Q1

Design a digital IIR Butterworth low-pass filter that satisfies the following specifications:

• Passband edge frequency = 500 Hz

• Stopband edge frequency = 1000 Hz

• Passband ripple ≤ 1 dB

• Stopband attenuation ≥ 40 dB

• Sampling frequency = 5000 Hz

Use the bilinear transformation method. Determine the filter order and provide the transfer
function coefficients.

Q2

Design a digital IIR Butterworth high-pass filter using the impulse invariance method for the
following specifications:

• Cutoff frequency = 1 kHz

• Sampling frequency = 8 kHz

• Desired stopband attenuation ≥ 30 dB at 500 Hz

Find the filter order and transfer function.

Q3

An ECG signal is sampled at 1 kHz. To remove high-frequency noise from the signal, design a
Butterworth low-pass filter that passes frequencies below 100 Hz and attenuates frequencies
above 250 Hz by at least 40 dB.

• Design the filter using the bilinear transformation method.

• Plot the frequency response and comment on its suitability for ECG signal cleaning.

• What challenges might arise if the order is too high or too low?
Q4

In an audio signal processing application, we need to design a high-pass filter to remove low-
frequency hum (below 60 Hz) from a recorded voice signal. The signal is sampled at 16 kHz.

• Design a Butterworth high-pass filter with a stopband edge at 50 Hz (≥40 dB attenuation)

and passband beginning at 100 Hz (≤1 dB ripple).

• Simulate the step response and interpret its behavior in the context of audio clarity and
phase distortion.

Q5

An IoT-based environmental sensor system samples data at 2 kHz and needs to filter out both
high-frequency noise above 500 Hz and low-frequency drift below 5 Hz.

• Design a band-pass filter using a cascade of Butterworth high-pass and low-pass IIR
filters to meet the requirement.

• Show the design steps, including individual HPF and LPF specifications, order calculation,
and coefficient extraction.

• Discuss how power consumption and computation overhead might impact filter choice
on a resource-constrained embedded platform.

Q6

Design a digital IIR Butterworth low-pass filter using impulse invariant transformation for the
following specifications:

• Analog cutoff frequency = 300 rad/s

• Sampling frequency = 2000 Hz

• Minimum order of the filter = 2

Determine the digital transfer function H(z). Provide the pole locations and comment on the
stability of the filter.

Q7

Design a 2nd-order Butterworth high-pass filter using impulse invariance. The analog cutoff
frequency is 500 rad/s, and the sampling frequency is 4000 Hz.
 • Derive the digital transfer function.

• Plot the pole-zero diagram and discuss the characteristics of the resulting digital filter.

Q8

An ECG signal acquired from a portable medical device is sampled at 1000 Hz. To remove
unwanted muscle noise, design a Butterworth low-pass filter using impulse invariant
transformation with the following constraints:

• Analog passband edge: 100 rad/s

• Analog stopband edge: 250 rad/s

• Minimum 40 dB attenuation in the stopband

• Design the analog prototype, then convert to digital.

• Analyze whether the impulse invariance method introduces aliasing, and discuss how it
would impact biomedical signal fidelity.

Q9

In audio signal processing, a high-pass filter is required to eliminate power-line hum below 60
Hz from a voice recording. The signal is sampled at 8000 Hz.
Design a Butterworth high-pass filter using impulse invariant transformation:

• Analog stopband edge: 2π × 60 rad/s

• Analog passband edge: 2π × 120 rad/s

• Stopband attenuation ≥ 30 dB

• Evaluate the impact of aliasing introduced by IIT for this application and whether
bilinear transformation would be more appropriate.

Q10

A smart sensor node samples environmental signals at 2 kHz. Noise exists below 5 Hz and above
500 Hz.
Design a band-pass filter using a cascade of a Butterworth high-pass and low-pass filter, both
designed using impulse invariance:
 • High-pass: Analog cutoff at 30 rad/s

• Low-pass: Analog cutoff at 800 rad/s

• Derive both analog prototypes, discretize using IIT, and cascade them.

• Provide the final H(z) and discuss the performance and any aliasing effects.

• Would increasing the sampling frequency mitigate aliasing? Justify.

Q11

Design a digital Butterworth low-pass IIR filter using the bilinear transformation method. The
specifications are as follows:

• Passband edge frequency = 500 Hz

• Stopband edge frequency = 1000 Hz

• Passband ripple ≤ 1 dB

• Stopband attenuation ≥ 40 dB

• Sampling frequency = 5000 Hz

Tasks:

• Prewarp the frequencies

• Determine the filter order and cutoff

• Design the analog prototype

• Apply bilinear transformation

• Provide the digital transfer function H(z)

Q12

Design a digital Butterworth high-pass filter using bilinear transformation with the following
design criteria:

• Cutoff frequency = 1 kHz

• Sampling frequency = 8 kHz

• Stopband attenuation ≥ 30 dB at 500 Hz

• Passband ripple ≤ 1 dB
Tasks:

• Calculate prewarped analog specifications

• Design the analog Butterworth filter

• Convert to digital domain using BLT

• Provide the digital filter's pole-zero diagram

Q13

An ECG signal sampled at 1 kHz needs noise removal without affecting key diagnostic
frequencies (<100 Hz).
Design a Butterworth low-pass IIR filter using the bilinear transformation method:

• Passband edge = 100 Hz

• Stopband edge = 250 Hz

• Stopband attenuation ≥ 40 dB

• Passband ripple ≤ 1 dB

Tasks:

• Carry out frequency prewarping

• Design analog prototype and apply BLT

• Plot the magnitude response and comment on suitability for ECG signal processing

• Discuss the effect of warping and how BLT preserves stability

Q14

In a digital audio processor, design a high-pass Butterworth filter using bilinear transformation
to remove power line hum:

• Sampling frequency = 16 kHz

• Stopband edge = 50 Hz (attenuation ≥ 40 dB)

• Passband edge = 100 Hz (ripple ≤ 1 dB)

Tasks:
 • Prewarp the frequencies

• Design analog HPF and apply BLT

• Simulate and interpret the frequency response

• Discuss phase distortion and audio quality trade-offs

Q15

An environmental sensor in an IoT node samples data at 2 kHz. It needs to filter out drift (<5 Hz)
and high-frequency noise (>500 Hz).
Design a Butterworth band-pass filter using a cascade of high-pass and low-pass filters, both
designed using bilinear transformation:

• HPF: Passband edge = 10 Hz

• LPF: Passband edge = 400 Hz

• Each filter: ripple ≤ 1 dB, attenuation ≥ 40 dB

• Sampling frequency = 2 kHz

Tasks:

• Prewarp and design analog prototypes

• Apply BLT for each

• Combine them and provide overall H(z)H(z)H(z)

• Discuss filter order, implementation feasibility, and performance in low-power

embedded systems

Q16

Design an FIR low-pass filter using the Hamming window method with the following
specifications:

• Cutoff frequency = 1 kHz

• Sampling frequency = 8 kHz

• Filter length N=31N = 31N=31

Tasks:
 • Derive the ideal impulse response hd(n)h_d(n)hd(n)

• Apply the Hamming window

• Plot the magnitude response

• Comment on transition bandwidth and stopband attenuation

Q17

Design an FIR high-pass filter using the Blackman window technique for:

• Cutoff frequency = 2 kHz

• Sampling frequency = 10 kHz

• Desired filter length = 51

Tasks:

• Use spectral inversion to derive the high-pass filter

• Apply the window to the ideal impulse response

• Plot frequency response and observe main lobe width

• Comment on the effect of using the Blackman window

Q18

Design an FIR low-pass filter to remove high-frequency noise from an ECG signal sampled at 1
kHz. The signal bandwidth is below 150 Hz.

• Cutoff frequency = 150 Hz

• Use the Hanning window

• Desired stopband attenuation ≥ 44 dB

Tasks:

• Determine suitable filter length

• Compute windowed impulse response

• Plot time-domain and frequency response

 • Discuss the suitability of FIR filters for ECG in terms of linear phase and group delay

Q19

A digital audio recorder samples at 16 kHz. Design an FIR high-pass filter using a Rectangular
window to remove low-frequency components:

• Cutoff frequency = 80 Hz

• Desired filter length = 61

Tasks:

• Design the high-pass filter via spectral inversion

• Plot the impulse response

• Evaluate the sidelobe levels

• Compare this filter’s performance to one using a Hamming window

Q20

An environmental sensor samples at 2 kHz. You must eliminate 50 Hz power-line interference

using an FIR bandstop filter designed by the windowing method:

• Stopband: 45 Hz to 55 Hz

• Passband ripple < 0.01

• Use a Kaiser window with β=5

Tasks:

• Compute filter length using window-based estimation

• Derive and window the ideal bandstop impulse response

• Plot and analyze the frequency response

• Comment on trade-offs in length vs stopband attenuation in FIR filter design for

embedded applications
Q21

Given the discrete-time sequence:

x(n)={1, 2, 0, 0},0≤n≤3

• Compute the 4-point DFT X(k) by hand.

• Express each X(k) in both rectangular and polar forms.

• Plot the magnitude spectrum.

Q22

Let:

x1(n)={1, 2, 1, 2}, x2(n)={1, −1, 1, −1}

• Compute their 4-point DFTs X1(k) and X2(k).

• Multiply them pointwise in the frequency domain.

• Take the inverse DFT to compute their circular convolution.

• Verify the result matches time-domain circular convolution.

Q23

A 4-point sequence:

x(n)={1, 1, 1, 1}

• Compute the DFT X(k).

• Compute the power spectrum |X(k)|2

• Explain what this tells you about the signal in frequency domain.

• What kind of signal in time-domain leads to a flat magnitude spectrum in frequency

domain?
Q24

Let:

x(n)={1, 0, −1, 0}

• Compute its 4-point DFT X(k).

• Verify the conjugate symmetry property of DFT for real-valued signals:

X(N−k)=X∗(k)

• Comment on what type of symmetry (even/odd) this signal represents in time domain.

Q25

Let:

x(n)={1, 2, 3, 4}

Let xshift(n)=x((n−1))4 , i.e., circular right shift by 1.

• Compute the DFTs of both x(n) and xshift(n).

• Show that:

Xshift(k)=X(k)⋅e−j2πNk

• Explain the impact of time shifting on the DFT phase.

Q26

Given the DFT values of a signal:

X(k)={8, −2+2j, 0, −2−2j},0≤k≤3

• Compute the 4-point inverse DFT x(n)

Q27

A spectral analyzer provides the DFT of a vibration signal as:

X(k)={10, 5−5j, 0, 5+5j}

• Compute the 4-point IDFT x(n).

 • Interpret the signal characteristics — is it periodic, symmetric, oscillatory?

• Relate this to physical motion patterns in machinery vibration.

Q28

Given two sequences:

x(n)={1, 2, 1, 0}, h(n)={1, −1, 1, −1}

Compute the 4-point circular convolution

Q29

Let:

x(n)={1, 2, 3}, h(n)={4, 5, 6}

• Compute the linear convolution

• Compute the circular convolution using 3-point DFT (without zero-padding)

• Explain why the two results differ

• Suggest how zero-padding can make circular convolution yield the same result as linear
convolution