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Unit 6 - Trip Assignment - Part 5

The document discusses transportation planning analytical methods, focusing on deterministic user-equilibrium and system-equilibrium assignments for trip distribution between zones. It outlines various highway assignment methods, including all-or-nothing and stochastic assignments, and emphasizes the importance of link flow validation using observed traffic data. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as route choice criteria and the GEH statistic for model validation.

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Sirius Foe
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19 views15 pages

Unit 6 - Trip Assignment - Part 5

The document discusses transportation planning analytical methods, focusing on deterministic user-equilibrium and system-equilibrium assignments for trip distribution between zones. It outlines various highway assignment methods, including all-or-nothing and stochastic assignments, and emphasizes the importance of link flow validation using observed traffic data. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as route choice criteria and the GEH statistic for model validation.

Uploaded by

Sirius Foe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NEVER BE SHY OR AFRAID TO ASK QUESTIONS

Transportation Planning – Analytical Methods (VVICIB3)


Lecturer: Jerry Moselakgomo Pr.Eng Location: B1 Lab 223
Email: [email protected]
Second Semester 2023: Unit 6 -19/09/2023
Deterministic user- equilibrium assignment

an equilibrium assignment in which travellers can no longer improve their travel


time by unilaterally changing routes.
Assumes rational choice-making based on measured average travel time
Deterministic equilibrium assignment
Goal: Distribute the trips between two zones over several routes, connecting
those zones, based on the shortest route and level of service attributes of links
depending on link flows.

Take congestion into account.

Spreads 𝑻𝒊𝒋 to multiple available routes

General model for link travel time

𝑡𝑎 = 𝑡0 + 𝑓 𝑉𝑎

𝑎 𝑉
e.g 𝑡1 = 𝑡0 + 2(500)

Where 𝑡0 = free-flow travel time example time at volume


𝑡𝑎 = travel time at volume 𝑉𝑎

3
There are two types: based on John Glen Wardrop’s Principles
(Mathematician/Transport Analyst/Economics)

1. Deterministic User-equilibrium 2. Deterministic system-equilibrium or system optimum

Principle: The average travel time for an individual user Principle: The average time for all users is minimised. At
is minimised. At equilibrium, all alternative routes have a system equilibrium, the travel time on alternative links
the same average travel time. might differ.
At user-equilibrium, 𝑡1 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡3 = 𝑡𝑛 ,
Total Volume = σ𝑛 𝑉𝑛 At system-equilibrium, 𝑡1 may ≠ 𝑡𝑎 ,

Total Volume = σ𝑛 𝑉𝑛
Total Systems Vehicle hours
𝑆 𝑥 = 𝑆 𝑥 = σ𝑛 𝑥𝑛 × 𝑡𝑛
Min 𝑆 𝑥 = σ𝑛 𝑉𝑛 × 𝑡𝑛 , in vehicle-hour
Or
Objective is to minimise 𝑆(𝑥), 𝑆′(𝑥) =0
Total Systems Hours
𝑆 𝑥
σ𝑛 𝑉𝑛

4
Tutorial – Highway Assignment

• Q1: All-or-nothing assignment


• Q2: Deterministic User-equilibrium
• Q3: Determinist System-equilibrium
Tutorial 4 – Trip Assignment
Q1: All-or-Nothing (AON)
Consider the travel times on the highway network
shown in Figure 1. All links are 1 lane per direction,
with a capacity of 1600 PCUs per hour per lane.
4
203
4
𝑇𝑖𝑗𝑃𝐶𝑈 𝑇𝑖𝑗 = 500, for all O-D pairs, 3 Zone 2
Zone 1
4.5 203
200 201
5 2 6
Q1a: Based on the all-or-nothing assignment method, 204
determine the route traffic volumes on all three routes.
- Show all calculations. Zone 3
Q1b:
Identify all links that are over capacity. Figure 1: Travel times on the highway network (minutes)
Use the link notation: “node a – node b – node c”
NB: PCU = passenger car unit.
Show all Calculations.
6
Tutorial 4 – Trip Assignment
Q2: Deterministic Highway Trip Assignment
When a transport model for Area A was developed, the time-based cost-flow functions for different highway
links were developed based on observed data from travel time studies. Consider two route options available
between Origin Zone 1 and Destination Zone 2. Figure 2 shows the free-flow travel times(𝑡0 ) for each
alternative route.
Route 1 (200-203), has 𝑡0 of 2 minutes, adding 500 vehicles per
hour on this route will increase the average travel time by 5
minutes. 2

Route 2 (200-204-203), has 𝑡0 of 5 minutes, the average travel 203


Zone 2
Zone 1 200
time on this link will increase by 2 minutes for every square of
its flow.
5
204
Determine
Figure 1: Free-flow Travel times on the highway network (minutes)

7
Part 5 - Additional Highway assignment methods

• All-or-nothing assignment
• Stochastic assignment
• Deterministic assignment
• Deterministic User-equilibrium
• Deterministic System-equilibrium
• Other important assignment methods
• Stochastic user equilibrium
• Dynamic user equilibrium
• etc
Other important highway assignments

• Stochastic user-equilibrium assignment:


• Similar to deterministic user equilibrium but accounts for perceived travel time instead of actual average
travel time.
• The assignment which leads to an equilibrium in which no traveller can improve his perceived travel time by
changing routes.

• Dynamic user equilibrium:


• Similar to deterministic user equilibrium but accounts for departure time.
• If, for each OD pair at each instant of time, the actual travel times experienced by travellers departing at the
same time are equal and minimal, the dynamic traffic flow over the network is in a travel-time-based dynamic
user equilibrium (DUE) state.

9
Route Choice criteria

Table 1: Route Choice Assignment Criteria (Courtesy of Luis Willumsen)

Stochastic Stochastic effects


effects not included
included

Capacity All-or-nothing Pure Stochastic


restraint not assignment: Dial’s
included or Burrel’s

Capacity Wardrop’s Stochastic User


restraint equilibrium Equilibrium
included

10
Link flow validation
Link flow validation

• Build a base year model


• Demand
• Supply
• Calibrate the model parameters Can the model
• Validate the model replicate the observed
existing conditions?

If yes, then it can be


used to evaluate future
scenarios/alternatives

If not, then review all


inputs and
assumptions

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Link flow Validation – Using Observed traffic flows and travel time

Validation Criteria: GEH Statistic


• The model must be able to replicate the observed (𝑀−𝐶)2
conditions: • GEH Statistic = ,
(𝑀+𝐶)/2
• Traffic flows (observed through traffic counts) where: M is the modelled flow
• Travel time (observed through travel time surveys) C is the observed flow

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Validation Example
Table 2: Link Flow validation
GEH 202 − 203 Observed
Observed
(𝑀 −𝐶)2 Model Counts %Difference
= link flow (M) (C) GEH (m/c)-1 1200
(𝑀 + 𝐶)/2
202-203 5 10 0.91 -50%
(5 − 10)2 201-203 100 105 0.25 -5%
= 1000
(5 + 10)/2 203-204 500 1000 9.13 -50%
= 0,91 204-203 200 100 4.08 50% y = 1.7703x
800 R² = 0.9194
204-200 50 100 2.89 -50%

Model Flow
5,10 600
202

100,105
203 Zone 2 400
Zone 1 200 201
200

204
0
Zone 3 0 100 200 300
Observed Flow
400 500 600

Figure 3: Model and Observed flows (Model, Observed)

14
Link flow validation

“All models are wrong, some are useful” - George Box

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