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Types of database systems and SQL

The document outlines various types of database systems categorized by user count, usage type, site location, and data model. It details single-user and multiuser systems, operational and decision support databases, as well as centralized, parallel, and distributed systems. Additionally, it covers data manipulation techniques and SQL commands for managing data within these databases.

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2 views

Types of database systems and SQL

The document outlines various types of database systems categorized by user count, usage type, site location, and data model. It details single-user and multiuser systems, operational and decision support databases, as well as centralized, parallel, and distributed systems. Additionally, it covers data manipulation techniques and SQL commands for managing data within these databases.

Uploaded by

lunguvincent7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of database systems

• The database systems can be classified into three categories i.e.,


• According to the number of users
(a) Single-user database systems : In a single user database system, the
database reside on a PC–on the hard disk. All the applications run on the
same PC and directly access the database.
(b) Multiuser database systems : In a multiuser database system, many PC’s
are connected through a Local Area Network (LAN) and a file server stores a
copy of the database files. Each PC on the LAN is given a volume name on
the file server. Applications run on each PC that is connected to the LAN and
access the same set of files on the file server
Types of database systems
• According to the Type of use
• Operational Database/ Production or Transactional Database Systems : The
type of database which creates and updates the database in real-time. It is
basically designed for executing and handling the daily data operations in
several businesses.
• Decision Support Database Systems : Decision support database systems are
interactive, computer-based systems that aid users in judgement and choice
activities. They provide data storage and retrieval but enhance the traditional
information access and retrieval functions with support for model building
and model based reasoning. They support framing, modelling and problem
solving.
Types of database systems
• Data Warehouses : A data warehouse is a relational database
designed specifically to meet the transaction processing systems.
stores historical and commutative data from multiple sources. It is
designed to analyze data. Data in Data warehouse may be unrelated
and unstructured

• It can be loosely defined as any centralized data repository which can


be queried for business benefit.
Types of database systems
• According to database site locations, database systems can be
further subdivided into four categories namely:
• Centralized database systems : The centralized database system consists of a
single processor together with its associated data storage devices and other
peripherals.
• Database files resides on a personal computer (small enterprise) or on a
mainframe computer (large enterprise)
Types of database systems
• Parallel database systems : A parallel database system can be defined as
a database system that are implemented by linking multiple smaller
machines (procesors)to achieve the same throughput as a single
larger machine, often with greater scalability and reliability than
single processor.
• Parallel database systems are used in the applications that have to
query extremely large databases or have to process an extremely
large number of transactions per second.
Types of database systems
• Distributed database systems : A distributed database system is a
database system, in which, the data is spread across a variety of
different databases. These are managed by a variety of DBMS’s that
are running on various types of machines having different operating
systems. These machines are widely spread and are connected
through the communication networks. Each machine can have is own
data and applications, and can access data stored on other machines.
Types of database systems
According to Data Model used
• Hierarchical Databases
• Network Databases
• Relational Database
• NoSQL Database
Manipulating Data In Database
Concurrency control
A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to
access the same record in a database at the same time
Data manipulation language (DML)
The commands that are used to manipulate the data in a database
Structured query language (SQL)
A standardized data manipulation language
Relational Database Terminology
Selecting
Data manipulation that eliminates rows according
to certain criteria
Projecting
Data manipulation that eliminates columns in a
table
Joining
Data manipulation that combines two or more
tables
Linked
Relating tables in a relational database together
Structured Query Language (SQL)
• “Invented” at IBM’s Almaden Research Centre (San Jose, CA) in the
1970s
• E.g.,

SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE


JOB_CLASSIFICATION = “C2”

Select all (“*”) columns from the EMPLOYEE table in


which the JOB_CLASSIFICATION field is equal to
“C2”
USING SELECT in SQL STATEMENT
• SELECT, field1, field2,field3, . . .
FROM Table Name
WHERE Condition
Example
SELECT EmplNumber, EmplName, EmplSurname, EmplAge
FROM EmployeeTable
WHERE EmplNumber =25

SELECT *
FROM EmployTable
USING DELETE in SQL STATEMENT
Used to delete entire Record in a table
• DELETE FROM Table Name
• WHERE Condition ;

Example
• DELETE FROM Customers
• WHERE CustomerName='Alfreds Futterkiste';
USING UPDATE in SQL STATEMENT
Used to change value of a field (attribute) in a record
• UPDATE table_name
SET field1 = value1, field2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

Example
• UPDATE StudentTable
• SET studentTelephone = 0999837444, program = ICT
• WHERE StudentID = 2001xx6
USING INSERT in SQL STATEMENT
Used to Add a new record in a table
• INSERT INTO table_name (field1, field2, field2,
...)VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

Example
INSERT INTO StudentTable ( Fname, Sname, Age, Program),
VALUES (Mary, Banda, 23, Computers)
USING JOIN in SQL STATEMENT
The SQL Joins clause is used to combine records from two or more
tables in a database.
• There are various types of Joins provided by SQL which are
categorized based on the way data across multiple tables are joined
together.
• Inner Join − An Inner Join retrieves the intersection of two tables. It compares
each row of the first table with each row of the second table. If the pairs of
these rows satisfy the join-predicate, they are joined together. This is a
default join.
• Outer Join − An Outer Join retrieves all the records in two tables even if there
is no counterpart row of one table in another table, like Inner Join. Outer join
is further divided into three subtypes:
• Left Join,
• Right Join
• Full Join.
USING JOIN in SQL STATEMENT
Since Inner Join is default we don’t mention it.
SELECT custID, Fname, Sname, Amount
FROM Customers , Orders
JOIN Orders ON Customer.CustID = Orders.CustID;

This is an INNER JOIN, Since Inner Join is default we don’t mention it.

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