Cad Standard

User's Guide and Tutorial

May 5, 2007

By
Robert Warne &
John Apperson

1
 Copyright © 2007, John Apperson
All Rights Reserved

No part of this book, may be reproduced or

transmitted in any form, by any means
(electronic, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise) without permission of the
publisher.

Published by Apperson & Daughters : http://www.cadstd.com

CadStd User's Guide & Tutorial, First Edition, Release 1

Printed in the United States of America

2
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Forward.......................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1: Introduction to CadStd................................................................. 8
Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?............................................................ 10
The Main Screen..................................................................................... 10
File Menu................................................................................................ 11
Draw Menu..............................................................................................13
Edit Menu................................................................................................14
Select Menu.............................................................................................15
Unselect Menu.........................................................................................16
Settings Menu .........................................................................................17
Window Menu.........................................................................................18
Undo/Redo Menu.................................................................................... 19
Help Menu...............................................................................................19
Toolbars...................................................................................................19
Line Type Toolbar.............................................................................. 20
Layer Toolbar..................................................................................... 20
Snap Toolbar...................................................................................... 21
Keyboard Input Toolbar..................................................................... 23
User Prompt Status Bar...................................................................... 23
Vector Status Bar................................................................................23
Icon Panel Toolbar..............................................................................24
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing.......................................................... 25
Startup Wizard........................................................................................ 26
Dimension Settings................................................................................. 27
Accuracy In Digits:.............................................................................28
Align Text:..........................................................................................29
Angular Dimension Style:.................................................................. 29
Dimension Arrow Type:....................................................................30
Leader Arrow Type:............................................................................30
Display Settings.......................................................................................31
Grid Settings............................................................................................32
Set Line Type.......................................................................................... 33

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 Table of Contents

Paper Settings..........................................................................................34
Set Text Type.......................................................................................... 37
Save Settings.......................................................................................... 38
Chapter 4: Draw Commands........................................................................39
Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep)...................................................................................... 40
Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep)......................................................................................41
Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid)......................................................................................42
Circle....................................................................................................... 43
Ellipse......................................................................................................44
Line..........................................................................................................45
Polyline....................................................................................................46
Arrow...................................................................................................... 47
Rectangle.................................................................................................48
Dimension Commands............................................................................ 49
Dimension Radial....................................................................................50
Dimension Angular................................................................................. 51
Text......................................................................................................... 52
Include File..............................................................................................53
B-Spline...................................................................................................54
Chapter 5: Edit Commands..........................................................................55
Copy........................................................................................................ 56
Move....................................................................................................... 57
Delete...................................................................................................... 58
Simplify...................................................................................................59
Rotate...................................................................................................... 60
Mirror X.................................................................................................. 61
Mirror Y.................................................................................................. 62
Scale........................................................................................................ 63
Array Rectangular................................................................................... 64
Array Polar.............................................................................................. 65
Change Text............................................................................................ 66
Change Text Type................................................................................... 67
Change Line Type................................................................................... 68
Change Layer...........................................................................................69

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Table of Contents

Change Entity.......................................................................................... 70
Intercept...................................................................................................71
Join Lines................................................................................................ 72
Trim.........................................................................................................73
Gap.......................................................................................................... 74
Offset.......................................................................................................75
Fillet........................................................................................................ 76
Chamfer...................................................................................................77
Replace Text............................................................................................78
Project..................................................................................................... 79
Copy Clipboard....................................................................................... 80
Chapter 6: Tutorial.......................................................................................81
Table of Contents.................................................................................... 82
Lesson 1: My First CadStd Drawing....................................................... 83
Lesson 2: Creating A Drawing Template For Use In Other Drawings... 93
Lesson 3: Using A Template In A Drawing............................................96
Lesson 4: Using The Offset, Gap, Trim And Intercept Functions........ 100
Lesson 5: Creating Isometric Projections..............................................110
Lesson 6: Creating Family History Wall Charts................................... 117
Alphabetical Index..................................................................................... 124

5
 Forward

Forward
by John Apperson

When I started a job as a computer-aided design operator in 1981, the computer I

used was a Digital Equipment PDP/11. The hard disk was a large device that
looked (and sounded) like a washing machine. The hardware/software
combination cost about $100,000.00. About the same time my friend and
neighbor, Les Kerrigan, began teaching me about microcomputers. Back then you
had to know about hardware, software and programming to get much out of what
would someday evolve into the personal computers we know today. As soon as I
could write computer programs I began dreaming of creating computer-aided
design software for home use. I bought my friend’s Z80 microcomputer and
started writing small fast computer programs. Someone I met at my job gave me
an HP storage tube terminal. It looked like an old radar screen, but it could draw
vectors across the screen by sending it special character codes. My boss let me use
a small HP pen plotter and I began writing computer-aided design code. About the
time the IBM-AT was beginning to appear, another friend, Ed Saari, saw promise
in what I could do if I had proper equipment and donated an IBM AT to my cause.
Now I had a computer with “raster” graphics and had to learn to translate my
vector CAD data onto the screen. Once I spent an entire week’s vacation writing
code in assembler so my CAD program could run faster. In September 1987 I
placed an ad in the Buyer’s Mart section of BYTE magazine. Part of it read:

FINALLY! - CAD Technology that compares with High-

Tech Industry CAD Systems. ONLY $65.00.

We received hundreds of requests for more information, but only one order. Since
the ad cost $500.00, it seemed my dream of creating a CAD program everyone
could afford was beginning to fade. It wasn’t long before DOS applications began
to fade and Windows applications were starting to dominate. I got discouraged
because Windows graphical applications were extremely difficult to debug - they
typically just froze and you had to reboot. So I stopped programming at home and
started programming (in C) for the UNIX Xwindows environ-

6
Forward

ment at work. I didn’t start working on my CAD program again until about 1996.
Windows 95 was a little more stable and Borland began selling Delphi (an object-
oriented Pascal environment). I told a friend, John Longyear, I was working on a
CAD program for Windows 95, and he looked at me funny and said, “Yea, right”.
I took this as a personal challenge and placed my first Windows version, now
called CadStd on my personal web page as freeware. John seemed impressed with
the results and I figured if I couldn’t make money selling CAD software, I could at
least let others benefit from the thousands of hours of work that it took to create it.
The response was overwhelming. People from all over the world started using
CadStd and requesting new features. So in response I began to upgrade CadStd
and eventually created CadStd Pro. In order to honor the hundreds of thousands of
users that encouraged development I still provide CadStd Lite to users at no
charge.

In hopes that we can provide more value to our CadStd Pro users, we created this
document. I’m sure it won’t be perfect but I hope will help answer a few
questions. I would like to thank my wife Sherrie & my daughters for putting up
with the countless hours of work I put into this project. I would also like to thank
Robert Warne for taking the challenge to write this manual and for the great
results. Thank you for supporting the Apperson family in the realization of their
dream,

John Apperson

7
 Chapter 1: Introduction to CadStd

Chapter 1: Introduction to CadStd

by Robert Warne

Computer Aided Drafting has transformed the traditional way of drafting by hand.
Tools such as scales, templates, rulers and drafting tables are no longer necessary
pieces of equipment to design accurate plans for a project. A traditional drafting
background is helpful, but not required to perform the same drawing techniques in
CAD. I have been told that the initial drawing takes just as long as it used to by
hand, but the real benefit comes when doing revisions. And everyone who has
ever created a drawing for themselves or for clients knows there are always
changes. Modifications are an integral part of the design process.

When I first started drafting I was somehow under the impression that there were
only a couple of programs that could be used for drafting. It didn’t take long for
my eyes to be opened and for me to realize that there were many CAD programs
on the market. Another observation I made when I was interested in purchasing
CAD software to use on my home computer was that the price range between
products varied greatly. This seemed odd because most of CAD programs on the
market were designed to help you achieve the same end result.

For my job I was required to draw single line diagrams and schematics for audio,
electrical, plumbing and controls. I also designed lighting layouts, audio layouts
and other equipment layouts for various entertainment facilities. I found CAD
very useful when determining how much and where to place the equipment in a
particular room or provided space. I found CAD very useful when determining
hole placements and sizes for drilling and mounting. I found it very convenient to
be able to make a parts list right on a drawing. With the part number,
manufacturer and quantity information right on a drawing I could eliminate extra
sheets of paper and confusion for ordering and reordering materials. CAD has also
proved invaluable to me at home. From laying brick to landscaping my yard, CAD
enabled me to maximize my utilization of the space available to me.

8
Chapter 1: Introduction to CadStd

One paramount thing that I learned though, is that everything I’ve ever done using
expensive, “name brand” CAD software, can be done using CadStd. In fact,
CadStd eliminates the unnecessary redundancy of methods to execute a single
command built into many programs. That isn’t to say CadStd is a stripped down
El Camino of a program to keep the price low. Rather CadStd Pro performs like a
loaded Lexus available at a wholesale price.

CadStd was designed by John Apperson who knows the CAD process from inside
out. With CadStd he has struck a perfect balance by providing you with exactly
what you need to create your drawing in a user friendly, convenient environment.

Whether you are new to CAD or a CAD veteran, CadStd will accommodate your
needs and meet all of your expectations. CadStd can be used for the most basic of
drawings to the most complex.

This CadStd User Guide and Tutorial will help you understand the fundamentals
of CadStd. It will introduce you to the tools available to create the drawings you
desire for your specific project. It will be your quick reference for questions
regarding appropriate use of drawing tools and commands, where to find the tools
and commands and how to efficiently use them. The User's Guide and Tutorial is
designed to help you learn the program and its functions so you can create
drawings with minimal mistakes or holdups.

Robert Warne

9
 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

The Main Screen
The Main Screen in CadStd is functionally set up to allow you easy access
to the tools and commands necessary to complete your drawing. The
screen is broken into sections with names that will be referred to
throughout the manual. The labeled graphic above represents the naming
convention applied to the various aspects of CadStd.

The menu items along with the graphic icon tools provide you with two
possible ways to perform an operation. Some might favor the graphic
tools, some the menu items.

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Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

File Menu
The following File Menu options are available in CadStd.

1. The New command clears the existing drawing of all entities

after warning it is about to do so.

2. The Open command loads a drawing into the work area.

3. The Print command prints the existing drawing to the printer

after first allowing you to set printing parameters.

4. The Save command saves the existing drawing.

5. The Save As command saves the existing drawing to a file

after requiring you to designate a file name and location.

6. The Export DXF command allows you to write a DXF file

to a name that you specify. (DXF files can be read by
Autocad and many other programs).

7. The Import HPGL command allows you to load an HPGL/1

file into a drawing.

8. The Export SVG command allows you to create scalable

vector graphic files that are easy to incorporate into an
HTML file. Adobe’s Acrobat Reader 5 includes an SVG
viewer.

11
 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

File Menu cont.

9. The Undo Last Exit command only appears if you exited
your last drawing without saving. This should also appear if
your system crashed (say due to a power failure). After
selecting the Undo Last Exit menu the old drawing you
thought you lost should reappear.

10.The Exit command lets you end the program after being
asked if you would like to save changes to the drawing.

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Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Draw Menu
The Draw Menu contains the necessary functions needed to create the
fundamental elements of your drawing. The Draw commands will be
discussed in greater detail in Chapter 4.

The CadStd Draw Commands are:

• Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep)
• Arc (3 points)
• Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid)
• Arrow
• B-Spline
• Circle
• Dimension Vertical
• Dimension Horizontal
• Dimension Diagonal
• Dimension Radial
• Dimension Angular
• Ellipse
• Include File
• Line
• Poly Line
• Rectangle
• Text

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 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Edit Menu
The Edit Menu functions are used to edit and enhance the elements of
your drawing. The Edit commands will be discussed in greater detail in
Chapter 5.

Edit Commands are:

• Array (Polar) • Move

• Array (Rectangular) • Offset
• Chamfer • Project
• Change Text • Replace Text
• Change Text Type • Rotate
• Change Line Type • Simplify
• Change Layer • Scale
• Change Entity • Trim
• Copy • Copy Clipboard (Raster)
• Delete • Copy Clipboard (Vector)
• Fillet • Copy Clipboard (Whole
• Gap Window)
• Intercept
• Mirror X
• Mirror Y

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Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Select Menu
The Select Menu should not have to be used very often by most users.
However there are times when selecting a vertex or an entity to move, it is
the simplest way to perform your edit. You might want to try the Change
Entity command as an alternative.

1. The Select All command selects every entity in the drawing.

2. The Invert Selection command selects every entity that is

unselected and unselects every entity that is selected.

3. The Invert Select Ent command selects a single entity that is

unselected or unselects an entity that is selected.

4. The Select Entity command selects one entity at a time.

5. The Select Entity Window command selects all entities

within or crossing a window area.

6. The Select Vertex command selects a single vertex at a time.

7. The Select Vertex Window command selects all vertices

within a window area.

Note: When using the Select Entity command, you can drag
your mouse to select and unselect various entities. By
dragging right you select the entities touched by the drag box.
By dragging left you unselect the entities touched by the drag
box. This applies to all commands that require the selection
of entities.

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 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Unselect Menu
The Unselect Menu should not have to be used very often by most users.
However there are times when selecting a vertex or entity and moving it is
the simplest way to perform your edit. Use these menu items when you have
selected more entities than you intended to or wish to unselect all entities.

1. The Unselect All command unselects every entity in the

drawing.

2. The UnSelect Entity command unselects one entity at a time.

3. The UnSelect Entity Window command unselects all

entities within or crossing a window area.

4. The Unselect Vertex command unselects a single vertex at a

time.

5. The UnSelect Vertex Window command unselects all

vertices within a window area.

Note: When using the UnSelect Entity command, you can drag
your mouse to unselect an entity or entities. By dragging left you
unselect the entities touched by the drag box. This applies to all
commands that require the selection of entities.

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Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Settings Menu
See chapter 3 for details on the following commands found within the
settings menu :

1. Dimension Settings

2. Display Settings

3. Grid Settings

4. Line Type Settings

5. Paper Settings

6. Text Type

7. Save Settings

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 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Window Menu

The Window Menu is where you will find the commands that will help you
zoom in or out of your drawing, repaint or query elements.

1. The Repaint command repaints the entire drawing. This

might need to be used to remove “artifacts”(i.e. lines or graphics
not really in the database) left behind by various commands.

2. The Center command allows you to center the display

around a point that you specify. Once a point is selected using
the mouse or manual toolbar, that point will then be positioned
in the center of your screen.

3. The Zoom Window command allows you to zoom the

display to a window you specify. You will be prompted to pick
a first and second point for the window. Once specified, the
objects within the range selected will be zoomed.

4. The Zoom All command zooms out to view the entire paper
limits. To see entities outside the paper limits use the Zoom Out
command.

5. The Zoom In command zooms 2x closer to the center of the

display.

6. The Zoom Out command zooms 2x farther from the center

of
the display.

7. The Query command displays information about the

elements
selected.

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Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Undo/Redo Menu

The Undo and Redo Menu items are available whenever it is possible to
undo or redo a user action. With the Pro version you may be able to undo
several hundred times. But, Undo will only work on actions executed up
until the Save or Reset commands are used. It is recommended that the
Save and Reset commands be used cautiously.

Help Menu

The Help Menu includes: About, Help and www.cadstd.com.

Toolbars

CadStd toolbars conveniently provide you with the ability to monitor or

modify settings and execute commands. Many of the CadStd features are
just a mouse click away on the tool bars.

19
 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Line Type Toolbar

The Line Type Toolbar allows you to set your default line type. All
of the CadStd Line Types are set to a default Auto Width which
ensures all of your lines are drawn proportionately to the scale of
your drawing. CadStd does have a User Defined Width option
available for you to set your own custom line widths. You can set the
default line type from the Line Type Tool Bar, from the Main Menu
under Settings or from the Settings Icon Toolbar. To change the line
type of a particular entity without changing the linetypes throughout
your whole drawing, see Edit Line Type.

Layer Toolbar

The Layer Toolbar helps you to keep track of what layers are on or off and what
layer you are currently drawing on. The tool bar allows you to select what layer
you want to draw on and what layers you want to view. After drawing an entity on
one layer you can then change the layer of that entity. For more details about
changing an entity’s layer, see Edit Layer.

20
Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Snap Toolbar

Use the Snap Toolbar to precisely pick specific points in your

drawing. The first feature of this toolbar is the pull down selection
that allows you to specify if you whether you want to Snap to Grid,
Angle or None. Snap to Grid and Angle is similar to ortho in other
drawing programs.

If you choose to Snap to Angle, the next pulldown selection is the

Degree of Angle. This feature is selected when you want to draw a
specific line a line at a particular angle from its vertex. If set angle to
snap every 15 degrees, you will be able to draw lines in 15 degree
increments from their vertices.

The seven icons to the right of the Angle pulldown are the Snap
Icons. For more details about these icons, see Snap Icons.

The Snap Icons are grey (as seen below) when they are inactive, and turn
red when they are active and available for use.

1. The Snap Intersection command lets you snap a point at the

intersection of two entities.

2. The Snap 2 Arcs Tangent command lets you snap a line to

the tangent point of two arcs or circles.

3. The Snap Center command lets you snap a point to the

center of arcs or circles.

4. The Snap Mid Point command lets you snap a point to the
midpoint of a line or arc.

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 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

5. The Snap End command lets you snap a point to the end of
arcs, lines or circles.

6. The Snap Tangent command lets you snap a point to the

end of arcs, lines or circles.

7. The Snap Perpendicular command lets you snap a line

perpendicular to lines, arcs or circles.

22
Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Keyboard Input Toolbar

The Keyboard Input Toolbar has four fields and one check box. There is
a manual input field for X coordinates and one for Y coordinates, a field for
Distance and one for Angle. The Abs check box is where you specify if you
want the values to be Absolute or not. If the box is checked, the Absolute
values for the X,Y coordinates entered will be referenced from 0,0 instead
of relative to the last point. The default is unchecked.

User Prompt Status Bar

The User Prompt Status Bar provides information about the current
command engaged. The instructions in the User Prompt should not be
ignored. Following the user prompt instructions will save your time and
temper.

Vector Status Bar

The Vector Status Bar gives you the absolute X,Y or incremental IX,IY
coordinates and also displays the distance and angle.

23
 Chapter 2: What’s on Your Screen?

Toolbars
cont.

Icon Panel Toolbar

The Icon Panel Toolbar is broken into sections. The sections

are: File Options, Draw Options, Edit Options, Settings
Window Options and Grid.

24
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Before starting a drawing, it is helpful you orient yourself with the

program. I like to use a buffet analogy to describe this orientation.
One of the things I find frustrating about going to a buffet is having
to wait in a long line to get to the food. So before seeing all of the
food available, frustrated from the long line, I immediately pile on
the first things I get to because I don’t want to pass something up and
later have to get back in the line again. I call it going blind into the
buffet. I don’t want you to have to go blind into the buffet that
CadStd has to offer, so I will show you the different features of
CadStd before you start your drawing.

25
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Startup Wizard

Upon launching the program you have the opportunity to accept the
Startup Wizard. This is a recommended feature to use at first, to ensure
that you apply the correct settings for your drawing. The Startup Wizard is
geared toward simplifying the setup process for all levels of users.

The first option is to select a Blank Drawing. This allows you to use
settings you’ve previously saved to create new drawings.

The second option is the Drawing Scale Expert. This is very useful when
starting a new drawing. It will help you select your paper size (Standard/
Metric) and unit type. Once you’ve made your selections, you enter the
approximate dimension of the object you are drawing. Then you can click
finish and a new drawing will be configured for your use.

The third option is the Gedcom Import Helper. This would be used to
create circular pedigree charts and wall charts from Gedcom (genealogy
database) files. See the tutorial section for more information about this
command.

After you have used the startup wizard to begin your drawing there are
several other commands you can use to give yourself even more control
over the way your drawing appears. They are described in the remainder of
this chapter.

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Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Dimension Settings

The Dimension Settings command is used to set values that

effect the way dimensions are displayed. You can control the
way dimensions are displayed by changing the following settings
in the CadStd: Dimension Settings box:

27
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Dimension Settings
cont.

Accuracy In Digits:
The accuracy setting is used to define the number of digits
following the decimal point when displaying dimensions.
ACCURACY IN DIGITS does NOT effect in any way the
precision of the data base entities. Accuracy in digits can be
given different values for General dimensions, Radial
dimensions and Angular dimensions.

Example:

With a dimension distance equal to 0.12345 :

0 digits = 0
1 digit = 0.1
2 digits = 0.12
3 digits = 0.123
4 digits = 0.1234
5 digits = 0.12345

28
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Dimension Settings
cont.

Align Text:
This box is where you specify whether you want your
dimension
text to align Horizontally, Between Arrows or Above Arrows.

Angular Dimension Style:

This option allows you to set the style of your angular
dimensions. Minutes/Seconds or Decimal are your two
options.

29
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Dimension Settings
cont.

Dimension Arrow Type:

There are four arrow types to choose from for dimensioning.

Once you set your Dimension Arrow Type, this will serve as
the default arrow type for all Vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal and
Angular dimensions in your drawing. You can change arrow
types after dimensions have been made. To do this just open the
Dimension Settings command, pick the new arrow type and
accept it by clicking the OK button. All of the dimension arrows
will automatically change.

Leader Arrow Type:

There are three leader arrow types to choose from. Once you set
your Leader Arrow Type, this will serve as the default arrow
type for all radial dimensions and arrows created using the
Arrow command in your drawing. You can change your arrow
types anytime. To do this just open the Dimension Settings
command, pick the new leader arrow type and accept it by
clicking the OK button. All of the leader arrows will
automatically change.

30
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Display Settings

The Display Settings dialog box allows you to specify the appropriate
settings you need for your drawing.

1. The Display Setting command allows you to make several

choices about how CadStd displays data or menus.

• The Fast check box forces CadStd to show all lines and
text in a simplified manner (Default=Unchecked).
• The Show the Icons check box turns the icons on the
right side of the CadStd window on or off
(Default=Checked).
• The Reverse Video check box tells CadStd to draw white
entities on a black background (Default=Checked).
• The cursor setting control allows you to set the size of the
select box that appears when you need to select an entity.

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 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Grid Settings

6. The Set Grid command allows you to define a grid pattern

that displays on your screen to help you enter coordinates with a
mouse in an accurate manner. The grid size is entered by an X:
horizontal dimension and a Y: vertical dimension.

The Grid Offset command allows you to offset the origin of the
grid while retaining its spacing.

Considering the X axis only, imagine a grid spacing of .1. The

grid points would lie on positions .1, .2, .3, .4 etc. With a grid
offset of .025 in the X axis the grid points would lie on
positions .125, .225, .325, .425 etc.

You can also display the grid in three other ways : Isometric
front/rear, Isometric left/right and Isometric top/bottom.

32
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Set Line Type

3. The Set Line Type command allows you to select one of the
following line styles to be the default line style. These line styles
are defined by the ANSI standard.

33
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Paper Settings

5. The Paper Settings command allows you to set the size and
scale of your drawing. You would bypass these steps if you
are using the Startup Wizard’s Drawing Scale Expert (see
Setting Up Your Drawing in Chapter 3). Below is an
example of the CadStd: Paper Settings box and the fields
available to specify various values.

Size:

Standard and Metric paper sizes are available. You may also
specify your own custom size of paper. Paper size is usually
determined by factors such as: who the drawing is for, what
sizes of paper your printer or plotter can handle and, most
importantly, the scale of your drawing.

34
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Paper Settings
cont.
Orientation
This where you would specify either Portrait or Landscape for
your drawing.

Offset From 0,0

The offset from 0,0 default setting designates the lower left
corner your drawing as X=0, Y=0. CadStd also allows you to
manually enter custom coordinates for X,Y, or manually pick
the location for the lower left corner of your drawing.

35
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Paper Settings
cont.

Scale:

When creating a drawing with CadStd it is important to draw

entities exactly the same size as they will exist in the real world.
For example, if you are drawing a bolt that is two inches long, it
should be drawn two inches long in the CadStd database.
CadStd’s Scaling feature allows you to maintain real world
dimensions that are proportionately scaled to fit on the size of
paper you are creating your drawing on. To set the scale of your
drawing, enter the value each unit of measurement will
represent on Paper. Then enter the value each unit of
measurement on Paper will be represented in the Real World
or CadStd database. Then pick the equal button, and the scale
will be computed and appear in the scale box. If you create a
drawing that fits within the area of one square inch you may
want to set your Paper Scale to eight to one which means that
eight inches on the paper represents one inch in your database
and in the Real World. Or you may have a drawing that
contains a one hundred inch long entity that you wish to
represent on paper. A proper scale for this drawing would be
one to ten, which means one inch on paper equals ten inches in
the real world.

36
Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Set Text Type

2. The Set Text Type command allows you to select one of the
following text styles to be the default text style. All text sizes are
NOT affected by drawing scale. In accordance with ANSI
standards, the changing of drawing size (i.e. A..E or A4..A1 )
may change text size.

37
 Chapter 3: Setting Up Your Drawing

Save Settings

7. The Save Settings command lets you save all the values you
have set for your drawing. The values will be maintained until
you change them. It is not necessary to re-enter the values
already saved each time you open the same drawing.

38
Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Chapter 4: Draw Commands

A knowledge of the various Draw Commands will speed up your drawing
time and enhance the accuracy of your drawing. As you become familiar
with the commands you will find which ones work best for you and will
begin to use the commands in increasingly more advanced ways.

The commands discussed in this chapter will familiarize you with the basic
steps of execution. The methods described will provide you with the basics
to perform desired editing operations. The following chapter will provide
you with a reference when using the edit commands.

• Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep) • Dimension Vertical

• Arc 3 points (Sp,Mid,Ep) • Dimension Horizontal
• Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) • Dimension Diagonal
• Circle • Dimension Radial
• Ellipse • Dimension Angular
• Line • Text
• Polyline • Include File
• Arrow • B-Spline
• Rectangle

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep) Key Steps

1. Center?
The Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep) command 2. Start Angle?
allows you to input arcs defined by
the center, start angle and end 3. End Point?
point. Zero degrees is to the right
of center and all other angles are
calculated in counterclockwise
direction. The Set Line Type
command should have been issued
prior to this command to assure
that the proper line style is used.

1. Arc (Cen,Sa, Ep) : Center? will appear in the User Prompt

after the command is selected. Select a center point for your
arc.

2. Arc (Cen,Sa, Ep) : Start Angle? will appear in the User

Prompt after the center point is selected. In the Edit Box
labeled ANG, type the desired angle for your arc or pick a
point on the screen with the cursor.

3. Arc (Cen,Sa, Ep) : End Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the angle value is entered. Select an end point to
complete your arc.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align any of these

three points to an existing entity. Also, you may need to change
“snap to grid” to “none” if you are having trouble sizing your
arc.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep) Key Steps

The Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep) command 1. Start Point?
allows you to input arcs defined by
any three points. The first point 2. Mid Point?
will be the start point of the arc. 3. End Point?
The second will be the mid point
to draw the arc through. The third
will be the end point of the arc.
The Set Line Type command
should have been issued prior to
this command to assure that the
proper line style is used.

1. Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep): Start Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the command is selected. Select a start point for
your arc.

2. Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep) : Mid Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the center point is selected. Select a mid point for
your arc.

3. Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep): End Point? will appear in the User

Prompt
after the angle value is entered. Select an end point to complete
your arc.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align any of these

three points to an existing entity. Also, you may need to
change “snap to grid” to “none” if you are having trouble
sizing your arc.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) Key Steps

The Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) command 1. Start Point?
allows you to input arcs defined by
any three points. The first point 2. End Point?
will be the start point of the arc. 3. Mid Point?
The second will be the end point
of the arc. The third point will be a
mid point on the arc. The Set Line
Type command should have been
issued prior to this command to
assure that the proper line style is
used.

1. Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) : Start Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the command is selected. Select a start point for
your arc.

2. Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) : End Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the center point is selected. Select an end point
for your arc.

3. Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid) : Mid Point? will appear in the User

Prompt after the angle value is entered. Select a mid point to
complete your arc.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align any of these

three points to an existing entity. Also, you may need to
change “snap to grid” to “none” if you are having trouble
sizing your arc.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Circle Key Steps

The Circle command allows you 1. Center?
to input circles defined by two
2. Radius?
points. The first point will be the
center of the circle. The second
point will be a point on the radius
of the circle. The Set Line Type
command should have been issued
prior to this command to assure
that the proper line style is used.

1. Circle: Center? will appear in the User Prompt after the

command is selected. Select a center point for your circle.

2. Circle: Radius? will appear in the User Prompt after the

command is selected. There are two methods available for
choosing a circle’s radius. The first way is to just select a
point on the screen. The second way is to type in the Edit Box
field labeled “Dist” (Distance) a numeric value for the radius.
What you type in the “Dist” field will be value for the
diameter. So if you desire a specific radius divide the
diameter by 2 and enter that value into the “Dist” field.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align either of these

two points to an existing entity. Also, you may need to change
“snap to grid” to “none” if you are having trouble sizing your
circle.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Ellipse Key Steps

1. Center?
The Ellipse command allows you
to input an ellipse defined by three 2. First radius?
points. The first point will be the 3. Second radius
center of the ellipse. The second and angle?
point will be a point on the radius
one of the ellipse. The third point
will be the second radius and
angle of the ellipse.

1. Center will appear in the User Prompt after the command is

selected. Select a center point for your ellipse.

2. First radius will appear in the User Prompt after the center
point is selected. Select a point for the first radius of your
ellipse.

3. Second radius and angle will appear in the User Prompt

after the first radius point is selected. Select a point for the
second radius and angle of your ellipse.

Example: The Ellipse above illustrates the three points required

to draw and ellipse.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align any of the

three points of an ellipse to an existing entity.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Line Key Steps

1. Start Point?
The Line command allows you to 2. Vertex?
input a series of points that
describe lines. The Set Line Type 3. Vertex? (continue as
command should have been issued needed or right mouse
previous to this command to click to finish)
assure the proper line style is used.
“Undo” backs up one vertex.

1. Line: Start Point? will appear in the User Prompt after the
command is selected. Select a starting point for your line.

2. Line: Vertex? will appear in the User Prompt after the start
point is selected. Select a point for the vertex of your line.
CadStd allows you to select multiple vertices to continue
drawing lines without re-selecting the command.

3. Line: Vertex? Continue as needed or right click your mouse

to disengage the line command.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align either the start
point or vertex of a line to an existing entity.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Polyline Key Steps

1. Start Point?
The Polyline command allows 2. Vertex?
you to input a series of points that
describe a multiple sided (poly) 3. Vertex? (continue as
line. All the segments of the line needed or right mouse
are treated as a single entity. The click to finish)
Set Line Type command should
have been issued previous to this
command to assure the proper line
style is used. “Undo” backs up one
vertex.

1. Line: Start Point? will appear in the User Prompt after the
command is selected. Select a starting point for your line.

2. Poly Line: Vertex? will appear in the User Prompt after the
start point is selected. Select a point for the vertex of your
line. Proceed by selecting multiple vertices to continue your
polyline.

3. Poly Line: Vertex? Continue as needed or right click your

mouse to disengage the line command.

Note: The Snap Commands may be used to align either the start
point or vertex of a polyline to an existing entity.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Arrow Key Steps

1. Start Point?
Arrow command is used to point 2. Vertex?
to details for call-outs or labeling.
CadStd makes using an arrow very 3. Right Click.
easy. To control the arrow style
use the Dimension Settings
Leader Arrow Type.

1. Arrow: Start Point? will appear in the User Prompt after

the command is selected. Select the vertex for your arrow.

2. Once the Vertex is selected, the arrow appears. Now select

the distance for the line attached to the arrow. CadStd allows
you to create multiple vertices using the arrow command.

3. Right click when you are finished adding vertices using your
right mouse button to disengage the arrow command.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Rectangle Key Steps

1. Start Corner?
The Rectangle command is 2. End Corner?
simply an extension of the line
command that allows you to draw
boxes while only entering two
points. SEE ALSO: Draw Line &
Set Line Type

1. Rectangle: Start Corner? will appear in the User Prompt

after the command is selected. Select a starting point for your
rectangle.

2. Rectangle: End Corner? will appear in the User Prompt

after the first corner is selected. Select the end corner and
right click your mouse to end the command. If you don’t
right click your mouse you can continue using the rectangle
command without reselecting it.

Note: CadStd allows you to size a rectangle using the “X Y Edit

Boxes”. In the X field type a dimension and press return. Then
in the Y coordinate type a dimension and press return.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Dimension Commands Key Steps

The Dimension commands 1. First Point?
permits the input of horizontal
2. Second Point?
vertical and diagonal
dimensioning. The text dimension 3. Text Location.
distances are recalculated with
every change. Use the Set
Dimension command to specify
the number of decimal places
displayed with the dimension text.

1. Select First Point of desired dimension.

2. Select Second Point of desired dimension.

3. Select Text Location by moving mouse away from the

entity, moving the text and clicking on the desired location.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Dimension Radial Key Steps

1. Choose Circle or Arc?
A Radial dimension is defined 2. Text Location.
from an existing arc or circle.
Choose the arc or circle you want
to dimension and then place the
dimension text. You can control
the value of the text in the
Settings/Dimension dialog box.

1. Once the command is engaged Radial Dimension: Choose

Circle or Arc will appear in the User Prompt window.
Select the circle or arc you wish to dimension.

2. After selecting the circle or arc, Radial Dimension: Text

Location? will appear in the User Prompt window. Select
the desired location for the text.

Note: The Set Dimension command will affect the number of

decimal places displayed with the dimension text. This can be
changed after Radial Dimensions are created.

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

Dimension Angular Key Steps

1. Center?
An Angular dimension is defined 2. Start Angle?
by three points. The first is the 3. End Angle?
center of the angle to be measured.
The second is the start angle and 4. Text Location?
location of extension line. The
third is the end angle and the
fourth is the text location.

1. Once the command is engaged Angular Dimension:

Center? will appear in the User Prompt window. Select the
center of the angle you wish to dimension.

2. After selecting the center of the angle, Angular Dimension:

Start Angle? will appear in the User Prompt window. Select
the start angle location.

3. After selecting the start angle location, Angular Dimension:

End Angle? will appear in the User Prompt window. Select
the end angle location.

4. After selecting the end angle location, Angular Dimension:

Text Location? will appear in the User Prompt window.
Select the desired location for the text.

Note: The Set Dimension command will affect the number of

decimal places displayed with the dimension text.

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Key Steps
Text 1. Enter Text?
The Text command allows you to 2. Text Location?
input ANSI standard text at any 3. Rotation Angle?
angle. After entering the text, an
X,Y location and angle are
required. The Set Text Type
command should have been issued
previous to this command to
assure the proper text size is used.

1. Once selected, a Enter Text box will appear on the screen,

similar to the box below. Enter text into the field provided
and specify appropriate size for the text. CadStd also
provides the option to include the degree, plus/minus and
diameter symbols in your text string. Select OK when
finished.

2. Text Location? will now appear in the User Prompt. Select

location for text.

3. Rotation Angle? will now appear in the User Prompt. The

text will rotate with your mouse until you select your desired
rotation. Once this step is completed, CadStd allows you to
continue to place the same text as many times as you want in
your drawing. Press Esc or right click mouse when finished

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Chapter 4: Draw Commands

with command.
Key Steps
Include File 1. Select File?
The Include File command 2. Location?
permits you to insert existing 3. Angle of Rotation?
drawings into your current
drawing. This command is very
useful and will save you time,
especially if you have already
drawn something and want to use
it in a new drawing.

1. Once selected an Open box will appear on your screen.

Select the appropriate file you wish to insert and then select
the “Open” button. If the file is inserted in a location or angle
that doesn’t work for you, there is no need to reinsert the file
by using the Include File command. You can use the Move
and Rotate commands to make the appropriate changes. You
may also use the Scale Entities command to scale the file
you inserted if necessary.

2. The text Include File: Location? Will now appear in the

User Prompt. Select a location for the file to be inserted into
the drawing.

3. The text Include File: Angle of Rotation? Will now appear

in the User Prompt. Pick the desired angle by moving your
mouse or by entering a numeric value in the “Edit Box” field
“Ang”.

Note: This command inserts the complete file that already

exists into the new file.

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 Chapter 4: Draw Commands

B-Spline Key Steps

1. Start Point?
The B-Spline command allows 2. Vertex?
you to input a series of points that
describe a B-Spline. A B-Spline
requires at least four points.
Undo backs up one vertex.

1. Once selected, the text B-Spline: Start Point? will appear in

the User Prompt. Select the start point.

2. Once the start point is selected, the text B-Spline: Vertex?

will appear in the User Prompt. Select the first vertex.

3. Once the first vertex is selected, the text B-Spline: Vertex?

will appear again in the User Prompt. Select the second
vertex.

4. Once the second vertex is selected, the text B-

Spline:Vertex? will appear again in the User Prompt. Select
the third vertex. After selecting the third vertex you can now
end your B-Spline or continue to define additional vertex
locations.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Chapter 5: Edit Commands

A knowledge of the various Edit Commands will speed up your drawing

time and enhance the accuracy of your drawing. As you become familiar
with the commands you will find which ones work best for you and will
begin to use the commands in increasingly more advanced ways.

This chapter will familiarize you with the basic steps of execution of the
CadStd Edit Commands. The methods described will provide you with the
basics to perform desired editing operations. The following chapter will
provide you with a reference when using the Edit Commands.

• Copy • Change Line Type

• Move • Change Layer
• Delete • Change Entity
• Simplify • Intercept
• Rotate • Join Lines
• Mirror X • Trim
• Mirror Y • Gap
• Scale Entities • Offset
• Array Rectangular • Fillet
• Array Polar • Chamfer
• Change Text • Replace Text
• Change Text Type • Project
• Copy Clipboard

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Copy Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Copy command lets you copy 2. From?
elements from one point in 2D
space to another. The command is 3. To?
very useful, especially if you’ve
drawn an object that will be used
more than once.

1. The text Copy: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select all the entities you wish to copy. Right click
your mouse after selecting entities to register your selection
and to precede.

2. The text Copy: From? will appear in the User Prompt.

Select a point.

3. The text Copy: To? will appear in the User Prompt. Select a
point.

Note: When using Copy, the snap menu is active allowing you
the option to precisely pick the point of Copy: From and the
point of Copy: To?

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Move Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Move command lets you
2. From?
move elements from one point in
2D space to another. Moving 3. To?
elements in a drawing is very
common.

1. The text Move: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select all the entities you wish to copy. Right click
your mouse after selecting entities to register your selection
and to proceed.

2. The text Move: From? will appear in the User Prompt.

Select a point.

3. The text Move: To? will appear in the User Prompt. Select a
point.

Note: When using Move, the snap menu is active allowing you
the option to precisely pick the point of Move: From, and the
point of Move: To?

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Delete Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Delete command lets you 2. Right Mouse Click.
delete one or many elements. If
you accidentally delete something
use the Undo command to restore
it.

1. The text Delete: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select all the entities you wish to Delete.

2. Right click your mouse after selecting entities to register

your selection. The entities will automatically be removed.

Note: By dragging a box with your mouse to the right, any

entity the box touches will be selected. By dragging a box with
your mouse to the left will Unselect any actively selected entity
that the box touches. You may also click on an entity to Select
or Unselect that entity.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Simplify Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Simplify command lets you 2. Right Mouse Click.
simplify (explode/smash) an
element. For example if you
simplify a dimension, each
element will become its simplest
form: two lines, two arrows and
one text element.

1. The text Simplify: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select the entities you wish to simplify.

2. Right mouse click after selecting entities to register your

selection.

Note: By dragging a box with your mouse to the right, any

entity the box touches will be selected. By dragging a box with
your mouse to the left will Unselect any actively selected entity
that the box touches. You may also click on an entity to Select
or Unselect that entity.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Rotate Key Steps

The Rotate command lets you 1. Select Entities?
rotate elements at any angle about 2. Center of Rotation?
any point in 2D space.
3. Angle of Rotation?

1. Once activated, you will see Rotate: Select Entities in the

User Prompt. Select the entity or entities you want to rotate.
Once selected, right mouse click to register your selection
and to proceed.

2. Rotate: Center Of Rotation? will now appear in the User

Prompt. Choose a point to rotate about (think of the selected
entities as being on a transparent sheet and this point is a
thumb-tack through to the paper below).

3. Rotate: Angle Of Rotation? will now appear in the User

Prompt. Enter an angle. Just type the angle in the "Ang"
entry box and press ENTER, or use the mouse to indicate the
angle.

Note: A positive number entered in the “Ang” field will rotate

your entity counter clockwise. A negative number will rotate
your entity clockwise.

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Mirror X Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
2. Point?
The Mirror X command lets you
mirror elements in the X axis 3. Copy While Mirroring?
(horizontal). Like “Mirror Y”, this
is a helpful command if the entity
you are drawing is symmetrical.
You can draw half and mirror the
other half.

1. The text Mirror X: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select all the entities you wish to mirror. Right
mouse click after selecting entities to register your selection
and to proceed.

2. The text Mirror X: Point? will appear in the User Prompt.

Select a point. To create the diamond above, select “Snap to
End” from the Snap Toolbar. Then select the end of one of
the lines as illustrated in the example as End Point A.

3. CadStd will now display a “Mirror Box” asking the question,

Copy While Mirroring? Select Yes to complete the
diamond in the example. By selecting No, the entities will be
mirrored on the X axis, but the original orientation of the
entities will no longer exist.

Note: When using Mirror X the snap menu is active allowing

you the option to precisely pick the point of Mirror X: Point?

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Mirror Y Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Mirror Y command lets you 2. Point?
mirror elements in the Y axis
(vertical). Like “Mirror X”, this is 3. Copy While Mirroring?
a helpful command if the entity
you are drawing is symmetrical.
You can draw half and mirror the
other half.

1. The text Mirror Y: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select all the entities you wish to mirror. Right
mouse click after selecting entities to register your selection
and to proceed.

2. The text Mirror Y: Point? will appear in the User Prompt.

Select a point. To create the diamond above, select “Snap to
End” from the Snap Toolbar. Then select the end of one of
the lines as illustrated in the example as End Point A.

3. CadStd will now display a “Mirror Box” asking the question,

Copy While Mirroring? Select Yes to complete the
diamond in the example. By selecting No, the entities will be
mirrored on the Y axis, but the original orientation of the
entities will no longer exist.

Note: When using Mirror Y, the snap menu is active, allowing

you the option to precisely pick the point of Mirror Y: Point?

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Scale Key Steps

1. Scale Value?
The Scale command lets you scale 2. Select Entities?
elements about any point in 2D space.
3. Point ?

1. A CadStd: Scale Box appears on the screen that prompts

you to type a value from .001 to 100 to scale the entity by. To
scale the circle above to a diameter of 2.5” that will intersect
all 4 corners of the box, type 5, and select OK.

2. The text Scale: Select Entities will appear in the User

Prompt. Select the circle and right mouse click to register
your selection and to proceed.

3. The text Scale: Point? will appear in the User Prompt.

Select “Snap Center” from the Snap Toolbar, and then select
the circle. If done properly the circle will now fill the square.

Note: When using Scale, the snap menu is active, allowing you
the option to precisely pick the point of Scale: Point?

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Array Rectangular Key Steps

The Array Rectangular 1. # Columns & # Rows?
command 2. Select Entities?
lets you copy elements
into rows and columns. This is 3. First Point?
a great command if you’re 4. Second Point?
drawing a single line schematic
or wiring diagram that requires
many copies of the same entity.

1. A CadStd: Array Rectangular Box appears on the screen

that prompts you to type the number of columns and rows
you want to create. For the example above, enter 6 columns
and 4 rows and select OK.

2. The text Array Rectangular: Select Entities will appear in

the User Prompt. Select the circle and right mouse click to
register your selection and to proceed.

3. The text Array Rectangular: First Point? will appear in the

User Prompt. Select “Snap Center” from the Snap Toolbar,
and then select the circle.

4. The text Array Rectangular: Second Point? will appear in

the User Prompt. Drag your mouse to create a square.
Complete the box (that represents the distance between one
column and one row) you are drawing by clicking your
mouse once again. The circle will now be arrayed in 6
columns and 4 rows.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Array Polar Key Steps

The Array Polar command lets 1. # Copies & Angle?
you rotate and copy elements 2. Select Entities?
multiple times. Like “Array
Rectangular”, this is a great 3. Center of Rotation?
command if your drawing requires
many copies of the same entity.

1. A CadStd: Array Polar Box appears on the screen that

prompts you to type the number of copies and the angle of
rotation. For the example above, enter 17 copies and an angle
of 20 degrees and select OK.

2. The text Array Polar: Select Entities will appear in the

User Prompt. Select the line and right mouse click to register
your selection and to proceed.

3. The text Center of Rotation? will appear in the User

Prompt. Select “Snap Center” from the Snap Toolbar, and
then select the circle. The line should array 17 additional
times, 20 degrees apart from each other around the circle.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Change Text Key Steps

The Change Text command lets 1. Select Entities?
you edit the text string of any text 2. Edit Text Box
element.

1. The text Change Text: Select Entities will appear in the

User Prompt. Select the text entity you desire to change.

2. A CadStd: Edit Text box similar to the example below will

appear on your screen. Make the necessary changes and
select OK.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Change Text Type Key Steps

1. Select Entities?
The Change Text Type command 2. Change Text Type Box
lets you change the type and size
of any text element.

1. The text Change Text Type: Select Entities will appear in

the User Prompt. Select the text entities you desire to change
and right mouse click to register your selection.

2. A CadStd: Change Text Type box similar to the example

below will appear on your screen. Make the change and
select OK.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Change Line Type Key Steps

The Change Line Type command 1. Select Entities?
lets you change the line type of 2. Change Line Type Box
any line element.

1. The text Change Line Type: Select Entities will appear in

the User Prompt. Select the entities you desire to change.

2. A CadStd: Change Line Type box similar to the example

below will appear on your screen. Make the change and
select OK.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Change Layer Key Steps

The Change Layer command lets 1. Select Entities?
you change the layer of any entity. 2. Change Layer Box
This command was changed in
version 3.5 and subsequent
releases to prompt you for the
specific layer after the right mouse
button is clicked.

1. The text Change Layer: Select Entities will appear in the

User Prompt. Select the entities you want to change to a
different layer.

2. A CadStd: Change Layer box similar to the example below

will appear on your screen. Make the change and select OK.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Change Entity Key Steps

The Change Entity command allows 1. Select Entities?
you to modify or alter an existing 2. Vertex? From?
entity.

1. Change Entity: Select Entity? in the User Prompt. Select

the entity or entities you want to change.

2. Change Entity: Vertex? From? Select either the triangle on

the entity or the squares on the ends of the entity by left
mouse clicking on them and dragging them to a desired
location. Left mouse click again to complete the move.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Intercept Key Steps

The Intercept command lets you 1. Select Entities?
extend a line or arc to the intercept 2. Entity to Modify?
point of another line or arc.

1. Intercept: Select Entities? will appear in the User Prompt.

Left mouse click on the line or arc that will be intercepted. In
the example below, select the horizontal line.

2. Intercept: Entity to Modify? will appear in the User

Prompt. Left mouse click on the line or entity to complete
the command. In the example below, select the vertical line.
The vertical line will automatically be extended to intercept
the horizontal line.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Join Lines Key Steps

1. Choose First Line?
The Join Lines command lets you 2. Choose Second Line?
combine two lines or polylines into a
single polyline.

1. Join: First Line or Polyline? will appear in the User

Prompt. Left mouse click on the first line.

2. Join: Second Line or PolyLine? will appear in the

User Prompt. Left mouse click on a second line that
you would like to join to the first line to complete the
command.

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Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Trim Key Steps

The Trim command allows you 1. Select Entities?
trim a line or an arc to the 2. Entity to Modify?
intersection of another line or arc.

1. Trim: Select Entities? Will appear in the User Prompt.

Select an intersecting entity that will define a trim boundary.
In the examples below, select either the circle in fig.1, or the
horizontal line in fig.2.

2. Trim: Entity to Modify? Now appears in the User Prompt.

Select the entity to be trimmed by left mouse clicking it. In
the example below, select the middle of the line in fig. 1, or
the lower portion of the vertical line in fig.2. Upon being
selected the entity will automatically disappear.

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 Chapter 5: Edit Commands

Gap Key Steps

The Gap command lets you a 1. First Point?
create a gap within an arc or line. 2. Second Point?

1. Gap Entity: First Point? Will appear in the User Prompt.

Select the first point by left mouse clicking on it.

2. Gap Entity: Second Point? Now appears in the User

Prompt. Select the second point by left mouse clicking it.
The segment of the entity between the selected points will
automatically disappear.

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Offset Key Steps

The Offset command lets you 1. Style & Distance
precisely offset existing lines or 2. Select Entity
entities. This command eliminates
the steps of redrawing the lines or 3. Direction?
entities that you wish to offset.

1. Pick either Style 1 or Style 2 and enter the offset distance in

the Offset box that appears on the screen once the command
is engaged.

2. Select Entity appears in the User Prompt. Select the entity to

offset by left mouse clicking it.

3. Direction will now appear in the User Prompt. Pick the

direction to offset by a single left mouse click on the screen.

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Fillet Key Steps

Fillet allows you to conveniently 1. Fillet Radius?
round corners to a specific radius. 2. Choose Line 1?
3. Choose Line 2?

1. The CadStd: Fillet box will appear on your screen. Within

the box is a detailed example and a field for you to type a
specific radius. Type in the Fillet Radius you desire and
select the OK button.

2. The text Fillet: Choose Line 1 now appears in the User

Prompt. Select line 1.

3. The text Fillet: Choose Line 2 now appears in the User

Prompt. Select line 2 and the radius will automatically
appear.

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Chamfer Key Steps

Chamfer is similar to the “Fillet” 1. Enter A & B?
command. The difference is that 2. Choose Line 1?
Chamfer cuts the corner with a
straight line rather than rounding 3. Choose Line 2?
it. With Chamfer you specify the
distance from the corner rather
than a radius.

1. The CadStd: Chamfer box will appear on your screen.

Within the box is an example detailing first and second lines
and what dimension A and B represent. Type the dimension
for A and B in the appropriate field and select the OK button.

2. Once the OK button is selected, the text Chamfer: Choose

Line 1 will appear in the User Prompt. Select line 1.

3. Chamfer: Choose Line 2 will appear in the User Prompt.

Select line 2 and the corner intersection will automatically
change.

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Replace Text Key Steps

Replace Text is used to do a 1. Search For:
global search and replace from 2. Replace With :
values that you enter or (for
advanced users) from a tab 3. Choose Options
delimited file in the form of 4. Press OK.
{From String}<TAB>{To String}.

1. Once the command is selected a Search and replace text

box similar to the example below will appear on the screen.

2. Specify the criteria for your search in the fields available on

the box and select OK.

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Project
Key Steps
The Project command allows you
1. Select Projection Type
the ability to make a 2D entity into
an Isometric, Cavalier, or Cabinet 2. Select Entities
projection. 3. From?
4. To?
1. Select your intended
projection type and
select the OK button.

2. Project (Ortho to Grid Setting): Select Entities will now

appear in the User Prompt. Select the entities you wish to
project and then right click your mouse to register your
selection and to proceed.

3. Project (Ortho to Grid Setting): From will now appear in

the User Prompt. Select to point on the drawing where you’d
like to project from.

4. Project (Ortho to Grid Setting): To will now appear in the

User Prompt. Select where you’d like the entity to be
projected to.

Note: Refer to Lesson 5 in the Tutorial for more information

about “Creating Isometric Projections”.

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Copy Clipboard Key Steps

The Copy Clipboard command 1. Choose the Raster,Vector
lets you copy the display area
into the Windows copy buffer. or Whole Window option.
This is useful if you would like
to use a part of your image in a
Word, WordPerfect or Paintbrush
program. CadStd gives you three
formats to choose from when
copying entities to the clipboard.

A Raster image is made up of pixels and is resolution-

dependent. Paint programs such as Photoshop and PaintShop
use Raster images.

A Vector Enhanced Meta File (EMF) image is made up of

lines and curves that are defined mathematically in the
computer. A Vector image is resolution independent. This is the
best choice for resizable figures in word processors. Word
processing programs such as StarOffice, Word, WordPerfect,
PowerPoint, Illustrator, Freehand and CorelDraw can work with
vectors EMF files.

Whole Window copies everything that appears in the CadStd

window. This includes the visible drawing space and all of the
surrounding menu items and toolbars on CadStd’s main screen.
This is similar to using the Print Screen feature in Windows.

Note: When copying Raster or Vector images you can zoom in

on an entity to copy it and to exclude any other entities in your
drawing that you don’t want copied.

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Chapter 6: Tutorial
The Tutorial is broken into six lessons of varying degree of difficulty.
Each lesson builds on the previous one and walks you step-by-step through
the commands and functions of CadStd. The lessons in the tutorial will
provide you a with a working understanding of CadStd and will acquaint
you with the fundamentals of creating your own drawings using CadStd.

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Table of Contents

CadStd Tutorial

Lesson 1: My First CadStd Drawing

Lesson 2: Creating A Drawing Template For Use In Other Drawings

Lesson 3: Using Templates In A Drawing

Lesson 4: Using The Offset, Gap, Trim and Intercept Functions

Lesson 5: Creating Isometric Projections

Lesson 6: Creating Family History Wall Charts

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Lesson 1: My First CadStd Drawing

Introduction. The best way to learn CadStd is by using it. Before we begin
we need to know a few basic concepts:

• Angles and coordinates are oriented like this :

• The left mouse button is for selecting required locations or

angles.

• The right mouse button is for completing repetitive commands or

repeating the previous command.

• is for zooming in on an area (Window / Zoom Window).

• is for seeing the whole paper area (Window / Zoom All).

• P1 , P2, P3 found in this tutorial represent Point 1, Point 2 and Point 3.

Begin your drawing by setting up a few things:

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1. Select the icon that looks like (Or from the main menu select
Settings/Dimension)

2. Set the Unit Type to Architect Feet & Inches

Then press OK.

3. Select the icon that looks like (Or use the main menu and select
Settings/Paper..)

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4. Set the paper size and scale. Set the Size to A and the Orientation to
Landscape. Set the scale by typing 1" (one inch) in the Paper box and 1'
(one foot) in the Real World box, then press the = (equal) button or press
Tab. When you are finished press OK.

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5. Set the Grid Size and Offset. Select the icon that looks like (Or use
the main menu and select Settings/Grid). Set the X Size to 6" (six inches)
and the Y Size to 6" (six inches). Set the X Offset to 0 (zero) and Y Offset
to 0 (zero). When you are finished press OK.

6. Set the Text Type by selecting the icon that looks like this (Or use
the Settings/Text menu) then choosing the "Drawing title" radio button. In
addition make sure the Text Slant is checked. When you are finished press
OK.

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7. Save your settings by using the icon that looks like (or use File/Save
Settings on the menu).

Note: After you save your settings CadStd will use these settings each time
you start a new drawing.

Now that we have our drawing parameters set we can begin drawing. First
look at the whole drawing by doing a Window/Zoom All, or pressing the
icon.

8. Start Drawing text by selecting the Draw/Text icon Enter the text
for the title of the drawing and press OK.

9. Place location of the text somewhere in the upper left corner of the
drawing by using your left mouse button. CadStd will then prompt you for a
Rotation Angle. Watch the value (A=) at the bottom of the CadStd
window.

When you pause at a location, the angle is shown relative to your previous
X,Y location. Press the left mouse button when the angle reads zero
(A=0.0).

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10. Start drawing a table by using the Rectangle icon (or use the menu
Draw/Rectangle). Start at the lower left corner (Location P1)...

After selecting the first point watch the status bar. See if you can match
these values. When you do, select the second point (P2).

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11. Start drawing a Horizontal Dimension by selecting the icon (or

from the menu do Draw/Dimension/Horizontal).

Next, select points in the same order and location of (P1,P2,P3) as shown
below, using the snap end icon before (P1 and P2).

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12. Start drawing a Vertical Dimension by selecting the icon (or from
the menu do Draw/Dimension/Vertical). Next, select points in the same
order and location (P1,P2,P3) as shown below, using the snap end icon
before (P1 and P2).

13. Next start drawing a chair. Start drawing an Arc by using this icon
(or by using Draw/Arc(Cen,Sa,Ep) on the menu). P1 will be the Center,
P2 the Start Angle for the arc and P3 the End Point.

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14. Start drawing the rest of the chair by drawing a Polyline. Use this
icon or from the menu do Draw/Poly Line.

15. You should know enough to finish the chair without more help. Set the
grid to 2" (see step 5) and see if you can finish the chair yourself.

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16. Your finished drawing should look something like this..

17.Save your drawing as myfirst.cad by using the icon that looks like
(or use File/Save As on the menu).

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Lesson 2: Creating A Drawing Template For Use In

Other Drawings

1. Open the drawing myfirst.cad that you created in the first chapter by
using the icon that looks like (or use File/Open in the main menu).

2. Delete the title and the dimensions by using the icon (in the Edit Options
section) that looks like (or use Edit/Delete in the main menu).

3. Zoom Out and Center the Window as shown.

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4. Choose Select/All (from the main menu), then Move the entities
from the upper left corner of the desk to the lower left corner of the paper at
0,0 by choosing Snap End Icon - then click near the upper left corner
of the desk. Next click on the paper corner. End by doing Unselect/All.

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5. In Paper Settings, pick a new "Offset from 0,0". Click on the pick
button and then center the paper around the desk. After picking a new paper
origin, do a Zoom/All. Your finished drawing should look something like
this:

6. Save your drawing as desk.cad by using the icon that looks like (or
use File/Save As on the menu).

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Lesson 3: Using A Template In A Drawing

1. If you have an existing drawing open save it and do a File/New

command.

2. Select the icon that looks like (Or use the main menu and select
Settings/Paper..)

3. Set the paper scale to 1" = 2' then press the equal sign button.

4. Set the text size to Drawing Title size by doing a Settings/Text or

pressing the icon.

5. Look at the whole drawing by doing a Window / Zoom All or pressing

the icon.

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6. Start Drawing text by selecting the Draw/Text icon Enter the text
for the title of the drawing and press OK.

7. Place location of the text somewhere near the top center of the drawing
by using your left mouse button. CadStd will then prompt you for a
Rotation Angle. Watch the value (A=) at the bottom of the CadStd
window.

When you pause at a location, the angle is shown relative to your previous
X,Y location.

Press the left mouse button when the angle reads zero (A=0.0).

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8. Draw a rectangle by selecting the Draw/Rectangle icon.

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9. Bring a desk into your drawing by using the Draw/Include File icon.
Repeat this process two more times to create a drawing that looks like
this:

10.Unselect the remaining selected entities by doing an Unselect/All on the

main menu.

11.Save your drawing as office.cad by using the icon that looks like (or
use File/Save As on the menu).

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Lesson 4: Using The Offset, Gap, Trim And Intercept

Functions
Note: These functions are only available in CadStd Pro.
1. Open the drawing office.cad that you created in the previous chapter by
using the icon that looks like (or use File/Open on the menu).

2. Bring up the Offset Dialog Box by doing an Edit/Offset or use the

icon located in the Edit Options section. Select Style 1 and enter an offset
distance of 5".

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3. Select the inner wall (P1) and then pick a point outside the rectangle
(P2).

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4. The result of your offset command should look like this.

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5. Next draw two working lines approximately where shown. You might
want to try drawing one line and offsetting the other a specific distance like
3'-6".

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6. Use the Edit/Gap command from the main menu or use the icon that
looks like located in the Edit Options section to create small gaps in
first the inner wall, as shown by points (P1) and (P2). Then do the same to
the outer wall.

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7. Use the Edit/Trim command from the main menu or use the icon that
looks like located in the Edit Options section. Select the line (P1) then
point to the line you want to trim, in this case the inner wall line at location
(P2).

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8. The result of this first trim should look like this.

9. Continue trimming the walls back to the working lines until they look
like this.

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10. Next trim the working lines back to the wall position but leave one
protruding as shown.

11. Draw an arc with the Draw/Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep) menu or the icon that
looks like located in the Draw Options section. Draw the arc as shown
here.

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12. Using the Edit/Intercept command from the main menu or use the icon
that looks like located in the Edit Options section. Select the arc (P1)
and then pick the protruding working line (P2). This will extend the line at
P2 to meet with the arc.

13. Your result should look like this.

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14. Finally do a Zoom All and look at your finished drawing.

15.Save your drawing as office2.cad by using the icon that looks like
(or use File/Save As on the menu).

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Lesson 5: Creating Isometric Projections

1. Open the drawing isostart.cad using CadStd Pro, or create an

orthographic drawing from the isometric drawing shown in step 8 as part
of a more challenging exercise.

2. Bring up the Projection Dialog Box by doing an Edit/Project, or use the

icon located in the Edit Options section. When the dialog box appears
select Iso Front/Rear and press OK.

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3. Select the entities that are shown and press the right mouse button. Press
the left mouse button (on the grid point at the P1 end of the red arrow),
followed by the point at P2 (The results are shown in blue).

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4. Bring up the Projection Dialog Box again by using the right mouse
button to repeat the last command, or by doing an Edit/Project, or use the
icon located in the Edit Options section.

When the dialog box appears select Iso Left/Right and

press OK. Select the entities that are shown and press the
right mouse button. Press the left mouse button (on the
grid point at the P1 end of the red arrow), followed by
the point at P2.

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5. Bring up the Projection Dialog Box again by using the right mouse
button to repeat the last command, or by doing an Edit/Project, or use the
icon located in the Edit Options section.

When the dialog box appears select Iso Front/Rear and

press OK. Select the entities that are shown and press
the right mouse button. Press the left mouse button (on
the grid point at the P1 end of the red arrow).

Make sure to click on the snap end icon before

picking the line near P2 since this end is not on grid

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6. Bring up the Projection Dialog Box again by using the right mouse
button to repeat the last command, or by doing an Edit/Project or use the
icon located in the Edit Options section.

When the dialog box appears select Iso Top/Bottpm

and press OK. Select the entities that are shown and
press the right mouse button. Press the left mouse button
(on the grid point at the P1 end of the red arrow).

Make sure to click on the snap end icon before

picking the line near P2 since this end is not on grid.

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7. Bring up the Grid Settings Dialog Box by doing an Settings/Grid, or

use the icon located in the Settings section.

Set the pulldown to "On (Isometric Left/Right)", Press the "Offset"

button and click on the snap end icon before picking an end point on the
isometric drawing. This will align the grid to enable you to draw a new line
directly on the isometric view.

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8. Finish the drawing by adding the line shown here in grey.

Since this isometric view is at the same scale as the orthographic view, it is
technically called an isometric drawing. To create a true isometric
projection scale all the entities in the isometric view by 0.816 using the
Edit/Scale command. You may view a finished sample isometric drawing
by opening the drawing isodraw.cad. To view a finished sample isometric
projection see isoproj.cad.

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Lesson 6: Creating Family History Wall Charts

CadStd offers users a unique template for creating 5, 8 and 9 generation

full-circle pedigree charts. Each name will appear in it’s own box in lineal
ancestry order. You have the option of showing the birth & death dates to
the information.

1. Create a new folder in the directory you wish to keep your pedigree
charts in. (Example: c:\CadStd\Pedigrees) If you do not know how to
create a new folder, check in your operating system manual.

2. Before you can generate a pedigree chart in CadStd, you must have a
current, updated gedcom file that includes the person and his/her
ancestors that you want to create a pedigree chart for – it can be on your
hard drive, a floppy disk, zip disk or CD-ROM, and you must know it’s
full path name. It will help if you know the RIN number in this gedcom
file for the person you wish to create the pedigree chart for. You will
import this gedcom file into CadStd, and a pedigree chart will
automatically be generated. You do NOT need to create a special 5, 8
or 9 generation gedcom. CadStd will access your gedcom to
automatically extract only the names that are needed for the pedigree
chart – it will not change your gedcom file in any way. If you do not
know how to create a gedcom file, check the manual or help file of your
genealogy program.

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3. Open CadStd. (If the “Startup Wizard” did not appear, click on “File”,
then “New”, and it should appear.)

4. In the “Startup Wizard”, click on “Gedcom Import Helper” and then the
“Next” button.

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5. You must now decide how many generations you want included on your
pedigree chart – 5, 8 or 9. Click on your choice and the full path name
should automatically appear on the “CAD Template” line. If the full
path name does not automatically appear, click on the “Browse” button
and find where these files are stored. (Example filename for the 9
generation pedigree chart: C:\PROGRAM
FILES\CADSTD\templates\ancrnd9.cad)

6. Click on the “Gedcom File Browse” button; the “Open” dialog box will
pop up.

7. Find the name of your gedcom file, click on it, then click on the “Open”
button. The dialog box will close and the gedcom full path name will
automatically appear on this line.

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8. Click on the “Finish” button. A “Gedcom Import Dialog” box will pop
up. It will show how many individuals and marriages were imported,
and an alphabetical list of the individuals imported into CadStd.

9. If you know the RIN number of the individual you are creating this
pedigree chart for, enter it into the “RIN number” box just below the list
of names. If you do not know the RIN number, browse through the
alphabetical list until you find it, then click on it.

10.Click on the box in front of the option to mark your choice: a checkmark
for yes, an empty box for no:

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A. Click on the appropriate box if you wish to have birth and death
dates included on your chart.

B. Click on the appropriate box if you wish to have the last name
shown first, then a comma, and then the first and middle names.
(I suggest that you leave this box empty to that the names will be
in the order of first, middle and last names – it saves the space of
using a comma after the last name, and that could make a
difference when fitting the name in the box.)

C. The “Remove Unused Ancestor Variables” box gives you the

option of having the appropriate ahnentafel number printed in
any boxes that do not have an ancestor name in them (unused
ancestor variable). Mark the box if you do not wish to have these
numbers in the empty boxes.

D. After you have made these choices, click on the “OK” button.

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11.After a few seconds, your pedigree chart will appear filled with the
appropriate names in the appropriate lineal places. At this point it will
be too small for you to read, but before you learn how to read it, you
need to save it.

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12.***VERY IMPORTANT STEP*** You must now save and name your
pedigree chart by clicking on the “Save” or “Save As” button. The “Save
CadStd File As” dialog box will pop up. Browse through your folders to
find the folder you created to save your pedigree charts in, then click in
the “File Name” box to name the file.

• You may use any method you wish of naming your files, but if you don’t
already have a system in place, for organizational purposes I suggest using
the surname and either initials or first name of the person the chart is for.
I also suggest adding a secondary tag stating the number of generations
included in the file. (Examples: HansenCW.9gen or HansenCharlesW.5gen)
The tag “.cad” will automatically be added to identify it as a CadStd file.

• You have now created your full-circle pedigree chart, but it probably
needs some editing to make the names fit properly in the boxes. This will
be easy to do, but you will need to learn a little bit about using only a few of
the tools in this CAD program. Don’t worry, it will be easy if you continue
to follow this guide. Here are some commands to look up:

• Scroll Bars: Up & Down

• Window Options: Zoom In
• Window Options: Zoom Out
• Window Options: Center Window
• Window Options: Zoom Window
• Window Options: Zoom All
• Snap: None
• Edit: Text
• Edit: Move
• Draw: Text

TIP: When creating a chart for a sibling: Don’t create a new chart for each
sibling, just edit the primary individual’s name on the first sibling’s chart.
This way you don’t have to edit the whole chart again.

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 Alphabetical Index

Alphabetical Index
Abs check box............................. 23 EMF.............................................80
Accuracy In Digits.......................28 Enhanced Meta File.....................80
Align............................................29 Exit.............................................. 12
Angular dimension...................... 51 Export DXF................................. 11
Angular Dimension Style............ 29 Export SVG................................. 11
Arc (Cen,Sa,Ep).......................... 40 Fillet............................................ 76
Arc (Sp,Ep,Mid).......................... 42 Gap.............................................. 74
Arc (Sp,Mid,Ep).......................... 41 Gedcom Import Helper........26, 118
Array Polar.................................. 65 Grid........................................32, 86
Array Rectangular....................... 64 Grid Offset...................................32
Arrow.......................................... 47 Help Menu...................................19
B-Spline.......................................54 Horizontal Dimension................. 89
chair............................................. 91 Icon Panel Toolbar...................... 24
Chamfer....................................... 77 Import HPGL...............................11
Change Entity.............................. 70 Include File..................................53
Change Layer...............................69 Intercept.......................................71
Change Line Type....................... 68 Invert Select Ent.......................... 15
Change Text................................ 66 Invert Selection............................15
Change Text Type....................... 67 Join Lines.................................... 72
Circle........................................... 43 Keyboard Input Toolbar.............. 23
coordinates.................................. 83 Landscape.................................... 35
Copy............................................ 56 Layer Toolbar.............................. 20
Copy Clipboard........................... 80 Leader Arrow Type..................... 30
Delete.......................................... 58 left mouse button.........................83
dimension.................................... 49 Line..............................................45
Dimension Arrow Type...............30 Line Type Toolbar....................... 20
Dimension Settings..................... 27 Mirror X...................................... 61
Draw Commands.........................39 Mirror Y...................................... 62
Draw Menu..................................13 Move............................................57
Drawing Scale Expert..................26 New............................................. 11
Edit Commands........................... 55 Offset........................................... 75
Ellipse..........................................44 Open............................................ 11

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Alphabetical Index

Paper Scale.................................. 36 Snap Icons................................... 21

Paper Settings.............................. 34 Snap Intersection......................... 21
paper size...............................34, 85 Snap Mid Point............................21
Polyline........................................46 Snap Perpendicular......................22
Portrait.........................................35 Snap Tangent...............................22
Print............................................. 11 Snap to Angle.............................. 21
Project..........................................79 Snap Toolbar............................... 21
Radial dimension.........................50 StarOffice.................................... 80
Raster...........................................80 Startup Wizard.............................26
Rectangle..................................... 48 table............................................. 88
Redo............................................ 19 Text..............................................87
Replace Text................................78 Text Slant.................................... 86
right mouse button.......................83 Text Type.................................... 86
Rotate.......................................... 60 Trim.............................................73
Save............................................. 11 Tutorial........................................ 81
Save As........................................11 Undo............................................ 19
Save Settings............................... 38 Undo Last Exit.............................12
Scale............................................ 63 Unselect All.................................16
Select All..................................... 15 UnSelect Entity............................16
Select Entity................................ 15 UnSelect Entity Window.............16
Select Entity Window..................15 Unselect Menu.............................16
Select Menu.................................15 Unselect Vertex........................... 16
Select Vertex............................... 15 UnSelect Vertex Window............16
Select Vertex Window................ 15 User Prompt Status Bar............... 23
Set Grid....................................... 32 Vector Status Bar.........................23
settings menu...............................17 Vertical Dimension......................90
Simplify....................................... 59 Window Menu.............................18
Snap 2 Arcs Tangent................... 21 Word............................................80
Snap Center................................. 21 zooming.......................................83
Snap End..................................... 22

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