily
[H+] ions have on the nature of the solution? food.
 It is colorless & crystalline ionic compound
SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

19
 It is neutral salt having pH is 7 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaOCl2 + H2O
 Salt which are obtained from rock called as Properties :
rock salt.  The chemical name of bleaching powder is
 25 % aqueous solution of salt called as calcium oxy chloride.
saturated brine.  When chlorine gas passing through the
Uses: calcium hydroxide it produce bleaching
 It is use in daily meal powder.
 It is used in the production of sodium  Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaOCl2 + H2O
carbonate& sodium bi carbonate.  It is yellowish white powder
 It is use in the production of chlorine gas.  It has strong odour of chlorine gas.
 When fuse salt is electrolyzed it produces
sodium metal & chlorine gas. Uses :
 It is used to disinfect water.
2.Caustic Soda  It is used to clean the water of swimming
Chemical name :- Sodium hydroxide pool.
Chemical formula :- NaOH  It is used to disinfect the road side and
Preparation :- garbage sides.
When electricity is passed thorugh the aquous  Dilute sulphuric acid and dilute HCl rapidly
solution of sodium chloride it decomposes to react with bleaching powder to release
form sodium and chlorine. chlorine gas completely.
This process is named as chlor-alkali process.
2NaCl + 2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaOH+Cl2 +H2 CaOCl2 + H2SO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaSO4 + Cl2 + H2O
Uses :- CaOCl2 react slowly with CO2 to form calcium
The uses of different products formed in chlor- carbonate.
alkali process are as follows.
H₂ is used in fuels, margarine, ammonia for 4.Baking Soda
fertilizers. Chemical name :- Sodium bi carobonate.
Cl₂ is used in water treatment, swimming Chemical formula :- NaHCO3
pools, PVC, disinfectants, CFCs, pesticides. Preparation :-
NaOH is used for de-greasing metals, soaps NaCl + H2O+ CO2 +NH4Cl ⎯⎯ NH4Cl +
and detergents, paper making, artificial fibres. NaHCO3
Chlorine and hydrogen are use as raw material The following reaction take place when it is
for the preparation of hydrochloric acid (HCl). heated during cooking.
Further, HCl is for cleaning steel, ammonium
2 NaHCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na2CO3 + H2O +CO2
chloride , medicines, cosmetics.
Cl and NaOH used as raw material for the
Properties :
preparation of bleach this bleach is used in
 Baking soda is chemically known as sodium
household work for bleaching fabrics.
bi carbonate.
 In sodium bi carbonate red litmus turn blue
3.Bleaching powder
thus it shows basic nature.
Chemical name :- Calcium oxychloride.
Chemical formula :- CaOCl2  When CO2 passes through the sodium
carbonate it produce sodium bi carbonate.
Preparation :-
Uses :
It is produced by the action of chlorine on
dry slaked lime.  It is use to make bread, cake, dhokla.
 It is use to reduce the acidity of stomach.
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20
 It is use in fire extinguisher.  It is also used for making toys, decorative
 It is use to clean an oven. pieces and for making designs on ceilings.
Water of Crystallization
5.Washing Soda The fixed number of water molecules present
Chemical name :- Sodium carbonate in the crystal structure of the compound called
Chemical formula :- Na2CO3 water of crystallization. and such salts are
Preparation :- called hydrated salts. Every hydrated salts
have a fixed number of water molecules of
When CO2 passes through NaOH solution it
water of crystallization in its one formula unit.
produce sodium carbonate.
Alum (K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O)
2 NaOH + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na2CO3 + H2O
Properties : Epsom salt (Magnesium sulphate)( MgSO4.7H2O)
Barium Chloride (BaCl2.2H2O)
 In the solution of washing soda red litmus
paper turn into blue thus it is basic in nature. Sodium Sulphate Glauber’s salt (Na2SO4.10H2O)
 It is hygroscopic that is it absorb the water
when expose in air. For example, copper sulphate (blue vitriol;
 It has property to remove dirt and grease CuSO4.5H₂O). It contains as water of
from dirty clothes hence it is called as crystallization.
washing soda. Gypsum (CaSO4.2H₂O). It has two water
molecules as water of crystallisation.
Uses :- Plaster of Paris possesses 1/2 molecule of
 It is use to wash the clothes. water of crystallisation.
 It is use to make hard water soft. Action of Heat on Hydrated Salts
 It is use in the glass and paper industries. When we heat the hydrated salts, the water of
 It is use to refine petrol. crystallisation is removed and the hydrated
salts lose their regular shape and colour and
become colourless powdery substance. The
6.Plaster of Paris
salts so formed are called anhydrous salts. If
Chemical name :- Calcium sulphate
we moisten the anhydrous salts, it becomes
hemihydrate.
hydrated once again and regain its colour.
Chemical formula :- CaSO4 H2O
For example, when blue colour copper
Preparation :- sulphate crystals (CuSO4.5H₂O) are heated
It is obtained by heating gypsum (CaSO4 strongly, they lose all the water of
.2H2O ) at 373 K . crystallization and form anhydrous copper
At this temperature gypsum lose water sulphate, which is white in colour.
molecules and form calcium sulphate CuSO4.5H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CuSO4 +5H2O
hemihydrate.
CaSO4 .2H2O ⎯⎯ CaSO4 H2O +1 H2O EXERCISE
Q.1 A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH
Plaster of paris is a white and on mixing with
is likely to be
water it changes to gypsum.
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
CaSO4 H2O +1 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ CaSO4.2H2O Ans : (d) If a solution turns red litmus blue
Uses :- then the solution is basic in nature and its pH
 It is used by doctors for joining the fractured value is likely to be greater than 7. Thus, in the
bones at right position, i.e. for making given question it is 10.
plaster to support fractured bones.

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21
Q.2 A solution reacts with crushed egg- (iv) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron
shells to give a gas that turns lime water filings.
milky. In this case the solution contains 2HCl(aq) + Fe(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(a) NaCl (b) HCI (c) LICI (d)
KCI Q.6 Compounds such as alcohols and
Ans :(b) The crushed egg-shells consist of glucose also contain hydrogen but are not
layer of calcium carbonate which reacts with categorised as acids. Describe an activity to
dil. HCl to evolve CO2 (g). The CO2 gas turns prove it.
lime water milky. Ans : Alcohols and glucose contain hydrogen
but are not categorised as acids because they
Q.3 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to do not ionise in the solution to produce
be completely neutralized by 8 mL of a [H+(aq)] ions and hence can't conduct
given solution of HCI. If we take 20 mL of electricity.
the same solution of NaOH, the amount of
HCl solution required to neutralize it will
be
(a) 4 Ml (b) 8 Ml (c) 12 Ml (d) 16 mL
Ans :(d) If we take double the amount of same
NaOH solution, the amount of the same HCl
solution required to neutralize it, is also
doubled.
Hence, 16 mL of HCl solution will be required
to neutralize 20 mL. NaOH solution.
Observation :-
Q.4 Which one of the following types of (i) The bulb glows when dil. HCl was added to
medicines is used for treating indigestion? beaker.
(a) Antibiotic (b) (ii) The bulb did not glow when alcohol and
Analgesic glucose solution was added to the beaker.
(c) Antacid (d) Conclusion :-
Antiseptic (1) Alcohol and glucose cannot form ions in
Ans (c) Antacid contains solution of mild solution and hence, can't conduct electricity.
bases and hence, they are used for treating (ii) Dil. HCl solution forms [H+] ions and
indigestion. hence, can conduct electricity suggesting that
electric current is carried through the solution
Q.5 Write word equations and then by ions formed by them.
balanced equations for the reaction taking
place when… Q.7 Why does distilled water not conduct
(i) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc electricity, whereas rain water does?
granules. Ans : Distilled water does not contain any ions
H₂SO₄(aq) + Zn(s) →ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) and have no electrolytes. Hence, it does not
(ii) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with conduct electricity. But in rain water, a small
magnesium ribbon. amount of electrolyte is present in the form of
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) → MgCl2(aq) + H₂(g) acids. These acids are produced due to
(iii)dilute sulphuric acid reacts with dissolution of acidic oxides (e.g.SO2, NO2) in
aluminium powder. rain water and make it a better conductor of
3H₂SO₄+ 2Al ⎯⎯⎯⎯ Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 electricity.
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 COOH is not completely dissociated (weak
Q.8 Why do acids not show acidic behavior acid).
in the absence of water?
Ans : Ions are produced only in aqueous Q.11 Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you
medium and presence of H ions are think the pH will change as it turns into
responsible for the existence of acidic curd? Explain your answer.
properties. Hence, acids show acidic behavior Ans :pH will decrease from 6 because during
only in the presence of water and not in its curd formation, lactic acid is produced which
absence. makes it acidic. When milk changes into curd,
its pH changes and becomes less than 6.
Q.9 Five solutions A, B, C, D and E when
tested with universal indicator showed pH Q.12 A milkman adds a very small amount
as 4, 1, 11, 7 and 9 respectively. Which of baking soda to fresh milk.
solution is (1) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh
(i) neutral milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(II) strongly alkaline Ans : Alkaline medium does not allow milk
(iii) strongly acidic to turn sour easily.
(iv) weakly acidic (2) Why does this milk take a longer time to
(v) weakly alkaline? set as a curd?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of [H+] Ans :When milk is set to curd, the presence of
ion concentration. alkali does not allow it to become acidic
Sol. A B C D E easily. Hence, this milk take a longer time to
pH 4 1 11 7 9 set as a curd.

i) D ii)C iii) B iv) A v) E Q.13 Plaster of Paris should be stored in

Ans : (ii) C, pH in increasing order of H+ion moisture-proof container. Explain why?
concentration is C < E < D < A < B Ans : Plaster of Paris (POP) is chemically
calcium sulphate hemihydrate
𝟏
Q.10 Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons (CaSO4 𝟐H₂O)
are taken in test tubes A and B. When it comes in contact with water it sets
Hydrochloric acid (HCI) is added to test into a hard solid mass, called gypsum.
tube A, while acetic acid ( CH3-COOH) is 𝟏 𝟏
(CaSO4 𝟐H₂O) + 1 𝟐 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯
added to test tube B. Amount and
concentration taken for both the acids are CaSO4.2H2O
same. In which test tube, will the fizzing To prevent this, POP must be stored in
occur more vigorously and why? moisture-proof containers.
(1) Reaction occurs in test tube A
2HCl(aq) + Mg(s) ⎯⎯⎯⎯ MgCl2 (aq) + H₂(g) Q.14 What is a neutralization reaction?
(ii) Reaction occurs in test tube B Give two examples.
2CH3 COOH + Mg ⎯⎯⎯⎯ (CH3COO)2 Mg + Ans : When acid react with base to form salt
H₂ and water is called neutralization reaction.
Fizzing occurs in both the test tubes due to the HNO3 + KOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ KNO3 + H₂O
evolution of H₂ gas but it is faster in test tube HCl + NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl + H2O
A because of the greater extent of dissociation Q.15 Give two important uses of washing
of HCl (strong acid) as compared to B as CH3 soda and baking soda.
Uses of washing soda are :-

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23
(1) It is used as a cleansing agent (detergents) (1) It is used in bakery.
(2) It is used to remove permanent hardness of (2) It is used for extinguishing fire
water. (in soda-acid fire extinguishers).
Uses of baking soda are :-

3.Metals and Non-metals

Metal : The elements which lose electrons lead is an exception which is neither a good
and form positive ion called metals. conductor of heat nor good conductor of
Physical properties of metals : electricity.

1.Physical state : 8. Density :

All metals are found in solid state except Metals have high density .
mercury and gallium which are found in liquid Sodium , potassium and lithium are exception
state at room temperature. having density is lower than water.
Can you recall ? The density of lithium is 0.53 gm/cc.
You might have seen doctor’s pressure 9. Melting point and boiling point :
gauge to measure blood pressure , during Metals have high melting point eg. Tungsten
your visit to dispensary , accompanying 34220C .
your relative . In that , you might have seen Except Na, K, Hg. Ga.
a grey coloured liquid in a glass tube . what 10.Sonority :
is that metals ? When one metal hammer on other metal it
Ans : That metal is mercury. produce sound called as sonority.
2. Lustre : Metals shows sonorous.
Metals in their pure state shows luster. INTEXT QUESTIONS
3. Hardness : Q.1 Give an example of a metal which
All metals are hard except Sodium and (1) is a liquid at room temperature -
Potassium which are soft and can be cut with Mercury
knife. (ii) can be easily cut with a knife- Sodium
4. Ductility : (iii) is a good conductor of heat- Silver
“The property of metal in which metal can be (iv) is a poor conductor of heat- Lead
drawn into a long wire called Ductility.” Q.2 Explain the meanings of malleable and
All metals shows ductility. ductile.
5. Malleability : Ans : malleable :-The property of metal in
which metal can form a thin sheets by
“The property of metal in which metal can
hammering is called malleable, e.g. metals like
form a thin sheet by hammering called
Ag (silver), Au (gold) etc.
Malleability.”
Ductile : The property of metal in which
All metals shows malleability.
metal can be drawn into thin wires is called
6.Conduction of heat :
ductile, e.g. metals like Ag, Au etc.
Metals are good conductor of heat.
Silver , copper and aluminium are the best
conductor of heat.
Chemical Properties of Metals
c. Reaction with oxygen :
7.Conduction of electricity :
Metals react with acid to form their oxide.
Metals are good conductor of electricity .
2Mg+O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2MgO
2 Cu +O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CuO

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1. Reaction of metals with oxygen.  Copper (Cu) does not burn on heating but, hot
Potassium and Sodium react with oxygen to metal is coated with a black coloured layer of
form their oxide. copper (II) oxide.
Metal + oxygen ⎯⎯⎯⎯ metal oxide  Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even
4Na + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Na2O at high temperatures.
4K+ O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2K2O  Hence, the order of reactivity of these metals
Oxides of potassium and sodium dissolve in with oxygen is
water to form hydroxide which is called as  Na > Mg > Zn > Fe > Cu > Ag
alkali. Thus metals oxide shows basic nature. Aqua Regia: -
Na2O + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaOH  Aqua regia is prepared by mixing
K2O + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2KOH concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric
Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form its acid in the ratio 3:1.
oxide.  It is highly corrosive and fuming liquid.
2Mg +O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2MgO  The noble metals like gold and platinum
MgO +H2O ⎯⎯⎯ Mg (OH)2 can dissolve in it.

Amphoteric oxide
Reaction of metal with water
“Some metal oxide reacts with acid as well as
base to form salt and water called as
amphoteric oxide.”
Al2O3 + 6HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2AlCl3 + 3 H2O
Al2O3 +2 NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaAlO2+ H2O
Al2O3 React with acid as well as base to form
their salt hence it is Amphoteric oxide.
solution of a metallic (basic) oxide turns red
litmus solution blue.

Order of Reactivity of Metals with

Oxygen Metal Water reaction Product
 Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) react so Sodium Cold Rapid NaOH +H2
vigorously with oxygen that they catch fire if water
left in the open. These are the most reactive Potassium Cold Rapid KOH + H2
metals. Therefore, to prevent accidental fires, water
these metals are kept immersed in kerosene Calcium Cold Slow Ca(OH)2 +H2
oil. water
 At room temperature, the surfaces of metals
such as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead, Sodium and potassium rapidly and vigorously
etc., are covered with a thin layer of oxide react with water.
which prevents the metal from further Metal + water ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ metal hydroxide.
oxidation. 2Na + 2 H2O ⎯⎯⎯ 2NaOH + H2 ↑+ heat
 Magnesium (Mg) and aluminium burns in air 2K+ 2 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2KOH + H2 ↑ + heat
only by heating. Calcium reacts with water slowly
 Zinc (Zn) burns only on strong heating. 2Ca + 2 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Ca(OH)2 + H2 ↑
 Iron (Fe) does not burn in the form of rod or Aluminum, iron, and zinc react with steam and
block but iron fillings burn vigorously when release H2
sprinkled in the flame of burner. 2Al + 3 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Al2O3+3 H2↑
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25
3Fe + 4 H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4+4H2 ↑ Moderately reactive metals.
Zn + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnO+3H2 ↑ Low reactive metals.
3.Reaction of metals with acid.
All metals react with acid and release the
hydrogen gas but reactivity of metals are
different.

In this series potassium is the most reactive and

Gold is the least reactive metal.

INTEXT QUESTIONS
Metal + acid ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ metal salt + hydrogen Q.1 Why is sodium kept immersed in
Mg + 2 HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ MgCl2 + H2 ↑ kerosene oil?
2Al + 6 HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 AlCl3 + 3H2 ↑
Ans : Sodium metal is highly reactive metal. It
reacts so vigorously with oxygen and catches
Fe + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeCl2 +H2 ↑
fire if kept in open air. Therefore, to protect it
Zn + 2HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnCl2 + H2 ↑
Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
from accidental fires, sodium is kept immersed
in kerosene oil.
2. Reaction of metal with the solution of
Q.2Write equations for the reactions of
other metal salt.
Ans : 1.iron with steam.
3Fe +4H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe2O3+ 4H2
2.calcium and potassium with water.
Ca +2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 + H2
2K +2H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2KOH + H₂

Q.3. Samples of four metals A, B, C and D

were taken and added to the following
solution one by one. The results obtained
have been tabulated as follows
Me Iron Copper Zinc Silver
Metal A + Salt solution of B ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ tal sulphat sulphat sulph nitrate
Salt solution of A + Metal B. e e ate
Fe + CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ FeSO4 +Cu A No Displace ------- ----------
reaction ment ---
Reactivity series B Displace ---------- ----------
“The arrangement of metals in the decreasing ment
order of their reactivity in the form of series C No No No Displace
called as reactivity series.” reaction reaction reacti ment
The metals are divided in to three types. on
Highly reactive metals.

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26
D No No No No Noble Helium 2 2
reaction reaction reacti reaction gas Neon 10 2,8
on Argon 18 2,8,8
Use the given table to answer the following Metal Sodium 11 2,8,1
questions about A, B, C, D. Non- Magnesium 12 2,8,2
(1) Which is the most reactive metal? metal Aluminium 13 2,8,3
Ans : B is the most reactive metal as it Potassium 19 2,8,8,1
displaces iron from salt solution (iron Calcium 20 2,8,8,2
sulphate). Nitrogen 7 2,5
(2) What would you observed if B is added Oxygen 8 2,6
to a solution copper sulphate? Fluorine 9 2,7
Ans : B will displace Cu from CuSO4 solution Phosphorus 15 2,8,5
became s more reactive than copper.
Sulphur 16 2,8,6
(3) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the
Chlorine 17 2,8,7
order decreasing reactivity.
Ans : The order of reactivity is B > A > C > D
Na + Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ NaCl
Sodium and chlorine ion have opposite charge
Q.4. Which gas is produced when dilute attract each other and are held by strong
hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive electrostatic force of attraction to form sodium
metal? Write the chemical reaction when chloride.
iron reacts with Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na+ + 1e-
Ans. Hydrogen gas is produced when dilute 2,8,1 2,8
hydrochloric acid added to a reactive metal. Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cl-
2,8,7 2,8,8
Q.5.What would you observe when zinc is
added to a solution of iron sulphate? Write
the chemical reaction that takes place.
Ans : Zinc being more reactive than iron
displaces iron from iron (II) sulphate solution. Formation of MgCl2
As the result, the green colour of the solution Mg ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Mg2+
fades and iron metal gets deposited. 2,8,2 2,8
Zn + FeSO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnSO4 + Fe Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cl-
2,8,7 2,8,8

6.Reaction of metals with Nonmetals.

 Metals combine with nonmetals according to
their valency.
 Electrons transfer from metals to nonmetals.
 Due to transfer of electrons ionic bonds are Ionic compounds:
formed between metal and nonmetal, hence “The ionic compound is formed from two units
the compound of metal and nonmetal is called namely cation and anion called ionic
as Ionic compound. compound.”
The bonds which are formed by lose or gains of
electrons are called as ionic bond.
Properties of ionic compound
Types of Element Atomic Electronic  In ionic compound force of attraction is very
element Number configuration high hence they exist in solid state.
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27
 They are generally brittle and break easily. O 8 2,6
 The melting and boiling point of ionic
compound is high. Mg 12 2,8,2
 They are soluble in water.
 In soluble/molten state, they can conduct
electricity.
(i) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO
by the transfer of electrons.
Melting and boiling point of ionic compound.
Compound Melting Boiling point
point
CaCl2 1045 1900
MgCl2 981 1685
NaCl 1074 1686
LiCl 887 1600
CaO 2850 3120

Chemical properties of non-metals

1.Reaction of nonmetals with oxygen

Generally, nonmetal’s combine with oxygen to (ii) What are the ions present in these
form acidic oxides. compounds?
C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2 (acidic)
Ans : Na2O has Na+ and O2-
2C + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CO(neutral)
+
S + O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ SO2 (acidic) MgO has Mg2 and O2-
2.Reaction of nonmetals with water.
Generally, nonmetals do not react with water Q 2. Why do ionic compounds have high
except halogens. melting points?
Cl2 + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ HOCl+ HCl  In ionic compounds, strong electrostatic
3.Reaction of nonmetals with dilute acid: forces of attraction are present between the
Generally, nonmetals do not react with dilute oppositely charged ions.
acid except halogens.  When these compounds are heated, a lot of
Cl2+2 HBr ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2HCl + 2Br heat energy is required to break these strong
electrostatic forces of attraction during
4. Reaction of nonmetals with hydrogen. melting.
S +H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H2S  Therefore, ionic compounds have high
Nonmetals react with hydrogen under certain melting and boiling points.
conditions.
(1) Write the electron-dot structures for
sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
Element Atomic Electronic Electron
number configuration dot
Occurrence of Metals
structure
1. Minerals: -Naturally occurring compounds of
Na 11 2,8,1
metals along with their impurities are called as
minerals.

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28
 2. Ores: -The minerals from which metals are rocky material etc. these impurities are called
extracted profitably and conveniently called as gangue.
as ores. 4. Metallurgy:- The process used for extraction
3. Gangue:-Ores contain metal compounds of metals from their ores economically called
along with some impurities like soil, sand and as metallurgy.

Extraction of metals  This is because oxygen is a very reactive

 Metal is extracted from its ore. element and is very abundant on the earth.
 Some metals like gold, silver, platinum and  Thus on the basis of reactivity, we can group
copper are found in the free state. the metals into the following three categories
 Copper and silver are also found in the (1) Metals of low reactivity:
combined state as their sulphide or oxide ores. (ii) Metals of medium reactivity.
 The metals at the bottom of the activity series (iii) Metals of high reactivity.
are the least reactive. They are often found in
a free state. Extraction of less reactive metals
 The metals at the top of the activity series (K. Extraction of mercury
Na, Ca, Mg and Al) are so reactive that they 2HgS + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2HgO + 2SO2
are never found in nature as free elements. 2HgO ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Hg + O2
 The metals in the middle of the activity series Mercury is found in the form of sulphide ore i.e.
(Zn, Fe, Pb, etc.) are moderately reactive. Cinnabar.
 They are found in the earth's crust mainly as heat is given to sulphide to form oxide
oxides, sulphides or carbonates. 2HgS + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯ 2HgO + 2SO2
heat is given two HgO, it is decomposed into Hg
 You will find that the ores of many metals are
and O2
oxides.
2HgO ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 Hg + O2

SURESH KENWADKAR & RAJESH WAGH

29
  The metals high up in the reactivity series are
Extraction of copper very reactive.
Copper present in the form of sulphide.  They cannot be obtained from their
Heat is given to convert sulphide ore into oxide compounds by heating with carbon.
2Cu2S + 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Cu2O + 2SO2 ↑  For example, carbon cannot reduce the oxides
Sulphide is used as reducing agent of sodium, magnesium, calcium. aluminium,
2Cu2O + Cu2S ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6Cu + SO2 ↑ etc., to the respective metals.
 This is because these metals have more
Extraction of medium reactive metals affinity for oxygen than carbon.
 Zn, Fe, Pb and Cu are the medium reactive  These metals are obtained by electrolytic
metals. reduction.
 Medium reactive metals are found in sulphide  For example, sodium, magnesium and
and carbonate form. calcium are obtained by the electrolysis of
 Sulphides and carbonates are converted into their molten chlorides.
oxides by using roasting and calcinations.  The metals are deposited at the cathode (the
Roasting: - negatively charged electrode), whereas,
“The sulphide ores are converted into oxides chlorine is liberated at the anode (the
by strongly heating in excess air is called as positively charged electrode). The reactions
Roasting.” are-
2ZnS+ 3O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2ZnO + 2SO2↑
At cathode :- Na+ + e- ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Na
ZnO+C ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Zn+CO
Calcination: - - -
At anode :- 2Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cl2 + 2e
“The carbonate ores are converted into
oxides by strongly heating in limited air is Similarly, aluminium is obtained by the
called calcinations.” electrolytic reduction of aluminium oxide.
ZnCO3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ZnO + CO2
ZnO + C ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Zn+CO Refining of Metals

Extraction of manganese Electrolytic Refining

MnO2 is the ore of Manganese.
Aluminium is used as reducing agent to  The metals produced by various reduction
remove oxygen from ore. processes described above are not very pure.
3MnO2 + 4Al ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3Mn + 2Al2 O3 + heat  They contain Impurities, which must be
Extraction of iron removed to obtain pure metals.
Iron oxide is the ore of iron (Fe2O3).  The most widely used method for refining
Aluminium is used as reducing agent to remove impure metals is electrolytic refining.
oxygen from ore, large amount of heat is  Many metals, such as copper, zinc, tin, nickel,
released. silver, gold, etc., are refined electrolytically.
Fe2O3 + 2Al ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2Fe + Al2 O3 + heat
This method is used in thermit welding as the
large amount of heat is released during the
reaction.

Extraction of highly reactive metals or

Top of the Activity Series

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30
 reactive metal such as sodium, calcium ,
aluminium.

Corrosion of Metals
The decay or degradation of metals by the action
with environment called as corrosion.
Example of corrosion: -
 When iron expose to air it react with oxygen
get corroded.
 Copper vessel get corroded when copper react
 In this process, the impure metal is made the with CO2to form copper carbonate.
anode and a thin strip of pure metal is made  Silver ornamentals become black when silver
the cathode. react with sulphur gas present in atmosphere.
 A solution of the metal salt is used as an  Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form
electrolyte. aluminium oxide.
 On passing the current through the electrolyte,
the pure metal from the anode dissolves into
Prevention of corrosion
the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure
metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the
A) Galvanizing:
cathode.
Galvanizing is the process of giving a thin coat
 The soluble impurities go in to the solution
of zinc on iron or steel to protect from corrosion.
whereas the insoluble impurities settle down
It is used to protect the iron or steel articles from
at the bottom of the anode and known as anode
rusting. Ex. Iron nails or pins
mud.
B) Tinning:
INTEXTQUESTIONS “The process of giving a thin coat of tin over the
Q 1Define the following terms. metal called as tinning.”
1.Minerals:-Naturally occurring compounds Copper and brass vessels are coated with tin to
of metals along with their impurities are prevent corrosion.
called as minerals. C) Anodization:
2.Ores:-The minerals from which metals are “The process of coating metal such as
extracted profitably and conveniently called aluminium and copper with a thin and strong
as ores. layer of their oxide by electrolysis is called
3.Gangue:-Ores contain metal compounds anodization.”
along with some impurities like soil, sand In this process, copper or aluminium article is
and rocky material etc. these impurities are used as anode when aluminium is anodized the
called as gangue. thin layer of aluminium oxide is formed which
Q 2.Name two metals which are found in prevent the contact of Al metal with air and
nature in the free state? water.
Ans : Gold and platinum are the metals D) Electroplating:
found in free state. “The process in which less reactive metal is
Q 3. What chemical process is used for coated by more reactive metal by electrolysis is
obtaining a metal from its oxide. called as electroplating.”
Ans : Metal is obtained from its oxide by Ex. Gold plated ornaments.
reduction. The reduction can be done either It protects the object made of reactive metal
by heating with carbon or by using highly from corrosion.

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31
E) Alloying: Metal Zin Magnesiu Coppe
“A homogeneous mixture of two or more c m r
metals, or metal and nonmetals called as alloy.” Zinc ----- √ ---------
Bronze ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ copper + tin (10%) ----- -
Steel ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ iron + nickel + chromium +carbon Magnesiu ----- ---------- ---------
Brass ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ copper +zinc. m ----- -
Copper √ √ ---------
F) Amalgam : -
“When one of the metals in an alloy is mercury
then the alloy is called amalgam.” Q.2. Which metals do not corrode easily?
Ex. Sodium amalgam, zinc amalgam, gold Ans :Metals present at the bottom of the
amalgam. reactivity series do not corrode easily, e.g.
Uses of amalgam: gold, silver, platinum etc.
 Silver amalgam was previously used by Q.3.What are alloys?
dentist. Ans : An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of
two or more metals or a metal and a non-
 Gold amalgam is used for extraction of gold.
metal.
Do You Know? Alloy Composition Uses
Pure gold known as 24 carat gold is very soft, it is Brass Copper and Utensils and taps
therefore not suitable for making Jewellary . zinc
It is alloyed with either silver or copper to make it Bronze Copper and Medals, statues
hard. Generally, in lndia. 22 carat gold is used for tin and valves
makings ornaments. It means that 22 parts of pure
gold wind with parts of ether copper or silver.
Exercise
More to Know! Q.1 Which of the following pairs will give
The wonder of ancient Indian metallurgy. displacement reactions?
The iron pilliar near the Qurab Minar in Delhi (i) NaCl solution and copper metal.
was built more than 1600 years ago made by the (ii) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal.
iron workers of India. (iii) FeSO4solution and silver metal.
They had developed a process which prevented iron (iv) AgNO, solution and copper metal.
from rusting.
Ans : AgNO3 solution will give displacement
For itis quality of rust resistance, it has been
reaction with copper (Cu) because copper is
examined by scientists from all parts of the world.
placed above silver in the activity series, i.e.
The iron pillar is 8 m high and weight 6 tones
(6000 kg).
copper is more reactive than silver.
2AgNO3 + Cu ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

QUESTIONS
Q.2 Which of the following methods is
1.Metallic oxide of zinc, magnesium and
suitable for preventing an iron frying pan
copper were heated with following metals.
from rusting?
Ans :As the order of the reactivity of zinc,
(i) Applying grease
magnesium and copper is Mg > Zn > Cu.
(ii) Applying paint
Thus, zinc will react with copper oxide to
(iii) Applying a coating of zinc
displace copper. Magnesium will also displace
(iv) All of these
zinc from zinc oxide and copper from copper
Ans : (iii)Applying a coating of zinc will
oxide. Copper, being least reactive will not
prevent an iron frying nan from rusting.
react with any of the given oxides.
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Q 3. An element reacts with oxygen to give a (good conductor of electricity). If the bulb
compound with a high melting point. This does not glow, it is a non-metal.
compound is also soluble in water. The (ii) From the above tests, it is clear that metals
element is likely to be. are generally malleable, sonorous and good
i) Calcium ii) Carbon iii) Silicon iv) Iron conductors of electricity, while non-metals are
Ans : Calcium (Ca) because it combines with generally non-malleable/brittle, non-sonorous
oxygen to give CaO (calcium oxide) with very and poor conductors of electricity.
high melting point. Calcium oxide dissolves in
water te form calcium hydroxide. Q.6 What are amphoteric oxides? Give two
2Ca+O2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2CaO examples of amphoteric oxides.
CaO+H₂O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Ca(OH)2 Ans : Amphoteric oxide :-
“Some metal oxide reacts with acid as well as
Q.4 Food cans are coated with tin and not base to form salt and water called as
with zinc because amphoteric oxide.”
(i) zinc is costlier than tin. Al2O3 + 6HCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2AlCl3 + 3 H2O
(ii) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
Al2O3 +2 NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2NaAlO2+ H2O
(iii) zinc is more reactive than tin.
Al2O3 and ZnO React with acid as well as base
(iv) zinc is less reactive than tin.
to form their salt hence it is Amphoteric oxide.
Ans : Food cans are not coated with zinc
because being more reactive than tin, zinc can
Q.7 Name two metals which will displace
react with organic acids present in the food.
hydrogen from dilute acids, and two metals
which will not?
Ans : Zinc and magnesium displace H, from
dilute acids whil copper and silver do not.
Q.5 . You are given a hammer, a battery, a
bulb, wires and a switch.
Q .8 In the electrolytic refining of a metal
(i) How could you use them to distinguish
M. what would you take as the anode, the
between samples of metals and non-metals?
cathode and the electrolyte ?
(ii) Assess the usefulness of these tests in
Ans : Anode (positively charged) Block of the
distinguishing between metals and non-
impure metal M.
metals.
Cathode (negatively charged) Strip of the pure
Ans : There are some ways by which we can
metal M.
distinguish between metals and non-metals as
Electrolyte Aqueous solution of a salt of the
follows.
metal M.
(a) Take the given samples of metals and non-
metals; and strike them with the hammer. If it
Q.9 Pratyush took Sulphur powder on a
converts into a sheet, it is a metal and if not, it
spatula and heated it. A pair of tongs
is non-metal. As metals are malleable, while
He collected the gas evolved by inverting a
non-metals are not.
test tube over it, as shown in the figure
(b) If it produces sound when struck with the
below.
hammer, it is a metal. But if it does not
(i) What will be the action of the gas on?
produce sound, it is non-metal.
(a) dry blue litmus paper?
(c) Now arranging the given objects to form an
Ans : No change in colour will take place in
electric circuit. Insert any one sample between
case of dry
clips A and B. If the bulb glows, it is a metal
(b) moist blue litmus paper?

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33
Ans : The moist blue litmus paper will change (iii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal,
its colour to red because sulphur is non-metal yet it is used to make utensils for cooking.
and so, its oxides are acidic in nature. Ans :A thin layer of aluminium oxide formed
(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for on the surface of aluminium prevents it from
the reaction taking place. corrosion. Thus, aluminium vessels do not
S +O2(g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ SO2 react with any ingredient of food and are
SO2+H₂O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H₂SO₄ suitable for cooking.
Q.10 State two ways to prevent the rusting (iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are
of iron. usually converted into oxides during the
(i) By painting or greasing the surface of iron, process of extraction.
it can be prevented from rusting because it Ans :It is easier to obtain metal from its oxide
protects iron from direct contact with air. rather than its carbonates and sulphides.
(ii) By galvanizing the iron surface, a layer of Therefore, these ores are first converted to
zinc is coated on it. Zinc is more reactive than oxide and then reduced to metal.
iron, so it will be rusted in preference of iron. Q.13 You must have seen tarnished copper
Q.11 What type of oxides are formed when vessels being cleaned with lemon or
non-metals combine with oxygen? tamarind juice. Explain, why these sour
Ans :Non-metals form acidic oxides, i.e, their substances are effective in cleaning the
aqueous solution turns blue litmus solution vessels?
red. Ans :A layer of basic copper carbonate is
C + O₂ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CO2 formed by the reaction of air on copper metal.
CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H2CO3 2Cu +O2+H₂O + CO2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ CuCO3 .
Cu(OH)2
Q. 12. Give reasons. From air Basic copper
(i) Platinum, gold and silver are used to carbonate
make jewellery. This layer being insoluble in water, cannot be
Ans : Platinum, gold and silver are highly cleaned with water alone. But, it is soluble in
malleable, lustrous and least reactive, so they acids so lemon containing citric acid, tamarind
are not corroded by air and water easily. containing tartaric acid or
(ii) Sodium, potassium and lithium are any other sour substance containing acid can
stored under oil. be effective in cleaning the vessels. As these
Ans : Sodium, potassium and lithium are very acids neutralizes the basic copper carbonate
reactive, so these metals react vigorously with and dissolves the layer. Hence, surface of
atmospheric oxygen to form oxides. Storing copper vessels are cleaned with lemon or
them in oil prevents their oxidation. tamarind juice to give its characteristics luster.

Q.14 Differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their chemical properties.
Chemical properties Metals Non-metals
Formation of ions They are electropositive They are electronegative element,
elements, lose electron gain electron(s) and form anions.
and form cations. Cl+e- ⎯⎯ Cl
e.g. Na ⎯⎯ Na+ +e-
Discharge of ions Discharge at the cathode during Liberated at anode during
electrolysis of their compound. electrolysis.
At cathode, Except hydrogen, liberated at
Na+e- ⎯⎯ Na cathode.
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 At cathode,
2H+ 2e- ⎯⎯ H2↑
Reducing or Oxidizing They are reducing agents as they They are oxidizing agents, as they
agent donate electrons during chemical accept electrons during chemical
reaction. reaction.
Nature of oxides Metallic oxides are basic. Non-metallic oxides are acidic in
nature.
Reaction with acids Active metals react with dil. Non-metals do not react with dilute
HCI/H₂SO₄ to yield H2 gas and acids, as they cannot replace H*
salts. ion from an acid to form salt.

Q.15. A man went door to door posing as a This is the only solution, that can dissolve
goldsmith. He promised to bring back the gold. As the gold from the bangles was
glitter of old and dull gold ornaments. An dissolved in aqua-regia, their weight was
unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles reduced drastically.
to him which he dipped in a particular Q.16 Give reasons, why copper is used to
solution. The bangles sparkled like new but make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy
their weight was reduced drastically. of iron)?
The lady was upset but after a futile Ans : Iron (or steel) is more reactive than
argument, the man beat a hasty retreat. copper. Iron in contact with steam form Fe3O4.
Can you play the detective to find out the 3Fe+4 H2O - ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ Fe3O4 + 4H2
nature of the solution he had used? So, the body of tank is made of copper but not
Ans : The man used aqua-regia, a mixture of steel as copper does not react with water.
conc. HCl and conc. HNO, in the ratio of 3: 1.

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