BCS601 | CLOUD COMPUTING | SEARCH CREATORS.

Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU)

Subject Code: BCS601

Subject: CLOUD COMPUTING

Created By:

Hanumanthu

Dedicated To.

All Engineering Students

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Module – 05

Cloud Programming and Software Environments

Introduction to Cloud Programming and Software Environments

Cloud computing has transformed how software applications are designed, developed,
and deployed.

This chapter introduces cloud computing concepts, compares it with grid computing,
explores features of cloud platforms, and discusses challenges and best practices in
cloud development.

Overview of Cloud Computing and its Evolution

Cloud computing is a model that enables on-demand access to computing resources

such as servers, storage, databases, and applications over the internet. It allows
businesses and developers to scale resources dynamically without managing physical
infrastructure.

Evolution of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing has evolved through several phases:

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Benefits of Cloud Computing

✔ Cost Efficiency – Pay only for the resources used.

✔ Scalability – Scale resources up or down as needed.

✔ Flexibility – Develop and deploy applications on any platform.

✔ Global Access – Access cloud services from anywhere.

✔ Security & Compliance – Cloud providers offer built-in security measures.

Cloud vs. Grid Computing: Similarities and Differences

Both cloud computing and grid computing involve distributed resources, but they serve
different purposes.

Similarities

✅ Distributed Computing – Both use multiple machines to perform large-scale

computations.
✅ Virtualization – Both abstract physical hardware to provide flexible resources.
✅ Scalability – Both enable resource expansion based on demand.

Differences Between Cloud and Grid Computing

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Features of Cloud Platforms

Cloud platforms offer a set of features that make them suitable for modern
applications.

Scalability

Cloud platforms can automatically or manually scale resources based on workload.

Types of scalability:

o Vertical Scaling (Scaling Up) – Increasing the power of an existing instance

(e.g., upgrading RAM, CPU).
o Horizontal Scaling (Scaling Out) – Adding more instances to distribute the
load.

Example: AWS Auto Scaling, Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets, Google Kubernetes
Engine (GKE).

Elasticity

Elasticity ensures that resources are dynamically allocated and deallocated as needed.

Example: A retail website automatically provisions more servers during peak sales
periods and reduces them during off-peak times.

On-Demand Provisioning

Users can request and release computing resources as needed without long-term
commitments.

Example: Developers can instantly launch virtual machines on AWS EC2 or containers
on Kubernetes.

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Multi-Tenancy

A single cloud instance can serve multiple users while ensuring data isolation.

Example: SaaS platforms like Gmail and Dropbox serve multiple users on shared
infrastructure.

Security and Compliance

Cloud platforms provide identity and access management (IAM), encryption, and
security compliance (GDPR, HIPAA, SOC 2).

Example: AWS IAM, Azure Security Center, Google Cloud Identity.

Cloud Development Challenges and Best Practices

Developing software in the cloud introduces new challenges that developers must
address for reliability, security, and cost efficiency.

Challenges in Cloud Development

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Best Practices for Cloud Software Development

✅ Design for Failure – Implement fault-tolerant architectures using redundancy and

failover strategies.
✅ Use Microservices and Containers – Break applications into microservices deployed
in Docker containers for flexibility.
✅ Optimize Database Performance – Use NoSQL databases (MongoDB, DynamoDB) for
scalable workloads.
✅ Enable Logging and Monitoring – Use tools like AWS CloudWatch, Azure Monitor, and
Google Stackdriver for observability.
✅ Leverage Serverless Computing – Reduce infrastructure management by using AWS
Lambda, Azure Functions, Google Cloud Functions.
✅ Follow DevOps Practices – Automate deployments with CI/CD pipelines (e.g., GitHub
Actions, Jenkins, Terraform).

Features of Cloud and Grid Platforms

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This chapter explores the key features of cloud and grid platforms, focusing on compute,
storage, networking, and security in cloud computing.

It also covers grid computing features, the role of virtualization and containerization, and
a comparison of major cloud service providers (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, IBM Cloud).

Cloud Platforms: Compute, Storage, Networking, Security

Cloud platforms provide on-demand access to computing resources, enabling

scalability, flexibility, and cost efficiency.

The key components include:

Compute

 Cloud providers offer virtual machines (VMs), containers, and serverless

computing to run applications.
 Popular compute services:
o AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)
o Google Cloud Compute Engine
o Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines
o IBM Cloud Virtual Servers
 Serverless computing (e.g., AWS Lambda, Azure Functions, Google Cloud
Functions) eliminates the need to manage infrastructure, reducing operational
overhead.

Storage

Cloud storage solutions include:

 Object Storage: Stores unstructured data (e.g., AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage,
Azure Blob Storage).

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 Block Storage: Used for virtual machines and databases (e.g., AWS EBS, Azure
Disk Storage).
 File Storage: Managed file systems for applications (e.g., AWS EFS, Azure File
Storage).

Networking

Cloud networking enables seamless communication between cloud resources and the
internet.

 Networking components:
o Virtual Private Clouds (VPCs) – Isolated networks within cloud providers.
o Load Balancers – Distribute traffic for scalability and reliability.
o Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) – Improve performance by caching
data at edge locations.
o Private Connectivity – Direct connection between on-premises data
centers and cloud providers (e.g., AWS Direct Connect, Azure
ExpressRoute).

Security

Cloud platforms offer identity and access management (IAM), encryption, firewalls, and
compliance tools.

 Security features:
o IAM (AWS IAM, Azure AD, Google Cloud IAM) for role-based access
control.
o Data encryption (AWS KMS, Azure Key Vault, Google Cloud KMS).
o Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) protection.

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Grid Platforms: Distributed Resource Sharing, High-Performance Computing (HPC)

Grid computing is a distributed system where multiple geographically dispersed

computers work together to solve complex problems.

It is commonly used in scientific computing, simulations, and large-scale data

processing.

Features of Grid Computing

 Distributed Resource Sharing: Resources are pooled from multiple locations.

 High-Performance Computing (HPC): Designed for scientific applications, such as
weather modeling and genome sequencing.
 Job Scheduling & Workload Management: Uses systems like Globus Toolkit and
HTCondor for distributing workloads.
 Interoperability: Supports open standards to integrate multiple systems.

Differences Between Cloud and Grid Computing

Virtualization and Containerization in Cloud Environments

Virtualization

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Virtualization allows multiple operating systems to run on a single physical machine

using a hypervisor (e.g., VMware, KVM, Hyper-V).

Benefits:

o Resource Efficiency – Maximizes hardware utilization.

o Isolation – Each VM runs independently.
o Portability – VMs can be moved across servers.

Example Cloud Virtualization Services:

 AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) – Provides VMs on demand.

 Google Compute Engine – Offers VM-based computing.
 Azure Virtual Machines – Supports Windows and Linux-based VMs.

Containerization

Containers are lightweight, portable environments that package applications with their
dependencies.

Benefits:

o Fast Deployment – Containers start quickly compared to VMs.

o Consistency – Works across different environments (development, testing,
production).
o Microservices Support – Enables modern cloud-native application
architectures.

Popular Containerization Technologies:

 Docker – Industry-standard container platform.

 Kubernetes – Container orchestration system for scaling and managing
containerized applications.

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Example Cloud Container Services:

 AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS)

 Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE)
 Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)

Comparison of Cloud Service Providers

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

 Strengths: Largest cloud provider, strong compute, AI/ML, and storage services.
 Popular Services: EC2, S3, Lambda, RDS, CloudFormation.
 Best for: Enterprises, startups, AI/ML, serverless applications.

Microsoft Azure

 Strengths: Strong integration with Microsoft products (Windows, Office, Active

Directory).
 Popular Services: Azure Virtual Machines, Blob Storage, Azure Functions, AI
Cognitive Services.
 Best for: Enterprises, hybrid cloud setups, Windows-based workloads.

Google Cloud Platform (GCP)

 Strengths: Leader in AI/ML, Big Data, Kubernetes (GKE).

 Popular Services: Compute Engine, BigQuery, AI/ML APIs, Firebase.

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 Best for: AI/ML applications, data analytics, startups.

IBM Cloud

 Strengths: Strong in hybrid cloud, AI (Watson), and enterprise services.

 Popular Services: IBM Cloud Kubernetes Service, Watson AI, Blockchain.
 Best for: Enterprise AI, hybrid cloud solutions.

Cloud Provider Comparison Table

Parallel and Distributed Computing Paradigms

Parallel Computing: Multi-threading and Multi-core Processing

Parallel computing involves executing multiple tasks or instructions simultaneously to

improve computational efficiency. It is widely used in high-performance computing
(HPC), AI/ML, and real-time applications.

Multi-threading

 Multi-threading enables concurrent execution of multiple threads within a single

process.
 Threads share resources such as memory but execute independently.
 Common models: User-level and Kernel-level threading.

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 Used in multi-threaded applications like web servers, gaming, and real-time

processing.

Multi-core Processing

 Multi-core processors contain multiple processing units (cores) on a single chip.

 Each core can execute instructions independently, enabling true parallelism.
 Benefits: Increased performance, energy efficiency, and workload distribution.
 Examples: Intel Core i9, AMD Ryzen processors.

Distributed Computing: Cluster Computing, Peer-to-Peer, Client-Server Models

Distributed computing enables multiple computers (nodes) to work together on a

common task, enhancing scalability and fault tolerance.

Cluster Computing

 A group of interconnected computers (nodes) working as a single system.

 Used in HPC, scientific simulations, and cloud data centers.
 Examples: Apache Hadoop clusters, Google’s Borg system.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model

 Decentralized computing model where nodes share resources directly.

 No central authority; nodes act as both clients and servers.
 Used in file-sharing applications (BitTorrent), blockchain networks, and
distributed databases.

Client-Server Model

 Centralized architecture where clients request services from a dedicated server.

 Common in web applications, cloud services, and database management
systems.

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 Example: Web browsers communicating with cloud-hosted servers.

MapReduce Paradigm: Basics and Implementation in Cloud

MapReduce is a programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across

distributed clusters.

Basics of MapReduce

 Map Phase: Splits input data into smaller chunks and processes them
independently.
 Reduce Phase: Aggregates and processes mapped data to produce final output.
 Designed for fault tolerance and scalability in cloud computing environments.

Implementation in Cloud

 Apache Hadoop MapReduce: Open-source framework for large-scale data

processing.
 Google Cloud Dataflow: Serverless MapReduce-based framework.
 Amazon EMR (Elastic MapReduce): Managed Hadoop and Spark platform for big
data analytics.

Big Data Processing in Cloud: Hadoop, Spark, and Serverless Computing

Big data processing in cloud environments involves frameworks that support large-
scale data storage and real-time analytics.

Hadoop Ecosystem

 Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): Distributed storage system.

 YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator): Resource management layer.
 MapReduce: Batch processing framework.
 Used for log analysis, ETL processing, and data warehousing.

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Apache Spark

 In-memory distributed computing engine for fast data processing.

 Supports real-time analytics, machine learning (MLlib), and streaming (Spark
Streaming).
 Faster than Hadoop MapReduce due to in-memory processing.

Serverless Computing for Big Data

Serverless frameworks eliminate the need to manage infrastructure.

Examples:

o AWS Lambda for event-driven computing.

o Google Cloud Functions for real-time analytics.
o Azure Functions for scalable serverless applications.

Workflows and Job Scheduling in Cloud Platforms

Cloud platforms use workflow management systems to automate and schedule

computing tasks.

Workflow Orchestration

Defines dependencies between tasks and executes them in sequence or parallel.

Examples:

o Apache Airflow: Workflow automation for data engineering.

o AWS Step Functions: Serverless orchestration of AWS services.
o Google Cloud Composer: Managed Apache Airflow service.

Job Scheduling

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Allocates computing resources efficiently based on demand.

Types of job scheduling:

Batch Scheduling: Runs non-interactive jobs at scheduled intervals (e.g., Cron jobs).

Real-time Scheduling: Allocates resources dynamically for time-sensitive tasks.

Fair Scheduling: Distributes resources fairly across users and tasks.

Examples:

Kubernetes Job Scheduler: Manages containerized workloads.

Slurm Workload Manager: Used in HPC clusters.

Programming Support for Google App Engine (GAE)

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Google App Engine (GAE) is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) offering from Google Cloud
that enables developers to build, deploy, and scale applications seamlessly.

It abstracts infrastructure management, allowing developers to focus on writing code

while benefiting from automatic scaling, security, and high availability.

Introduction to Google App Engine (GAE)

Google App Engine (GAE) is designed for serverless application development and
provides a fully managed platform where developers can deploy applications without
worrying about underlying infrastructure.

Features:

 Fully managed environment: Google handles provisioning, scaling, security, and

monitoring.
 Automatic scaling: Adjusts resources dynamically based on demand.
 Supports multiple languages: Python, Java, Go, PHP, and others via custom
runtimes.
 Built-in security and monitoring: Includes authentication, logging, and debugging
tools.
 Integration with other Google Cloud services: Supports seamless interaction with
Cloud Storage, Datastore, Cloud SQL, and BigQuery.

GAE is ideal for applications that experience fluctuating traffic patterns, such as web
applications, APIs, and microservices.

GAE Architecture and Supported Languages

GAE provides a sandboxed execution environment where applications run in isolated

containers.

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GAE Architecture:

1. Frontend Services: Handles incoming HTTP requests and routes them to

appropriate services.
2. Application Instances: Automatically managed and scaled based on traffic.
3. Storage Options: Supports Datastore (NoSQL), Cloud SQL (relational), and Cloud
Storage (object storage).
4. Task Execution Services: Includes task queues and cron jobs for background
processing.
5. Security and Monitoring: Provides authentication, logging, and debugging tools.

Supported Programming Languages:

GAE provides two environments for running applications:

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 Standard Environment: Supports Python, Java, Go, PHP, and runs applications in
pre-configured containers.
 Flexible Environment: Supports custom runtimes, allowing developers to use any
language that runs on a Linux-based Docker container.

Deploying Applications on GAE

Deploying applications on GAE involves a few simple steps:

1. Setting Up the Application:

 Install the Google Cloud SDK (gcloud).

 Create a Google Cloud project and enable App Engine.
 Organize application files with the required dependencies.

Configuring app.yaml (GAE Configuration File):

 Defines the runtime, instance class, automatic scaling, and environment

variables.
 Example configuration for Python:

Deploying the Application:

Run the following command in the terminal:

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Access the deployed application via the generated URL.

Monitoring and Scaling:

Use the Google Cloud Console to track logs, manage instances, and adjust settings.

Datastore, Task Queues, and Cron Jobs in GAE

Datastore:

Google Cloud Datastore is a highly scalable NoSQL database designed for applications
running on GAE.

 Supports document-based storage with strong consistency.

 Ideal for applications needing structured data storage, such as user profiles and
transactions.

Example of storing data in Datastore using Python:

Task Queues:

Task queues allow developers to execute background tasks asynchronously, improving

application responsiveness.

 Supports push and pull queues to manage workloads.

 Useful for image processing, sending emails, and data processing tasks.

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Example of adding a task to a queue:

Cron Jobs:

Cron jobs schedule recurring tasks such as data backups, email notifications, and
cleanup operations.

 Uses Google Cloud Scheduler to define job execution times.

 Configured using the cron.yaml file.

Example of a cron.yaml file:

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Deploy cron jobs using:

GAE Integration with Other Google Cloud Services

GAE seamlessly integrates with multiple Google Cloud services to enhance application
functionality.

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Programming on Amazon AWS and Microsoft Azure

This chapter covers cloud application development using Amazon Web Services (AWS)
and Microsoft Azure.

Both cloud platforms offer robust compute, storage, database, and serverless solutions,
enabling developers to build and deploy applications efficiently.

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

AWS is a widely used Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

provider, offering scalable and flexible cloud solutions.

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It provides a vast ecosystem of services for computing, storage, databases, networking,

and serverless computing.

AWS SDKs and APIs for Cloud Application Development

AWS provides Software Development Kits (SDKs) and APIs to integrate cloud services
into applications.

 AWS SDKs: Available for multiple programming languages such as Python

(Boto3), Java, JavaScript (AWS SDK for Node.js), .NET, PHP, and Go.
 AWS CLI: Command-line tool for managing AWS services.
 AWS APIs: RESTful APIs allow developers to interact with AWS services
programmatically.

Example: Using Python Boto3 SDK to upload a file to S3

Programming with AWS Lambda (Serverless)

AWS Lambda allows developers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. It
supports multiple languages like Python, Node.js, Java, and C#.

 Event-driven execution: Triggers from S3, DynamoDB, API Gateway, and SNS.
 Auto-scaling: Handles traffic dynamically.
 Pay-per-use pricing: Charges based on execution time and memory usage.

Example: AWS Lambda function in Python

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Compute (EC2), Storage (S3, EBS), and Database (RDS, DynamoDB)

AWS CloudFormation for Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

AWS CloudFormation allows developers to define infrastructure using YAML or JSON

templates, automating resource provisioning.

Example: A CloudFormation template for an EC2 instance

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Deploy the template using:

AWS Deployment Tools: Elastic Beanstalk, ECS, EKS

AWS provides various deployment options:

 Elastic Beanstalk: Deploys web applications quickly without managing

infrastructure.
 ECS (Elastic Container Service): Manages Docker containers.
 EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service): Runs Kubernetes clusters on AWS.

Example: Deploying an application using Elastic Beanstalk

Microsoft Azure

Microsoft Azure is a cloud computing platform offering IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS solutions.
It supports AI, IoT, big data, and enterprise-grade applications.

Azure Compute Services (Virtual Machines, Functions, Containers)

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Azure Storage and Databases (Blob Storage, Cosmos DB)

Developing Applications using Azure SDKs

Azure provides SDKs for Python, Java, .NET, Node.js, and Go.

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Example: Using Azure SDK for Python to interact with Azure Storage

Azure DevOps and CI/CD Pipelines

Azure DevOps provides tools for continuous integration and deployment (CI/CD).

 Azure Repos: Git repositories for source code.

 Azure Pipelines: Automates builds and deployments.
 Azure Artifacts: Package management for dependencies.
 Azure Test Plans: Continuous testing framework.

Example: Creating an Azure DevOps CI/CD pipeline using YAML

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Deploying Web Apps on Azure App Services

Azure App Services enables hosting web applications, RESTful APIs, and mobile
backends.

 Supports Python, Java, .NET, PHP, Node.js.

 Built-in scalability and monitoring.
 Integrates with GitHub Actions for CI/CD.

Example: Deploying a Python app to Azure App Services

Emerging Cloud Software Environments

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As cloud computing evolves, new software environments and architectures are

emerging.

These technologies enable scalability, flexibility, and intelligence in cloud-based

applications.

This chapter explores key trends such as serverless computing, edge computing,
containerization, AI/ML in the cloud, and quantum computing.

Serverless Computing and Function-as-a-Service (FaaS)

Serverless computing eliminates the need for developers to manage infrastructure.

Instead, cloud providers automatically handle provisioning, scaling, and maintenance.
FaaS (Function-as-a-Service) enables running code in response to events.

Features of Serverless Computing

 Event-driven: Functions execute in response to events (HTTP requests, file

uploads, database changes).
 Auto-scaling: Functions scale dynamically based on demand.
 Pay-per-execution: Charges apply only when functions execute, reducing costs.

Popular Serverless Platforms

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Edge Computing and IoT Cloud Integration

Edge computing processes data closer to the source (devices, sensors) instead of
centralized cloud data centers. This reduces latency and bandwidth usage.

Benefits of Edge Computing

 Real-time processing: Critical for applications like self-driving cars and industrial
automation.
 Reduced latency: Data is processed locally, minimizing delays.
 Improved security: Sensitive data stays closer to the source.

IoT Cloud Platforms

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Containerization with Docker and Kubernetes

Containers package applications with dependencies, ensuring consistency across

environments.

Benefits of Containers

 Lightweight and fast: Uses fewer resources than virtual machines.

 Portability: Runs on any cloud or OS.
 Scalability: Easily scales applications.

Docker and Kubernetes

Example: Running a Docker container

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Example: Deploying a Kubernetes pod

AI and Machine Learning in Cloud

Cloud platforms provide AI/ML services for training and deploying models at scale.

AI/ML Services

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Quantum Computing in Cloud

Quantum computing enables solving complex problems beyond classical computing

capabilities.

Cloud-Based Quantum Platforms

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