OOPs with JAVA (BCS403)

Unit: I

Subject Name : Object Oriented

Programming with Java (BCS-403)
Dr. Birendra Kr. Saraswat
Associate Professor
( B.Tech 4th Sem) Department of IT

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 Content

❖ Course Objective
❖ Course Outcomes
❖ CO-PO Mapping
❖ CO-PSO Mapping
❖ Syllabus
❖ Prerequisite
❖ Basic Concept of OOPS

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 Content

❖ Design Strategies
❖ Software Measurement and Metrics
❖ Cyclomatic Complexity Measures
❖ Video Links
❖ Daily Quiz
❖ Weekly Assignment
❖ MCQ
❖ Old Question Papers
❖ Expected Questions for University Exam
❖ Summary
❖ References

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 Syllabus

Unit TOPIC
Introduction: Why Java, History of Java, JVM, JRE, Java Environment, Java Source File Structure, and
Compilation. Fundamental,
Programming Structures in Java: Defining Classes in Java, Constructors, Methods, Access Specifies,
Static Members, Final Members, Comments, Data types, Variables, Operators, Control Flow, Arrays &
I String.
Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Inheritance Super Class, Sub Class, Overriding,
Overloading, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Abstraction, Interfaces, and Abstract Class.
Packages: Defining Package, CLASSPATH Setting for Packages, Making JAR Files for Library
Packages, Import and Static Import Naming Convention For Packages

Exception Handling: The Idea behind Exception, Exceptions & Errors, Types of Exception, Control Flow
in Exceptions, JVM Reaction to Exceptions, Use of try, catch, finally, throw, throws in Exception
Handling, In-built and User Defined Exceptions, Checked and Un-Checked Exceptions.
II Input /Output Basics: Byte Streams and Character Streams, Reading and Writing File in Java.
Multithreading: Thread, Thread Life Cycle, Creating Threads, Thread Priorities, Synchronizing Threads,
Inter-thread Communication.

Java New Features: Functional Interfaces, Lambda Expression, Method References, Stream API, Default
Methods, Static Method, Base64 Encode and Decode, For Each Method, Try-with resources, Type
III Annotations, Repeating Annotations, Java Module System, Diamond Syntax with 08 Inner Anonymous
Class, Local Variable Type Inference, Switch Expressions, Yield Keyword, TextBlocks, Records, Sealed
Classes
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 Syllabus

Unit TOPIC
Java Collections Framework: Collection in Java, Collection Framework in Java, Hierarchy of
Collection Framework, Iterator Interface, Collection Interface, List Interface, ArrayList, LinkedList,
IV Vector, Stack, Queue Interface, Set Interface, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, SortedSet Interface,
TreeSet, Map Interface, HashMap Class, LinkedHashMap Class, TreeMap Class, Hashtable Class,
Sorting, Comparable Interface, Comparator Interface, Properties Class in Java.

Spring Framework: Spring Core Basics-Spring Dependency Injection concepts, Spring Inversion of
Control, AOP, Bean Scopes- Singleton, Prototype, Request, Session, Application, Web Socket,
Auto wiring, Annotations, Life Cycle Call backs, Bean Configuration styles Spring Boot: Spring
V Boot Build Systems, Spring Boot Code Structure, Spring Boot Runners, Logger, BUILDING
RESTFUL WEB SERVICES, Rest Controller, Request Mapping, Request Body, Path Variable,
Request Parameter, GET, POST, PUT, DELETE APIs, Build Web Applications

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 Course Outcome

At the end of the Course, the student will be able

Bloom’s
Course Outcomes (CO) Knowledge
Level (KL)

CO1 Develop the object-oriented programming concepts using Java K3, K4

CO2 Implement exception handling, file handling, and multi-threading in Java K2, K4

CO3 Apply new java features to build java programs K3

CO4 Analyze java programs with java Collection Framework K4

Test web and RESTful Web Services with Spring Boot using Spring
CO5 K5
Framework concepts

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 CO-PO Mapping

CO-PO Correlation Matrices

Correlation levels are taken 1, 2 and 3 as defined below:
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High)

CO/PO Programme Outcomes (PO) PSO’s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

CO 1 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO 3 2 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - 2 2 -

CO 4 2 3 2 2 3 - - - - - 2 2 2 -

CO 5 1 3 2 3 3 - - - - - 2 3 3 -

PO Target 1.8 2.6 2 2.2 2.4 - - - - - 2 2.2 2.17 -

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 CO-PO and PSO Mapping

Program Specific Outcomes and Course Outcomes Mapping

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

CO1 3 3 - 3
CO2 3 3 2 3
CO3 3 3 - 3
CO4 3 3 - 3
CO5 3 3 - 3

*3= High *2= Medium *1=Low

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 Prerequisite and Recap

• Basic knowledge of C/C++

• Innovative Thinking.

• Enthusiasm to learn Programming concepts.

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 Evaluation Scheme

Subje L T P CT TA TOTAL PS TE PE TOTAL CREDIT

ct

2 1 4 20 10 30 70 100 3

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 PO’s

• Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics ,science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations

PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research- based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions

PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
• understanding of the limitations
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 PO’s

PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.

PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.

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 PO’s

PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply these to
one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.

PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and
ability to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.

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 Brief Introduction about the Subject with Videos

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming. Procedural

programming is about writing procedures or methods that
perform operations on the data, while object-oriented
programming is about creating objects that contain both
data and methods. The main ideas behind Java's Object-
Oriented Programming, OOP concepts include abstraction,
encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. Basically,
Java OOP concepts let us create working methods and
variables, then re-use all or part of them without
compromising security.

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Why JAVA/History of JAVA

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Cont…

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17
18
19
.

20
.

21
.

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 JVM(Java Virtual Machine)

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It is called a virtual machine because it
doesn't physically exist. It is a specification that provides a runtime environment in which
Java bytecode can be executed. It can also run those programs which are written in other
languages and compiled to Java bytecode.
JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE, and JDK are
platform dependent because the configuration of each OS is different from each other.
However, Java is platform independent. There are three notions of the JVM: specification,
implementation, and instance.

The JVM performs the following main tasks:

•Loads code
•Verifies code
•Executes code
•Provides runtime environment

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 JAVA Runtime Environment(JRE)

JRE is an acronym for Java Runtime Environment. It is also written as Java RTE. The Java Runtime
Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used to
provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a
set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
The implementation of JVM is also actively released by other companies besides Sun Micro
Systems.

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 Java Development Kit (JDK)

• TO Develop and Run JAVA applications JDK is used.

• JVM is responsible to Run Java program Line by Line
• JRE provides Environment just to Run Java program.
JDK

JRE

JVM
Library
Classes

Development Tools

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 Java Source File Structure
Java source file structure describes that the Java source code file
must follow a schema or structure. In this article, we will see
some of the important guidelines that a Java program must
follow.

A Java program has the following structure:

1. package statements: A package in Java is a mechanism to
encapsulate a group of classes, sub-packages, and interfaces.

2. import statements: The import statement is used to import a

package, class, or interface.

3. class definition: A class is a user-defined blueprint or

prototype from which objects are created, and it is a passive
entity.
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Java Source File Structure

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 Java Source File Structure
Working with Java Source File

1. Number of classes in a Java source file:

A Java program can contain any number of classes, and at most, one of them can be declared as a
public class.
Explanation: Java allows us to create any number of classes in a program. But out of all the
classes, at most, one of them can be declared as a public class. In simple words, the program can
contain either zero public class, or if there is a public class present, it cannot be more than one.
2. Name of the Java source file:
The name of the Java source file can be anything provided that no class is declared as public.
Explanation: Java allows us to name the Java source file with anything if there is not a single class
that is declared as public. But if there is a class that is declared as public, the name of the Java
source file must be the same as the public class name. The Java source file extension must be .java.
3. Number of .class files in a Java source file:
The number of .class files generated is equal to the number of classes declared in the Java
program.
Explanation: While compiling a program, the javac compiler generates as many .class files as
there are classes declared in the Java source file.

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 Compilation and Execution of a
Java Program
Java, being a platform-independent programming language, doesn’t work on the
one-step compilation. Instead, it involves a two-step execution, first through an OS-
independent compiler; and second, in a virtual machine (JVM) which is custom-built
for every operating system.

The two principal stages are explained below:

Principle 1: Compilation
Principle 2: Execution

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 Java Fundamentals
Java main() Method – public static void main(String[]
args)
Java’s main() method is the starting point from where the JVM starts the
execution of a Java program. JVM will not execute the code, if the program
is missing the main method. Hence, it is one of the most important
methods of Java, and having a proper understanding of it is very important.
The Java compiler or JVM looks for the main method when it starts
executing a Java program. The signature of the main method needs to be in
a specific way for the JVM to recognize that method as its entry point. If we
change the signature of the method, the program compiles but does not
execute.
The execution of the Java program, the java.exe is called. The Java.exe in
turn makes Java Native Interface or JNI calls, and they load the JVM. The
java.exe parses the command line, generates a new String array, and
invokes the main() method. By default, the main thread is always a non-
daemon thread.

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 Java Fundamentals
Java main() Method – public static void main(String[]
args)

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 Java Fundamentals
Java main() Method – public static void main(String[] args)
1. Public
It is an Access modifier, which specifies from where and who can
access the method. Making the main() method public makes it
globally available. It is made public so that JVM can invoke it from
outside the class as it is not present in the current class.

2. Static
It is a keyword that is when associated with a method, making it
a class-related method. The main() method is static so that JVM can
invoke it without instantiating the class. This also saves the
unnecessary wastage of memory which would have been used by the
object declared only for calling the main() method by the JVM.

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 Java Fundamentals
Java main() Method – public static void main(String[] args)
3. Void
It is a keyword and is used to specify that a method doesn’t
return anything. As the main() method doesn’t return anything, its
return type is void. As soon as the main() method terminates, the
Java program terminates too. Hence, it doesn’t make any sense to
return from the main() method as JVM can’t do anything with its
return value of it.

4. main
It is the name of the Java main method. It is the identifier that
the JVM looks for as the starting point of the Java program. It’s
not a keyword.
If we change the name while initiating main method, we will get an
error.
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 Java Fundamentals
Java main() Method – public static void main(String[] args)

5. String[] args
It stores Java command-line arguments and is an array of
type java.lang.String class. Here, the name of the String array
is args but it is not fixed and the user can use any name in place of
it.

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 Java Fundamentals

System.out.println in Java
Java System.out.println() is used to print an argument that is passed to
it.
Parts of System.out.println()
The statement can be broken into 3 parts which can be understood
separately:
1.System: It is a final class defined in the java.lang package.
2.out: This is an instance of PrintStream type, which is a public and static
member field of the System class.
3.println(): As all instances of the PrintStream class have a public method
println(), we can invoke the same on out as well. This is an upgraded
version of print(). It prints any argument passed to it and adds a new line
to the output. We can assume that System.out represents the Standard
Output Stream.

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 Java Fundamentals

System.out.println in Java

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 History of Java
History of Java
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed
for interactive television, but it was too advanced technology for
the digital cable television industry at the time. The history of Java
starts with the Green Team. Java team members (also known as
Green Team), initiated this project to develop a language for digital
devices such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc. However, it was best
suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology was
incorporated by Netscape.

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 History of Java
History of Java
The principles for creating Java programming were "Simple,
Robust, Portable, Platform-independent, Secured, High
Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture Neutral, Object-
Oriented, Interpreted, and Dynamic". Java was developed by James
Gosling, who is known as the father of Java, in 1995. James
Gosling and his team members started the project in the early '90s.
Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices,
games, e-business solutions, etc. Following are given significant
points that describe the history of Java.

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 History of Java
History of Java
1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick
Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.
The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in
electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and
the file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of
the Green project.
5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a
national tree of many countries like the U.S.A., France,
Germany, Romania, etc.

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 History of Java
History of Java
6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was
already a trademark by Oak Technologies.
7) Initially developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems (which is now a subsidiary of Oracle
Corporation) and released in 1995.
8) In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best
Products of 1995.
9) JDK 1.0 was released on January 23, 1996. After the first
release of Java, there have been many additional features
added to the language. Now Java is being used in Windows
applications, Web applications, enterprise applications, mobile
applications, cards, etc. Each new version adds new features in
Java.

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 History of Java
Java Version History

Many java versions have been released

till now. The current stable release of
Java is Java SE 10.
1.JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)
2.JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996)
3.JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997)
4.J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998)
5.J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000)
6.J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002)
7.J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004)
8.Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006)
9.Java SE 7 (28th July 2011)
10.Java SE 8 (18th Mar 2014)
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 History of Java
Java Version History

11. Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017)

12. Java SE 10 (20th Mar 2018)
13. Java SE 11 (September 2018)
14. Java SE 12 (March 2019)
15. Java SE 13 (September 2019)
16. Java SE 14 (Mar 2020)
17. Java SE 15 (September 2020)
18. Java SE 16 (Mar 2021)
19. Java SE 17 (September 2021)
20. Java SE 18 (to be released by
March 2022)

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Features of Java
Java is an object-oriented programming
language. Everything in Java is an object.
Object-oriented means we organize our
software as a combination of different types of
objects that incorporate both data and behavior.

Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a

methodology that simplifies software
development and maintenance by providing
some rules.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
1.Object
2.Class
3.Inheritance
4.Polymorphism
5.Abstraction
6.Encapsulation

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Features of Java
Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and
easy to understand. According to Sun Microsystem, Java
language is a simple programming language because:
•Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to
learn it after C++).
•Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used
features, for example, explicit pointers, operator overloading,
etc.
•There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because
there is an Automatic Garbage Collection in Java.

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Features of Java

Secure
Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can
develop virus-free systems. Java is secured because:
•No explicit pointer
•Java Programs run inside a virtual machine
sandbox

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Features of Java
Platform Independent

Java is platform independent

because it is different from other
languages like C, C++, etc. which
are compiled into platform specific
machines while Java is a write once,
run anywhere language. A platform
is the hardware or software
environment in which a program
runs. 46
Features of Java

Robust
The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is
robust because:
•It uses strong memory management.
•There is a lack of pointers that avoids security
problems.
•Java provides automatic garbage collection which
runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of objects
which are not being used by a Java application
anymore.
•There are exception handling and the type checking
mechanism in Java. All these points make Java
robust.

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Features of Java

Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates you to
carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It
doesn't require any implementation.

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Features of Java

Architecture-neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no
implementation dependent features, for example,
the size of primitive types is fixed.
In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes
of memory for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of
memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it
occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-bit
architectures in Java.

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Features of Java

Dynamic
Java is a dynamic language. It supports the
dynamic loading of classes. It means classes
are loaded on demand. It also supports
functions from its native languages, i.e., C and
C++.

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Features of Java

Interpreted
Java uses both compiler and interpreter. Java
source code is converted into bytecode at
compilation time. The interpreter executes this
bytecode at runtime and produces output.
Java is interpreted that is why it is platform-
independent.

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Features of Java

High-performance
Java is faster than other traditional interpreted
programming languages because Java bytecode is
"close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than
a compiled language (e.g., C++). Java is an
interpreted language that is why it is slower than
compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.

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Features of Java

Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing
concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal
with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads.
The main advantage of multi-threading is that it
doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a
common memory area. Threads are important for
multi-media, Web applications, etc.

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Features of Java

Distributed
Java is distributed because it facilitates users to
create distributed applications in Java. RMI (Remote
Method Invocation) and EJB (Enterprise Server
Bean) are used for creating distributed applications.
This feature of Java makes us able to access files by
calling the methods from any machine on the
internet.

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Defining Classes in Java

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 Defining Classes in Java

A class is a group of objects which have common

properties. It is a user-defined data type with a template
that serves to define its properties. To create a class, use
the keyword class.
A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for
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creating objects.
 Defining Classes in Java

Create a Class
To create a class, use the keyword class:

class MyClass
{ // field, constructor, and
// method declarations }

This is a class declaration. The class body (the area between the
braces) contains all the code that provides for the life cycle of the
objects created from the class:
 constructors for initializing new objects,
 fields provide the state of the class and its objects, and
 methods to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.

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 Defining Classes in Java

Create a Class
To create a class, use the keyword class:

class MyClass
{ // field, constructor, and
// method declarations }

This is a class declaration. The class body (the area between the
braces) contains all the code that provides for the life cycle of the
objects created from the class:
 constructors for initializing new objects,
 fields provide the state of the class and its objects, and
 methods to implement the behavior of the class and its objects.

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 Defining Classes in Java

In general, class declarations can include these components, in

order:
1.Modifiers such as public, private, and a number of others that
you will encounter later. (However, note that the private modifier
can only be applied to Nested Classes.)
2.The class name, with the initial letter capitalized by convention.
3.The name of the class's parent (superclass), if any, preceded by
the keyword extends. A class can only extend (subclass) one
parent.
4.A comma-separated list of interfaces implemented by the class,
if any, preceded by the keyword implements. A class
can implement more than one interface.
5.The class body, surrounded by braces, {}.
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 Declaring Member Variables in
Java
There are several kinds of variables:
•Member variables in a class—these are called fields.
•Variables in a method or block of code—these are called local
variables.
•Variables in method declarations—these are called parameters.

When no access modifier is specified for a class, method, or data member – It is said to be
having the default access modifier by default. The data members, classes, or methods that
are not declared using any access modifiers i.e. having default access modifiers are
accessible only within the same package.
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 Declaring Member Variables in
Java
Field declarations are composed of three components, in
order:
1.Zero or more modifiers, such as public or private.
2.The field's type.
3.The field's name.

The Bicycle class uses the following lines of code to

define its fields:
public int model;
public int gear;
public int speed;

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 Methods in Java
The method in Java or Methods of Java is a collection of statements that
perform some specific task and return the result to the caller. A Java
method can perform some specific task without returning anything. Java
Methods allow us to reuse the code without retyping the code. In Java,
every method must be part of some class that is different from languages
like C, C++, and Python.
1. A method is like a function i.e. used to expose the behavior of an object
2. It is a set of codes that perform a particular task.

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Methods in Java

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 Methods in Java
More generally, method declarations have six components, in order:
1.Modifiers—such as public, private, and others you will learn about later.
2.The return type—the data type of the value returned by the method,
or void if the method does not return a value.
3.The method name—the rules for field names apply to method names as
well, but the convention is a little different.
4.The parameter list in parenthesis—a comma-delimited list of input
parameters, preceded by their data types, enclosed by parentheses, (). If
there are no parameters, you must use empty parentheses.
5.An exception list—to be discussed later.
6.The method body, enclosed between braces {} —the method's code,
including the declaration of local variables, goes here.

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 Methods in Java

1. Modifier: It defines the access type of the method i.e. from

where it can be accessed in your application. In Java, there 4
types of access specifiers.
•public: It is accessible in all classes in your application.
•protected: It is accessible within the class in which it is defined
and in its subclasses
•private: It is accessible only within the class in which it is
defined.
•default: It is declared/defined without using any modifier. It is
accessible within the same class and package within which its
class is defined.

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 Methods in Java
2. The return type: The data type of the value returned by the
method or void if does not return a value. It is Mandatory in
syntax.
3. Method Name: the rules for field names apply to method
names as well, but the convention is a little different. It
is Mandatory in syntax.
4. Parameter list: Comma-separated list of the input
parameters is defined, preceded by their data type, within the
enclosed parenthesis. If there are no parameters, you must use
empty parentheses (). It is Optional in syntax.
5. Exception list: The exceptions you expect by the method can
throw, you can specify these exception(s). It is Optional in
syntax.
6. Method body: it is enclosed between braces. The code you
need to be executed to perform your intended operations. It
is Optional in syntax.
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 Methods in Java

Access modifiers of class

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 Methods in Java

Types of Methods in Java

There are two types of methods in Java:
1. Predefined Method
In Java, predefined methods are the method that is already defined
in the Java class libraries is known as predefined methods. It is also
known as the standard library method or built-in method. We can
directly use these methods just by calling them in the program at
any point.
2. User-defined Method
The method written by the user or programmer is known as a user-
defined method. These methods are modified according to the
requirement.

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 Class in Java

a class defines a new type of data.

In this case, the new data type is
called Box. You will use this name
to declare objects of type Box. It is
important to remember that a class
declaration only creates a
template; it does not create an
actual object. Thus, the preceding
code does not cause any objects of
type Box to come into existence.
To actually create a Box object, you will use a statement like the
following:
Box mybox = new Box(); // create a Box object called mybox

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 Class in Java

Obtaining objects of a class is a two-step process.

 First, you must declare a variable of the class type. This variable does
not define an object. Instead, it is simply a variable that can refer to an
object.
 Second, you must acquire an actual, physical copy of the object and
assign it to that variable. You can do this using the new operator.

The new operator dynamically allocates (that is, allocates at run time)
memory for an object and returns a reference to it.

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 Class in Java

mybox as a reference to an
object of type Box

allocates an object and assigns a

reference to it to mybox.

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 Constructor in Java
new operator dynamically allocates memory for an object.
The class name followed by parentheses
class-var = new classname ( ); specifies the constructor for the class.

The classname is the name of the class that is being

instantiated.
class-var is a variable of the class type being created.

72
 Constructors in Java

Java Constructors
Java constructors or constructors in Java is a
terminology used to construct something in our
programs. A constructor in Java is a special
method that is used to initialize objects. The
constructor is called when an object of a class is
created. It can be used to set initial values for
object attributes.

Every time an object is created using the new() keyword, at least

one constructor is called.

73
 Constructors in Java

How Java Constructors are Different From Java

Methods?
 Constructors must have the same name as the class
within which it is defined it is not necessary for the
method in Java.
 Constructors do not return any type while method(s)
have the return type or void if does not return any
value.
 Constructors are called only once at the time of Object
creation while method(s) can be called any number of
times.

74
 Constructors in Java

Types of Constructors in Java

Now is the correct time to discuss the types of the constructor, so
primarily there are three types of constructors in Java are
mentioned below:
•Default Constructor
•Parameterized Constructor
•Copy Constructor

75
 Constructors in Java
1. Default Constructor in Java
A constructor that has no parameters is known as default the constructor. A
default constructor is invisible. And if we write a constructor with no
arguments, the compiler does not create a default constructor. It is taken out. It
is being overloaded and called a parameterized constructor. The default
constructor changed into the parameterized constructor. But Parameterized
constructor can’t change the default constructor.

import java.io.*;

// Driver class
class GFG {

// Default Constructor
GFG() { System.out.println("Default constructor"); }

// Driver function
public static void main(String[] args)
{
GFG hello = new GFG();
}
} 76
 Constructors in Java

2. Parameterized Constructor in Java

A constructor that has parameters is known as parameterized constructor. If we
want to initialize fields of the class with our own values, then use a parameterized
constructor.
import java.io.*;
class Abc {
String name;
int id;
Abc(String name, int id)
{
this.name = name;
this.id = id;
}
}
class GFG {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// This would invoke the parameterized constructor.
Abc obj1 = new Abc("avinash", 68);
System.out.println(“Abc Name :" + obj1.name+ " and AbcId :" + obj1.id);
}
}
77
 Constructors in Java
3. Copy Constructor in Java
Unlike other constructors copy constructor is passed with another object which
copies the data available from the passed object to the newly created object.

78
 Constructors in Java
// Java Program for Copy Constructor
import java.io.*;

class Geek { class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)
// data members of the class.
{
String name; // This would invoke the parameterized constructor.
int id; System.out.println("First Object");
Geek geek1 = new Geek("avinash", 68);
// Parameterized Constructor System.out.println("GeekName :" + geek1.name
Geek(String name, int id) + " and GeekId :" + geek1.id);
{
System.out.println();
this.name = name;
this.id = id; // This would invoke the copy constructor.
} Geek geek2 = new Geek(geek1);
System.out.println(
// Copy Constructor "Copy Constructor used Second Object");
Geek(Geek obj2) System.out.println("GeekName :" + geek2.name
{ + " and GeekId :" + geek2.id);
}
this.name = obj2.name;
}
this.id = obj2.id;
}
}
} 79
 Access Specifiers in Java
1) Private
The private access modifier is accessible only within the class.

80
 Access Specifiers in Java
1) Private
The private access modifier is accessible only within the
class.

Note: A class cannot be private or

protected except nested class.
81
 Access Specifiers in Java
2) Default
If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default by default. The
default modifier is accessible only within package. It cannot be
accessed from outside the package. It provides more accessibility
than private.

82
 Access Specifiers in Java

3) Protected
The protected access modifier is accessible within package and
outside the package but through inheritance only.
The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can't be
applied on the class.

83
Output:Hello
Access Specifiers in Java

3) Public
The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the
widest scope among all other modifiers.

84
 static in Java

 It is possible to create a member that can be used by itself,

without reference to a specific instance. To create such a
member, precede its declaration with the keyword static.
 When a member is declared static, it can be accessed before
any objects of its class are created, and without reference to
any object.
 We can declare both methods and variables to be static. The
most common example of a static member is main( ). main( )
is declared as static because it must be called before any
objects exist.
85
 static in Java

Instance variables declared as static are, essentially, global

variables. When objects of its class are declared, no copy of a
static variable is made. Instead, all instances of the class share
the same static variable.
Methods declared as static have several restrictions:
• They can only directly call other static methods of their
class.
• They can only directly access static variables of their class.
•IfThey
you cannot refer
need to do to this or super
computation ininorder
any way.
to initialize your
static variables, you can declare a static block that gets
executed exactly once, when the class is first loaded.

86
static in Java

87
static in Java

88
static in Java

89
final in Java

90
 final in Java

It is a common coding convention to

choose all uppercase identifiers for final
fields,

91
 final in Java
Final member

92
 final in Java
Final method

93
 final in Java
Final method

94
 Input from user in Java
To input integer value

95
 Input from user in Java
To input a character

96
Variables in Java

97
Variables in Java

98
Variables in Java

99
 Operators in Java
Operators constitute the basic building block to any programming language.
Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the
need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic,
relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide.

1.Arithmetic Operators
2.Unary Operators
3.Assignment Operator
4.Relational Operators
5.Logical Operators
6.Ternary Operator
7.Bitwise Operators
8.Shift Operators

100
 Operators in Java

Arithmetic Operators
These operators involve the mathematical operators that can be used to perform
various simple or advanced arithmetic operations on the primitive data types
referred to as the operands. These operators consist of various unary and binary
operators that can be applied on a single or two operands.

101
 Operators in Java
Unary Operators

Operator 1: Unary minus(-)

Operator 2: ‘NOT’ Operator(!)
Operator 3: Increment(++)
3.1: Post-increment operator
3.2: Pre-increment operator
Operator 4: Decrement ( -- )
4.1: Post-decrement operator
4.2: Pre-decrement operator
Operator 5: Bitwise Complement(~)

102
 Operators in Java

Assignment Operators
These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side
operand of the assignment operator is a variable, and the right side
operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right
side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side.
1. Simple Assignment Operator: =
2. Compound Assignment Operator:
(+=) operator:
(-=) operator
(*=) operator
(/=) operator
(%=) operator

103
 Operators in Java

Java Relational Operators are a bunch of binary operators used

to check for relations between two operands, including equality,
greater than, less than, etc. They return a boolean result after the
comparison and are extensively used in looping statements as
well as conditional if-else statements and so on.
‘Equal to’ operator (==)
‘Not equal to’ Operator(!=)
‘Greater than’ operator(>)
‘Less than’ Operator(<)
Greater than or equal to (>=)
Less than or equal to (<=)

104
 Operators in Java

Logical operators are used to perform logical “AND”, “OR” and

“NOT” operations, i.e. the function similar to AND gate and OR
gate in digital electronics.

1.AND Operator ( && ) – if( a && b ) [if true execute else don’t]
2.OR Operator ( || ) – if( a || b) [if one of them is true to execute else
don’t]
3.NOT Operator ( ! ) – !(a<b) [returns false if a is smaller than b]

105
 Operators in Java

Ternary Operator in Java

Java ternary operator is the only conditional operator that takes
three operands. It’s a one-liner replacement for the if-then-else
statement and is used a lot in Java programming. We can use the
ternary operator in place of if-else conditions or even switch
conditions using nested ternary operators. Although it follows the
same algorithm as of if-else statement, the conditional operator
takes less space and helps to write the if-else statements in the
shortest way possible.

106
 Operators in Java

Ternary Operator in Java

107
 Operators in Java

Ternary Operator in Java

108
 Operators in Java

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to performing the manipulation of
individual bits of a number. They can be used with any integral
type (char, short, int, etc.). They are used when performing update
and query operations of the Binary indexed trees.
Bitwise OR (|)

109
 Operators in Java

Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators are used to performing the manipulation of
individual bits of a number. They can be used with any integral
type (char, short, int, etc.). They are used when performing update
and query operations of the Binary indexed trees.
Bitwise OR (|)
Bitwise AND (&)
Bitwise XOR (^)
Bitwise Complement (~)

110
 Operators in Java

Bitwise Operators
Bit-Shift Operators (Shift Operators)
Shift operators are used to shift the bits of a number left or right,
thereby multiplying or dividing the number by two, respectively. They
can be used when we have to multiply or divide a number by two.

Shift Operators are further divided into 4 types. These are:

1.Signed Right shift operator (>>)
2.Unsigned Right shift operator (>>>)
3.Left shift operator(<<)
4.Unsigned Left shift operator (<<<)

111
 Control Flow in Java

Java provides three types of control flow statements.

1.Decision Making statements
1. if statements
2. switch statement
2.Loop statements
1. do while loop
2. while loop
3. for loop
4. for-each loop
3.Jump statements
1. break statement
2. continue statement

112
 Control Flow in Java
Decision-Making statements:

113
 Control Flow in Java
Decision-Making statements:

114
 Control Flow in Java
Decision-Making statements:
Nested if-statement

115
 Control Flow in Java

Switch Statement:
Switch statements are similar to if-
else-if statements. The switch
statement contains multiple blocks
of code called cases and a single
case is executed based on the
variable which is being switched.

116
 Control Flow in Java
Loop Statements
In programming, sometimes we need to execute the block of code
repeatedly while some condition evaluates to true. However, loop
statements are used to execute the set of instructions in a repeated
order. The execution of the set of instructions depends upon a
particular condition.

117
 Control Flow in Java

Java for loop

In Java, for loop is similar to C and C++. It enables us to initialize the
loop variable, check the condition, and increment/decrement in a
single line of code. We use the for loop only when we exactly know
the number of times, we want to execute the block of code.

118
 Control Flow in Java

Java for loop

119
 Control Flow in Java
Java for-each loop
Java provides an enhanced for loop to traverse the data structures
like array or collection. In the for-each loop, we don't need to update
the loop variable.

120
 Control Flow in Java
Java for-each loop

Output:

121
 Control Flow in Java
Java while loop
The while loop is also used to iterate over the number of statements
multiple times. However, if we don't know the number of iterations in
advance, it is recommended to use a while loop. Unlike for loop, the
initialization and increment/decrement doesn't take place inside the
loop statement in while loop.

122
 Control Flow in Java
Java while loop

123
 Control Flow in Java
Java do-while loop
The do-while loop checks the condition at the end of the loop after
executing the loop statements. When the number of iteration is not
known and we have to execute the loop at least once, we can use
do-while loop.
It is also known as the exit-controlled loop since the condition is not
checked in advance. The syntax of the do-while loop is given below.

124
 Control Flow in Java
Java do-while loop

125
 Control Flow in Java
Jump Statements
Jump statements are used to transfer the control of the program to
the specific statements. In other words, jump statements transfer the
execution control to the other part of the program. There are two
types of jump statements in Java, i.e., break and continue.

Java break statement

As the name suggests, the break statement is used to break the
current flow of the program and transfer the control to the next
statement outside a loop or switch statement. However, it breaks
only the inner loop in the case of the nested loop.
The break statement cannot be used independently in the Java
program, i.e., it can only be written inside the loop or switch
statement.

126
Control Flow in Java

127
 Control Flow in Java
Java continue statement
Unlike break statement, the continue statement doesn't break the
loop, whereas, it skips the specific part of the loop and jumps to the
next iteration of the loop immediately.

128
 Arrays in Java

Java Arrays
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which
has contiguous memory location.
Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data
type. Additionally, The elements of an array are stored in a
contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where we store
similar elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a
Java array.
Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored
at the 0th index, 2nd element is stored on 1st index and so on.
Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length
member. In C/C++, we need to use the sizeof operator.

129
 Arrays in Java

Advantages
•Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can
retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
•Random access: We can get any data located at an index
position.
Disadvantages
•Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the
array. It doesn't grow its size at runtime. To solve this problem,
collection framework is used in Java which grows130
 Arrays in Java
Types of Array in java
There are two types of array.
• Single Dimensional Array
• Multidimensional Array

131
 Arrays in Java
Single Dimensional Array in
Java

132
 Arrays in Java
Single Dimensional Array in
Java

133
 Arrays in Java

Declaration, Instantiation and Initialization of Java Array

We can declare, instantiate and initialize the java array together
by:
int a[]={33,3,4,5};//declaration, instantiation and initialization

134
 Arrays in Java
For-each Loop for Java Array
We can also print the Java array using for-each loop. The Java for-
each loop prints the array elements one by one. It holds an array
element in a variable, then executes the body of the loop.

135
Arrays in Java

136
 Arrays in Java
Multidimensional Array in Java
In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also
known as matrix form).
Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java
1.dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)
2.dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
3.dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
4.dataType []arrayRefVar[];

Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java

1.int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column

137
 Arrays in Java
Multidimensional Array in Java

138
 Arrays in Java
Addition of 2 Matrices in Java
//Java Program to demonstrate the addition of two matrices in Java
class Testarray5{
public static void main(String args[]){
//creating two matrices
int a[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};
int b[][]={{1,3,4},{3,4,5}};

//creating another matrix to store the sum of two matrices

int c[][]=new int[2][3];

//adding and printing addition of 2 matrices

for(int i=0;i<2;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();//new line
}
}}
139
 Arrays in Java
Multiplication of 2 Matrices in
Java
//Java Program to multiply two matrices
public class MatrixMultiplicationExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
//creating two matrices
int a[][]={{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3}};
int b[][]={{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3}};

//creating another matrix to store the multiplication of two matrices

int c[][]=new int[3][3]; //3 rows and 3 columns

140
 Arrays in Java
Multiplication of 2 Matrices in
Java
//multiplying and printing multiplication of 2 matrices
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
c[i][j]=0;
for(int k=0;k<3;k++)
{
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}//end of k loop
System.out.print(c[i][j]+" "); //printing matrix element
}//end of j loop
System.out.println();//new line
}
}}

141
 Strings in Java
Java String
Generally, String is a sequence of characters. But in Java, string is
an object that represents a sequence of characters. The
java.lang.String class is used to create a string object.

For example:
char[] ch={‘r',’k',’g',’i','t',’g',’h',’a',’z’,’i’,’a’,’b’,’a’,’d’};
String s=new String(ch);
is same as:
String s=“rkgitghaziabad";

142
 Strings in Java
Java String

Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations

on strings such as toLowerCase(), toUpperCase(),compare(),
concat(), equals(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), indexof(),
substring() etc.

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "Hello how are you";
System.out.println(str);
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(str.toLowerCase());
System.out.println(str.indexOf("how"));
}
}

143
 Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all

the properties and behaviors of a parent object. It is an important part
of OOPs (Object Oriented programming system).

Use of inheritance in java

•For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be
achieved).
•For Code Reusability.

144
 Inheritance in Java

•Class: A class is a group of objects which have common

properties. It is a template or blueprint from which objects are
created.
•Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the
other class. It is also called a derived class, extended class, or
child class.
•Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a
subclass inherits the features. It is also called a base class or a
parent class.
•Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism
which facilitates you to reuse the fields and methods of the existing
145
Inheritance in Java

146
Inheritance in Java

147
 Inheritance in Java

Types of inheritance in java

148
 Inheritance in Java

Types of inheritance in java

149
 Inheritance in Java

Single Inheritance Example

150
 Inheritance in Java
Multilevel Inheritance Example

151
 Inheritance in Java
Hierarchical Inheritance
Example

152
 Inheritance in Java
Multiple inheritance is not supported in java?

153
 Method Overloading in Java
Method Overloading in Java
If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in
parameters, it is known as Method Overloading.
If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of
the methods increases the readability of the program.

In Java, Method Overloading is not possible by

changing the return type of the method only.

154
 Method Overloading in Java
1) Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

155
 Method Overloading in Java
2) Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

156
 Method Overloading in Java
Method Overloading is not possible by changing the return type
of method only

157
 Method Overriding in Java
If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the
parent class, it is known as method overriding in Java.
In other words, If a subclass provides the specific implementation of
the method that has been declared by one of its parent class, it is
known as method overriding.
Usage of Java Method Overriding
•Method overriding is used to provide the specific implementation
of a method which is already provided by its superclass.
•Method overriding is used for runtime polymorphism
Rules for Java Method Overriding
1.The method must have the same name as in the parent class
2.The method must have the same parameter as in the parent
class.
3.There must be an IS-A relationship (inheritance).

158
 Method Overriding in Java

//Java Program to illustrate the use of Java Method Overriding

//Creating a parent class.
class Vehicle{
//defining a method
void run(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}
//Creating a child class
class Bike2 extends Vehicle{
//defining the same method as in the parent class
void run(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely");}

public static void main(String args[]){

Bike2 obj = new Bike2();//creating object
obj.run();//calling method
}
} 159
Method Overriding in Java

160
 Method Overriding in Java

class Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
//Creating child classes.
class SBI extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}

class ICICI extends Bank{

int getRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
class AXIS extends Bank{
int getRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}

161
 Method Overriding in Java

//Test class to create objects and call the methods

class Test2{
public static void main(String args[]){
SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS a=new AXIS();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest()
);
System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+i.getRateOfInterest(
));
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest
());
}
}

162
 Method Overriding in Java

Why can we not override static method?

It is because the static method is bound with class whereas
instance method is bound with an object. Static belongs to the class
area, and an instance belongs to the heap area.

163
Difference between Overlaoding &
Overriding in Java

164
 Encapsulation in Java

Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data

together into a single unit, for example, a capsule which is mixed of
several medicines
We can create a fully encapsulated class in Java by making all the
data members of the class private. Now we can use setter and
getter methods to set and get the data in it.

Advantage of Encapsulation in Java

By providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the
class read-only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the
getter or setter methods

165
 Encapsulation in Java
Advantage of Encapsulation in Java
By providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the
class read-only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the
getter or setter methods.
It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set
the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write
the logic inside the setter method. You can write the logic not to
store the negative numbers in the setter methods.
It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will
not be able to access the data through the private data members.
The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters
and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated
class in Java.

166
 Encapsulation in Java
Advantage of Encapsulation in Java
It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set
the value of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write
the logic inside the setter method. You can write the logic not to
store the negative numbers in the setter methods.
It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will
not be able to access the data through the private data members.
The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters
and setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated
class in Java.

167
 Encapsulation in Java
Achieving Encapsulation in Java
To achieve encapsulation in Java −

168
 Encapsulation in Java
public class EncapTest {
private String name;
private String idNum;
private int age;

public int getAge() {

return age; }

public String getName() {

return name; }

public String getIdNum() {

return idNum; }

public void setAge( int newAge) {

age = newAge; }

public void setName(String newName) {

name = newName; }

public void setIdNum( String newId) {

idNum = newId;
}
}

169
 Encapsulation in Java

The public set---() and get---() methods are the access

points of the instance variables of the EncapTest class.
Normally, these methods are referred as getters and
setters. Therefore, any class that wants to access the
variables should access them through these getters and
setters.

170
 Encapsulation in Java

//A Java class which is a fully encapsulated class.

//It has a private data member and getter and setter method
s.
package com.javatpoint;
public class Student{
//private data member
private String name;
//getter method for name
public String getName(){
return name;
}
//setter method for name
public void setName(String name){
this.name=name
}
}
171
 Encapsulation in Java

package com.javatpoint;
class Test{
public static void main(String[] args){
//creating instance of the encapsulated class
Student s=new Student();
//setting value in the name member
s.setName("vijay");
//getting value of the name member
System.out.println(s.getName());
}
}

172
 Abstraction in Java
Abstraction is a feature of OOPs. The feature allows us to hide the
implementation detail from the user and shows only the
functionality of the programming to the user. Because the user is
not interested to know the implementation. It is also safe from the
security point of view.
The best example of abstraction is a car. When we derive a car, we
do not know how is the car moving or how internal components
are working? But we know how to derive a car. It means it is not
necessary to know how the car is working, but it is important how to
derive a car. The same is an abstraction.

173
 Abstraction in Java

We can achieve abstraction in two ways:

•Using Abstract Class
•Using Interface

174
 Abstraction in Java

Using Abstract Class

Abstract classes are the same as normal Java classes the
difference is only that an abstract class uses abstract keyword
while the normal Java class does not use. We use the abstract
keyword before the class name to declare the class as abstract.

we cannot instantiate (create an object) an abstract class. An

abstract class contains abstract methods as well as concrete
methods. If we want to use an abstract class, we have to inherit it
from the base class.
If the class does not have the implementation of all the methods of
the interface, we should declare the class as abstract. It provides
complete abstraction. It means that fields are public static and
final by default and methods are empty.

175
Abstraction in Java

176
 Abstraction in Java
//abstract class
abstract class Demo
{
//abstract method
abstract void display(); }
//extends the abstract class
public class MainClass extends Demo
{
//defining the body of the method of the abstract class
void display() {
System.out.println("Abstract method called.");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
MainClass obj = new MainClass ();
//invoking abstract method
obj.display();
}
177
}
 Interface in Java
An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants
and abstract methods.
The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There
can be only abstract methods in the Java interface, not method
body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in
Java.
In other words, you can say that interfaces can have abstract
methods and variables. It cannot have a method body.
Why use Java interface?
There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given
below.
•It is used to achieve abstraction.
•By interface, we can support the functionality of multiple
inheritance.

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 Interface in Java

The relationship between classes and interfaces

Cell Phone GPS Camera Media Player

Interface
Class

Inherits

Smart Phone

179
 Interface in Java

Using Interface
In Java, an interface is similar to Java classes. The difference is only
that an interface contains empty methods (methods that do not have
method implementation) and variables. In other words, it is a
collection of abstract methods (the method that does not have a
method body) and static constants. The important point about an
interface is that each method is public and abstract and does not
contain any constructor. Along with the abstraction, it also helps to
achieve multiple inheritance. The implementation of these methods
provided by the clients when they implement the interface.

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 Interface in Java

The relationship between classes and interfaces

181
 Interface in Java

Features of Interface:
•We can achieve total abstraction.
•We can use multiple interfaces in a class that leads to multiple
inheritance.
•It also helps to achieve loose coupling.

To use an interface in a class, Java provides a

keyword called implements. We provide the
necessary implementation of the method that we
have declared in the interface.

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Interface in Java

183
 Interface in Java

Interface fields are public, static and final by default, and the
methods are public and abstract.

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 Interface in Java

Car.java
interface CarStart
{ void start(); }
interface CarStop
{ void stop(); }
public class Car implements CarStart, CarStop
{ public void start()
{ System.out.println("The car engine has been started."); }
public void stop()
{ System.out.println("The car engine has been stopped."); }
public static void main(String args[])
{
Car c = new Car();
c.start();
c.stop(); }
}
185
 Interface in Java
Difference Between Class and Interface

186
 Abstract Class in Java

• Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details

and showing only essential information to the user.
• Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract
classes or interfaces (which you will learn more about in
the next chapter)

The abstract keyword is a non-access modifier, used for

classes and methods:
•Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be
used to create objects (to access it, it must be inherited
from another class).
•Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract
class, and it does not have a body. The body is provided
by the subclass (inherited from).

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Abstract Class in Java

188
 Abstract Class in Java

From the example above, it is not possible

to create an object of the Animal class:

189
 Abstract Class in Java
// Abstract class
abstract class Animal {
// Abstract method (does not have a body)
public abstract void animalSound();
// Regular method
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");
}
}
// Subclass (inherit from Animal)
class Pig extends Animal {
public void animalSound() { // The body of animalSound() is provided here
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Pig myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
myPig.animalSound();
myPig.sleep();
} 190
}
 Packages in Java
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and
sub-packages.
Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and
user-defined package.
There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax,
swing, net, io, util, sql etc.

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Packages in Java

192
Packages in Java

193
Packages in Java

194
 Packages in Java
How to access package from another package?
There are three ways to access the package from outside the
package.
1.import package.*;
2.import package.classname;
3.fully qualified name.

195
 Packages in Java

1) Using packagename.*
If you use package.* then all the classes and interfaces of this
package will be accessible but not subpackages.
The import keyword is used to make the classes and interface of
another package accessible to the current package.
//save by A.java //save by B.java
package pack; package mypack;
public class A{ import pack.*;
public void msg()
{System.out.println("Hello");} class B{
} public static void main(String ar
gs[]){
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}
}
196
 Packages in Java
2)Using packagename.classname
//save by A.java //save by B.java
package mypack;
package pack; import pack.A;
public class A{
public void msg() class B{
{System.out.println("Hello");} public static void main(String ar
} gs[]){
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}
}

197
 Packages in Java
3) Using fully qualified name

//save by A.java //save by B.java

package pack; package mypack;
public class A{ class B{
public void msg() public static void main(String ar
{System.out.println("Hello");} gs[]){
} pack.A obj = new pack.A();
//using fully qualified name
obj.msg();
}
}

198
 Static import in Java
In Java, static import concept is introduced in 1.5 version. With the
help of static import, we can access the static members of a class
directly without class name or any object. For Example: we always use
sqrt() method of Math class by using Math class i.e. Math.sqrt(), but
by using static import we can access sqrt() method directly.
According to SUN microSystem, it will improve the code readability
and enhance coding. But according to the programming experts, it
will lead to confusion and not good for programming. If there is no
specific requirement then we should not go for static import.

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 Static import in Java

// Java Program to illustrate calling of predefined

methods without static import
class Geeks {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(Math.sqrt(4));
System.out.println(Math.pow(2, 2));
System.out.println(Math.abs(6.3));
}
}

200
 Static import in Java

// Java Program to illustrate calling of predefined

methods with static import
import static java.lang.Math.*;
class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(sqrt(4));
System.out.println(pow(2, 2));
System.out.println(abs(6.3));
}
}

201
 Static import in Java
// Java to illustrate calling of static member of
// System class without Class name
import static java.lang.Math.*;
import static java.lang.System.*;
class Geeks {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// We are calling static member of System class
// directly without System class name
out.println(sqrt(4));
out.println(pow(2, 2));
out.println(abs(6.3));
}
}

202
 Static import in Java
Ambiguity in static import:
If two static members of the same name are imported from multiple
different classes, the compiler will throw an error, as it will not be able
to determine which member to use in the absence of class name
qualification.

/ Java program to illustrate ambiguity in case of static import

import static java.lang.Integer.*;
import static java.lang.Byte.*;
public class Geeks {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
system.out.println(MAX_VALUE);
}
} Here compiler will be confused by seeing two import
statements because both Integer and Byte class
contains a static variable MAX_VALUE .

203