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Critical Thinking, Reading, and
Writing
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Critical Thinking, Reading, and
Writing
A Brief Guide to Argument
NINTH EDITION
SYLVAN BARNET
Professor of English, Late of Tufts University
HUGO BEDAU
Professor of Philosophy, Late of Tufts University
JOHN O’HARA
Associate Professor of Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing, Stockton
University
For Bedford/St. Martin’s
Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Learning Humanities: Edwin Hill
Editorial Director, English: Karen S. Henry
Senior Publisher for Composition, Business and Technical Writing,
Developmental Writing: Leasa Burton
Executive Editor: John E. Sullivan III
Developmental Editor: Alicia Young
Senior Production Editor: Jessica Gould
Media Producers: Allison Hart and Rand Thomas
Production Supervisor: Victoria Anzalone
Marketing Manager: Joy Fisher Williams
Copy Editor: Alice Vigliani
Photo Editor: Martha Friedman
Photo Researcher: Jen Simmons
Permissions Editor: Elaine Kosta
Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik
Text Design: Laura Shaw Feit
Cover Design: John Callahan
Cover Photo: Martin Hardman/Getty Images
Composition: Jouve
Printing and Binding: LSC Communications
1 0 9 8 7 6
f e d c b a
Acknowledgments
Text acknowledgments and copyrights appear at the back of the book on
page 477, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page. Art
acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the art
selections they cover.
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Preface
This book is a text — a book about reading other people’s arguments and
writing your own arguments — and it is also an anthology — a
collection of dozens of selections, ranging from Plato to the present, with
a strong emphasis on contemporary arguments and, in this edition, the
first in full color, new modes of argument. Before we describe these
selections further, we’d like to describe our chief assumptions about the
aims of a course that might use Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing:
A Brief Guide to Argument.
Probably most students and instructors would agree that, as critical
readers, students should be able to
In the first edition of this book we quoted Edmund Burke and John
Stuart Mill. Burke said,
Mill said,
He who knows only his own side of the cause knows little.
THE TEXT
Part One: Critical Thinking and Reading (Chapters 1–4) and Part Two:
Critical Writing (Chapters 5–7) together offer a short course in methods
of thinking about and writing arguments. By “thinking,” we mean
serious analytic thought, including analysis of one’s own assumptions
(Chapter 1); by “writing” we mean the use of effective, respectable
techniques, not gimmicks (such as the notorious note a politician
scribbled in the margin of the text of his speech: “Argument weak; shout
here”). For a delightfully wry account of the use of gimmicks, we
recommend that you consult “The Art of Controversy” in The Will to
Live by the nineteenth-century German philosopher Arthur
Schopenhauer. Schopenhauer reminds readers that a Greek or Latin
quotation (however irrelevant) can be impressive to the uninformed and
that one can knock down almost any proposition by loftily saying,
“That’s all very well in theory, but it won’t do in practice.”
We offer lots of advice about how to set forth an argument, but we do
not offer instruction in one-upmanship. Rather, we discuss responsible
ways of arguing persuasively. We know, however, that before one can
write a persuasive argument, one must clarify one’s own ideas — a
process that includes arguing with oneself — to find out what one really
thinks about a problem. Therefore, we devote Chapter 1 to critical
thinking; Chapters 2, 3, and 4 to critical reading (Chapter 4 is about
reading images); and Chapters 5, 6, and 7 to critical writing.
Parts One and Two together contain thirty readings (seven are student
papers) for analysis and discussion. Some of these essays originated as
op-ed newspaper pieces, and we reprint some of the letters to the editor
that they generated, so students can easily see several sides to a given
issue. In this way students can, in their own responses, join the
conversation, so to speak. (We have found, by the way, that using the
format of a letter helps students to frame their ideas, and therefore in
later chapters we occasionally suggest writing assignments in the form of
a letter to the editor.)
All of the essays in the book are accompanied by a list of Topics for
Critical Thinking and Writing.1 This is not surprising, given the
emphasis we place on asking questions in order to come up with ideas
for writing. Among the chief questions that writers should ask, we
suggest, are “What is X?” and “What is the value of X?” (pp. 226–27).
By asking such questions — for instance (to look only at these two types
of questions), “Is the fetus a person?” or “Is Arthur Miller a better
playwright than Tennessee Williams?” — a writer probably will find
ideas coming, at least after a few moments of head scratching. The
device of developing an argument by identifying issues is, of course,
nothing new. Indeed, it goes back to an ancient method of argument used
by classical rhetoricians, who identified a stasis (an issue) and then asked
questions about it: Did X do such and such? If so, was the action bad? If
bad, how bad? (Finding an issue or stasis — a position where one stands
— by asking questions is discussed in Chapter 6.)
In keeping with our emphasis on writing as well as reading, we raise
issues not only of what can roughly be called the “content” of the essays
but also of what can (equally roughly) be called the “style” — that is, the
ways in which the arguments are set forth. Content and style, of course,
cannot finally be kept apart. As Cardinal Newman said, “Thought and
meaning are inseparable from each other. . . . Style is thinking out into
language.” In our Topics for Critical Thinking and Writing, we
sometimes ask the student
identifying assumptions;
getting ideas by means of invention strategies;
finding, evaluating, and citing printed and electronic sources;
interpreting visual sources;
evaluating kinds of evidence; and
organizing material as well as an introduction to some ways of
thinking.
To get the most out of your book, order LaunchPad for Critical Thinking,
Reading, and Writing packaged with the print book. (LaunchPad for
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing can also be purchased on its
own.) An activation code is required. To order LaunchPad for Critical
Thinking, Reading, and Writing with the print book, use ISBN 978-1-
319-10223-4.
INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
macmillanhighered.com/criticalthinking9e/catalog
— Veerotshkastako nyt?
— Niin!
— Siinä nyt oli! Pitäisikö minun kysyä, kun tiedän, että hän ei teille
kelpaa.
— Mitä te nyt?
— En ensinkään.
— Boris Andrejitsh!
— Veerotshkaako?
— Niinkö arvelette?
— Kuten tahdotte.
— Veerotshkan kanssa.
— Hänen… Kaikki on päätetty ja sovittu.
— Se on mahdotonta!
— Kah! Mikä teille nyt pälkähti päähän… No, siihen nähden voin
olla levollinen… Kuka minusta huolisi?…
— Miksi ei?
— Hän on niin likainen, — vastasi Veera suoraan. — Muuten hän
kyllä saattaa olla hyvä ihminen, ja laulaa kauniisti… sydän ihan
lämpenee, kun hän laulaa.
— Missä sitten?
— Niin, salaisuus.
— Salaisuusko, — ihmetteli Veerotshka uudelleen ja läksi
viereiseen huoneeseen.
Boris Andrejitsh olisi tahtonut puhua asiaa etäältä; mutta kun hän
katsoi noihin nuoriin kasvoihin, joilla väikkyi tuttu, rakas hymyily, kun
hän katsoi noihin kirkkaisiin silmiin, joista häntä kohtasi lempeä,
suora hyvyys, ei hän osannut muuta kuin aivan koruttomasti kysyä:
— Rakastatteko? oikeinko?
— En milloinkaan!
— Myöhemmin… hyvä.
Hän kääntyi seinään päin. Boris saattoi huomata, että hän itki.
Ystävät erosivat.
*****
Kuukauden kuluttua Vjasovnin ja Veerotshka menivät naimisiin.
Vjasovnin nimenomaan vaati, että häitä ei enää siirrettäisi. Pietari
Vasiljitsh oli hänen sulhaspoikanaan. Koko ensi kuun kuluessa
Vjasovnin joka päivä kävi Stepan Petrovitshiä tervehtimässä; hänen
ja Veerotshkan suhteessa ei tapahtunut mitään muutosta:
Veerotshka kävi ujommaksi hänen seurassaan, siinä kaikki. Hän toi
Veerotshkalle "Jurij Miloslavskij'n" ja itse luki hänelle muutamia
lukuja. Tämä Sjakoskinin romaani miellytti häntä; mutta lopetettuaan
sen hän ei pyytänyt toista. Karantjev kävi jonkun kerran katsomassa
Veerotshkaa, joka nyt oli toisen morsian, ja, täytyy tunnustaa, tuli
juoneena, katseli häntä aivan kuin olisi tahtonut jotain sanoa, mutta
jätti sanomatta. Häntä pyydettiin laulamaan ja hän lauloi erään
alakuloisen laulun, sitten vielä toisen reippaan, heitti kitaran
sohvalle, sanoi hyvästit kaikille, istui rekeen ja asettui suulleen
heinille maata alkaen itkeä uikuttaa, kunnes nukkui sikeään uneen.
Heidän välillään oli liian vähän yhteistä, ja hän alkoi sitä aavistaa
ja aprikoida.
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