method vs function vs procedure vs

class?
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I know the basics of this methods,procedures,function and classes but i always
confuse to differentiate among those in contrast of Object oriented
programming so please can any body tell me the difference among those with
simple examples ?
 c
 objective-c
 oop
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asked Jun 14, 2010 at 10:01
2easylogic
 4
One of these terms does not really fit to the others :) (with respect to comparability)
– Felix Kling
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 10:04
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30
A class, in current, conventional OOP, is a collection of data (member variables)
bound together with the functions/procedures that work on that data (member
functions or methods). The class has no relationship to the other three terms
aside from the fact that it "contains" (more properly "is associated with") the
latter.
The other three terms ... well, it depends.

A function is a collection of computing statements. So is a procedure. In some

very anal retentive languages, though, a function returns a value and a
procedure doesn't. In such languages procedures are generally used for their
side effects (like I/O) while functions are used for calculations and tend to avoid
side effects. (This is the usage I tend to favour. Yes, I am that anal retentive.)
Most languages are not that anal retentive, however, and as a result people will
use the terms "function" and "procedure" interchangeably, preferring one to the
other based on their background. (Modula-* programmers will tend to use
"procedure" while C/C++/Java/whatever will tend to use "function", for
example.)
A method is just jargon for a function (or procedure) bound to a class. Indeed
not all OOP languages use the term "method". In a typical (but not universal!)
implementation, methods have an implied first parameter (called things
like this or self or the like) for accessing the containing class. This is not, as I said,
universal. Some languages make that first parameter explicit (and thus allow to
be named anything you'd like) while in still others there's no magic first
parameter at all.

Edited to add this example:

The following untested and uncompiled C++-like code should show you what
kind of things are involved.
class MyClass
{
int memberVariable;

void setMemberVariableProcedure(int v)
{
memberVariable = v;
}

int getMemberVariableFunction()
{
return memberVariable;
}
};

void plainOldProcedure(int stuff)

{
cout << stuff;
}

int plainOldFunction(int stuff)

{
return 2 * stuff;
}
In this code getMemberVariableProcedure and getMemberVariableFunction are both
methods.
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edited Jun 14, 2010 at 11:55
answered Jun 14, 2010 at 10:41

JUST MY correct OPINION

36.1k1717 gold badges7979 silver badges9999 bronze badges
 4
The function/procedure difference isn't really being anal - it's a really good idea, and
is often called command/query separation.
 – kyoryu
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 10:48
 1
All that means is that you're being as anal retentive (or is it "anal-retentive"?) as I
am. ;)
– JUST MY correct OPINION
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 10:52
 Thanks can u provide with me example. for differentiating between this ?
– 2easylogic
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 11:16
 hey I'm confused in differentiating of Methods vs Function ??
– 2easylogic
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 14:11
 A method is a function/procedure. It's just associated with a class in some way. Look
above at the sample pseudo-C++ I gave
you: getMemberVariableFunction and setMemberVariableProcedure are
both inside the class myClass. They are part of the
class. plainOldProcedure and plainOldFunction are defined wholly outside of the
class. They are not part of the class and don't have any special status (like
the this pointer in C++) available to them. Nor do they have any status in the
protection mechanisms of the class.
– JUST MY correct OPINION
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 14:23
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3
Procedures, function and methods are generally alike, they hold some
processing statements.

The only differences I can think between these three and the places where they
are used.

I mean 'method' are generally used to define functions inside a class, where
several types of user access right like public, protected, private can be defined.

"Procedures", are also function but they generally represent a series of function
which needs to be carried out, upon the completion of one function or parallely
with another.

Classes are collection of related attributes and methods. Attributes define the
the object of the class where as the methods are the action done by or done on
the class.

Hope, this was helpful

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answered Jun 14, 2010 at 10:25
Starx
78.7k4949 gold badges186186 silver badges265265 bronze badges
 Traditionally, the difference between a procedure and a function is that a function
returns a value while a procedure doesn't. C-style languages do not make this
distinction -- everything is a function, it just might return void.
– walkytalky
CommentedJun 14, 2010 at 10:36
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1
Function, method and procedure are homogeneous and each of them is a
subroutine that performs some calculations.

A subroutine is:

 a method when used in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). A

method can return nothing (void) or something and/or it can change
data outside of the subroutine or method.
 a procedure when it does not return anything but it can change data
outside of the subroutine, think of a SQL stored procedure. Not
considering output parameters!
 a function when it returns something (its calculated result) without
changing data outside of the subroutine or function. This is the way
how SQL functions work.
After all, they are all a piece of re-usable code that does something, e.g. return
data, calculate or manipulate data.
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answered Apr 25, 2020 at 18:19

Dinesh Jethoe
3122 bronze badges
 Please provide Objective-C examples instead of SQL.
– Willeke
CommentedApr 26, 2020 at 10:16
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0
There is no difference between of among. Method : no return type like void
Function : which have return type
 15. Functions and procedures in C#
Página 15

When we are developing games with Unity, the programming language we

use is C#. Within C# programming, one of the fundamental concepts that we
need to understand are functions and procedures. In this chapter of our e-
book course, we will delve deeper into this topic.

Functions in C#
Functions in C#, also known as methods, are blocks of code that perform a
specific task. They may or may not return a value. Functions help break code
into smaller, more manageable segments, making it easier to read and
maintain.
A function in C# is declared as follows:

public int Sum(int num1, int num2)

return num1 + num2;

In this example, 'public' is the access modifier that determines the visibility
of the role. 'int' is the return type of the function, which specifies the type of
value that the function returns. 'Sum' is the name of the function. 'int num1,
int num2' are the function parameters, which are the values that the function
receives when it is called.

Procedures in C#
Procedures in C# are a specific type of function that does not return a value.
In other words, the return type of the procedure is 'void'. Just like functions,
procedures also help break code into smaller, more manageable segments.
A procedure in C# is declared as follows:
public void DisplayMessage()

Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");

In this example, 'public' is the access modifier, 'void' is the return type of the
procedure, which indicates that the procedure does not return a value.
'DisplayMessage' is the name of the procedure. This procedure has no
parameters.

Functions and Procedures Call

To use a function or procedure, we need to call that function or procedure.
The function call is made by the function name followed by parentheses and
any arguments the function may require.
Here is an example of how to call the 'Sum' function we declared earlier:

int result = Sum(5, 3);

And here is an example of how to call the 'ExibeMessage' procedure that we

declared earlier:

DisplayMessage();

Conclusion
Functions and procedures are fundamental in C# programming, as they
allow us to divide our code into smaller, more manageable blocks. This not
only makes our code easier to read and maintain, but it also allows us to
reuse the code, which can save a lot of time and effort.
We hope this chapter has given you a good understanding of functions and
procedures in C#. In the next chapter, we'll delve deeper into other C#
programming concepts important for game development with Unity.

Nohroughout the years, C# has added features to support new workloads

and new emerging software design practices. It is an object-oriented,
component-oriented language, C#. C# provides language constructs that
directly support these ideas to create and use software components.

Here's How to Land a Top Software

Developer Job
Full Stack Developer - MERN StackEXPLORE PROGRAM

What Are C# Arrays?

An array in C# is a collection of elements of the same type stored in the

exact memory location. For example, in C#, an array is an object of base
type "System.Array". The array index in C# starts at 0. In a C# array, you
can only store a fixed number of elements.

Now you will explore the different types of C# Arrays.

Types of C# Arrays
There are Three types of Arrays in C#:

1. Single Dimensional Arrays

2. Multidimensional Arrays

3. Jagged Arrays

Now, discuss them in detail, and get started with Single dimensional Arrays.

What Is a Single Dimensional C# Arrays?

Arrays with only one row for storing the values. This array's values are stored
in a contiguous manner, beginning with 0 and ending with the array size.
Therefore, you must use square brackets [] to make a single-dimensional
array after the data type.

Now, create a Single-dimensional array using code.

Code:

//A C# Program to implement a one-dimensional array

using System;

public class OnedArray

public static void Main(string[] args)

{
 int[] array= {10, 15,13,9,21};//Array definition

//A for loop to print the Array elements

for(int j=0;j<array.Length;j++)

Console.WriteLine(array[j]);

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What Is Multidimensional C# Arrays?

The multidimensional array has multiple rows for storing values. It is also
known as a Rectangular C# Array. It can be a 2D, 3D, or more array. A
nested loop was required to store and access the array's values. Therefore,
you must use commas inside the square brackets to create a
multidimensional array.

Now, create a two-dimensional array using code.

Code:

//A C# program to implement 2-D Array in C#

using System;

public class MultidArray

public static void Main(string[] args)

int[,] array=new int[,]{{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9}};

for(int i=0;i<3;i++){

for(int j=0;j<3;j++){

Console.WriteLine(array[i,j]+" ");

Console.WriteLine();

}
What Are Jagged C# Arrays?

A jagged array in C# is called an "array of arrays" in C# since each element

is an array. A jagged array's element size might vary.
Now, go ahead and create a Jagged array using code.

Code:

//A C# program to implement jagged Arrays

using System;

public class JaggedArray

public static void Main(string[] args)

int[][] array=new int[2][]; //definition of array

array[0]=new int[6]{42,61,37,41,59,63};

array[1]=new int[4]{11,21,56,78};

for(int i=0;i<array.Length;i++)

for(int j=0;j<array[i].Length;j++)

System.Console.Write(arr[i][j]+" ");

}
 System.Console.WriteLine();

And these are the types of C# Arrays. Now have a look at the advantages of
C# Arrays.

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Advantages of C# Arrays

 It is used to represent numerous data objects of a similar kind with a

single name.

 Data structures, like linked lists, stacks, trees, and queues, are
implemented using arrays.

 The two-dimensional arrays in C# are used to represent matrices.

 Since arrays are strongly typed, the program's performance is

improved because of no boxing and unboxing.
Disadvantages of C# Arrays

 The array size is fixed. So, you must declare the size of the array
beforehand.

 If you allocate more memory than the requirement, the extra

memory will be wasted.

 An element can never be inserted in the middle of an array.

 It is also impossible to delete or remove elements from the middle of

an array.

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Next Steps

"C# Interfaces" can be your next concept to learn. For example, in C#, the
Interface is like a class blueprint. However, as with abstract classes, any
methods declared within an interface are abstract methods. For example, it
doesn't have a method body.

w answer the exercise about the content:

Software Project Management (SPM) –

Software Engineering
Last Updated : 08 May, 2024


 
Software Project Management (SPM) is a proper way of planning and
leading software projects. It is a part of project management in
which software projects are planned, implemented, monitored, and
controlled. This article focuses on discussing Software Project
Management (SPM).
Table of Content
 Need for Software Project Management
 Types of Management in SPM
 Aspects of Software Project Management
 Downsides of Software Project Management
 Question For Practice
 Frequently Asked Questions – Software Project Management
(SPM)
Need for Software Project Management
Software is a non-physical product. Software development is a new
stream in business and there is very little experience in building
software products. Most of the software products are made to fit
clients’ requirements. The most important is that basic technology
changes and advances so frequently and rapidly that the experience
of one product may not be applied to the other one. Such types of
business and environmental constraints increase risk in software
development hence it is essential to manage software projects
efficiently. It is necessary for an organization to deliver quality
products, keep the cost within the client’s budget constraint, and
deliver the project as per schedule. Hence, in order, software project
management is necessary to incorporate user requirements along
with budget and time constraints.
Types of Management in SPM
1. Conflict Management
Conflict management is the process to restrict the negative features
of conflict while increasing the positive features of conflict. The goal
of conflict management is to improve learning and group results
including efficacy or performance in an organizational setting.
Properly managed conflict can enhance group results.
2. Risk Management
Risk management is the analysis and identification of risks that is
followed by synchronized and economical implementation of
resources to minimize, operate and control the possibility or effect
of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of
opportunities.
3. Requirement Management
It is the process of analyzing, prioritizing, tracking, and documenting
requirements and then supervising change and communicating to
pertinent stakeholders. It is a continuous process during a project.
4. Change Management
Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with the
transition or transformation of an organization’s goals, processes, or
technologies. The purpose of change management is to execute
strategies for effecting change, controlling change, and helping
people to adapt to change.
5. Software Configuration Management
Software configuration management is the process of controlling
and tracking changes in the software, part of the larger cross-
disciplinary field of configuration management. Software
configuration management includes revision control and the
inauguration of baselines.
6. Release Management
Release Management is the task of planning, controlling, and
scheduling the built-in deploying releases. Release management
ensures that the organization delivers new and enhanced services
required by the customer while protecting the integrity of existing
services.
Aspects of Software Project Management
The list of focus areas it can tackle and the broad upsides of
Software Project Management is:
1. Planning
The software project manager lays out the complete project’s
blueprint. The project plan will outline the scope, resources,
timelines, techniques, strategy, communication, testing, and
maintenance steps. SPM can aid greatly here.
2. Leading
A software project manager brings together and leads a team of
engineers, strategists, programmers, designers, and data scientists.
Leading a team necessitates exceptional communication,
interpersonal, and leadership abilities. One can only hope to do this
effectively if one sticks with the core SPM principles.
3. Execution
SPM comes to the rescue here also as the person in charge of
software projects (if well versed with SPM/Agile methodologies) will
ensure that each stage of the project is completed successfully.
measuring progress, monitoring to check how teams function, and
generating status reports are all part of this process.
4. Time Management
Abiding by a timeline is crucial to completing deliverables
successfully. This is especially difficult when managing software
projects because changes to the original project charter are
unavoidable over time. To assure progress in the face of blockages
or changes, software project managers ought to be specialists in
managing risk and emergency preparedness. This Risk Mitigation
and
management is one of the core tenets of the philosophy of SPM.
5. Budget
Software project managers, like conventional project managers, are
responsible for generating a project budget and adhering to it as
closely as feasible, regulating spending, and reassigning funds as
needed. SPM teaches us how to effectively manage the monetary
aspect of projects to avoid running into a financial crunch later on in
the project.
6. Maintenance
Software project management emphasizes continuous product
testing to find and repair defects early, tailor the end product to the
needs of the client, and keep the project on track. The software
project manager makes ensuring that the product is thoroughly
tested, analyzed, and adjusted as needed. Another point in favor of
SPM.
 Aspects of Project Management

Downsides of Software Project Management

Numerous issues can develop if a Software project manager lacks
the necessary expertise or knowledge. Software Project
management has several drawbacks, including resource loss,
scheduling difficulty, data protection concerns, and interpersonal
conflicts between Developers/Engineers/Stakeholders. Furthermore,
outsourcing work or recruiting additional personnel to complete the
project may result in hefty costs for one’s company.
1. Costs are High
Consider spending money on various kinds of project
management tools, software, & services if ones engage in Software
Project Management strategies. These initiatives can be expensive
and time-consuming to put in place. Because your team will
be using them as well, they may require training. One may need to
recruit subject-matter experts or specialists to assist with a project,
depending on the circumstances. Stakeholders will frequently press
for the inclusion of features that were not originally envisioned. All
of these factors can quickly drive up a project’s cost.
2. Complexity will be increased
Software Project management is a multi-stage, complex
process. Unfortunately, some specialists might have a propensity to
overcomplicate everything, which can lead to confusion among
teams and lead to delays in project completion. Their expressions
are very strong and specific in their ideas, resulting in a difficult
work atmosphere. Projects having a larger scope are typically more
arduous to complete, especially if there isn’t a dedicated team
committed completely to the project. Members of cross-functional
teams may lag far behind their daily tasks, adding to the overall
complexity of the project being worked on.
3. Overhead in Communication
Recruits enter your organization when we hire software project
management personnel. This provides a steady flow of
communication that may or may not match a company’s culture. As
a result, it is advised that you maintain your crew as
small as feasible. The communication overhead tends to skyrocket
when a team becomes large enough. When a large team is needed
for a project, it’s critical to identify software project managers who
can conduct effective communication with a variety of people.
4. Lack of Originality
Software Project managers can sometimes provide little or no space
for creativity. Team leaders either place an excessive amount of
emphasis on management processes or impose hard deadlines on
their employees, requiring them to develop and operate code within
stringent guidelines. This can stifle innovative thought
and innovation that could be beneficial to the project. When it
comes to Software project management, knowing when to
encourage creativity and when to stick to the project plan is crucial.
Without Software project management personnel, an organization
can perhaps build and ship code more quickly. However, employing
a trained specialist to handle these areas, on the other hand, can
open up new doors and help the organization achieve its objectives
more
quickly and more thoroughly.
Question For Practice
1. If in a software project, the number of user input, user
output, inquiries, files, and external interfaces are (15, 50,
24, 12, 8), respectively, with complexity average
weighting factor. The productivity of effort = 70 percent-
month is [ISRO CS 2015]
(A) 110.54
(B) 408.74
(C) 304.78
(D) 220.14
Solution: Correct Answer is (B).
Frequently Asked Questions – Software
Project Management (SPM)
How do you manage risks in Software Project
Management?
The best way to manage risks is to identify the threats and
implement a strategy to handle and manage threats. Applying a
regular risk management strategy is beneficial in managing risks.
How does better software management contribute to
project success?
Effective Project Management helps us in keeping our project on
track, meeting deadlines, and delivering high-quality software that
matches the client’s requirements. It also helps in managing risks.
Want to learn Software Testing and Automation to help give a
kickstart to your career? Any student or professional looking to excel
in Quality Assurance should enroll in our course, Complete
Guide to Software Testing and Automation, only on
GeeksforGeeks. Get hands-on learning experience with the latest
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Testing? Enroll now and Take Your Career to a Whole New Level!

pp_pankaj
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projects within a given time frame. Both are ne
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Difference between Project Management and

Functional Management
Within organizational frameworks, there are two different
approaches: project management and functional management. The
purpose of project management is to deploy temporary teams to
accomplish specified targets within predetermined timeframes.
Conversely, functional management focusses on long-term
objectives and ongoing operations while managing p
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and Facility

Management
Facilities management is concerned with the maintenance and
functioning of an organization's physical environment, and project
management concentrates on organizing, carrying out, and finishing
specific, deadline-driven activities. Although they have different
scopes, objectives, and timetables, both jobs seek to increase
efficiency. In this articl
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and

Transport Management
The business's total efficiency and success are influenced by two
different disciplines: project management and transport
management. The main objectives of project management are to
schedule, carry out, and close down projects within predetermined
limits. In contrast, transport management deals with the effective
flow of people and products, carri
4 min read

Difference between Logistic Management and Project

Management
Within the field of corporate operations, project management and
logistics management are two separate but related fields. The goal
of logistic management is to transfer and store items as efficiently
as possible so that they arrive at their destination on schedule and
safely. Project management, on the other hand, involves organizing,
executing ou
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and Channel

Management
Both project management and channel management play different
but crucial roles in the functioning of businesses. Project
management is the process of organizing, carrying out, and
wrapping up a project to meet predetermined objectives within
predetermined parameters. Contrarily, channel management entails
managing and maximizing the routes of dist
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and Supply

Chain Management
The disciplines of supply chain management and project
management are both essential to the success of an organization.
Supply Chain Management is concerned with the flow of items,
information, and funds across the entire manufacturing and delivery
process, whereas Project Management is focused on organizing,
carrying out, and concluding projects w
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and

Warehouse Management
Although different, project management and warehouse
management are both crucial business disciplines. While warehouse
management is responsible for managing the storage, movement,
and tracking of items within a warehouse, project management
concentrates on organizing, carrying out, and concluding projects to
meet certain objectives. Both are essen
4 min read

Difference between Project Management and Process

Management
Two important but different approaches to organizational
management are project management and process management.
Project management involves organizing, carrying out, and finishing
a project within a predetermined time limit. It focusses on the
transient and distinctive elements of each projects. Process
management, on the other hand, is focused
4 min read