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Psoc Unit 4 Notes

The document covers Power System Stability, detailing concepts such as steady state, transient, and dynamic stability, along with the swing equation and equal area criterion. It discusses factors affecting stability, methods for improvement, and introduces voltage stability, including its classifications and limits. Additionally, it addresses voltage collapse and provides problem-solving examples related to critical clearing angles and voltage stability in power systems.

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13 views73 pages

Psoc Unit 4 Notes

The document covers Power System Stability, detailing concepts such as steady state, transient, and dynamic stability, along with the swing equation and equal area criterion. It discusses factors affecting stability, methods for improvement, and introduces voltage stability, including its classifications and limits. Additionally, it addresses voltage collapse and provides problem-solving examples related to critical clearing angles and voltage stability in power systems.

Uploaded by

pandu761.amma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PSOC (UNIT-4)

(Power System Stability)

Syllabus :
The stability problem-Steady state stability, transient stability and Dynamic stability-Swing
equation. Equal area criterion of stability-Applications of Equal area criterion, Step by step
solution of swing equation-Factors affecting transient stability, Methods to improve steady
state and Transient stability, Introduction to voltage stability.

CONTENT:
 The stability concept
1. Steady state stability
2. Transient stability
3. Dynamic stability
 Power angle equation (i) ideal case (ii) practical case or By using ABCD parameters
to find the steady state limit.
 Methods of improving steady state stability
 Transient stability Analysis
 Swing equation
(i)Two machines are swinging together
(ii)Two machines are not swinging together
 Equal area criterion
 critical clearing angle and critical clearing time
 Step by step solution(point by point method) of swing equation
 Factors affecting transient stability
 Methods to improve Transient stability
 Applications of Equal area criterion
 Introduction to voltage stability
Applications of Equal Area Criterion

1. Sudden Change in Mechanical Input


2. Sudden Loss of One of parallel Lines
3. Sudden Short Circuit on One of parallel Lines
a) Short circuit at one end of line
b)Short circuit in the middle of a line

1.Sudden Change in Mechanical Input


2. Sudden Loss of One of parallel Lines
3.Sudden Short Circuit on One of parallel Lines
a) Short circuit at one end of line
b)Short circuit in the middle of a line
PROBLEMS
1. Give the system of Fig. P as shown. 12,33 where a three-phase fault is applied at the point P
as shown

Find the critical clearing angle for clearing the fault with simultaneous opening of the breakers
I and 2. The reactance values of various components are indicated on the diagram. The
generator is delivering 1.0 pu power at the instant preceding the fault.

SOLUTION:
2. Find the critical clearing angle for the system shown in Fig. 12.36 for a threephase fault at the
point P. The generator is delivering 1.0 pu power under prefault conditions
Voltage Stability in Power System
Voltage stability in the power system is defined as the ability of a power system to maintain
acceptable voltages at all bus in the system under normal condition and after being subjected
to a disturbance. In the normal operating condition the voltage of a power system is stable, but
when the fault or disturbance occurs in the system, the voltage becomes unstable this result in
a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage. Voltage stability is sometimes also called
load stability.
Due to the voltage instability, a power system may undergo voltage collapse, if the post-
disturbance equilibrium voltage near loads is below acceptable limits. Voltage collapse is also
defined as a process by which the voltage instability provides advantages of a very low voltage
profile in the essential part of the system. Voltage collapse may be total or partial blackout.
The terms voltage instability and voltage collapse are often used interchangeably.
Classification of Voltage Stability

Voltage stability may be classified into two categories. These are

1. Large-disturbance Voltage Stability


2. Small-disturbance Voltage Stability
Large-disturbance Voltage Stability – It is concerned with a system stability to control
voltages following a large disturbance such as system faults, loss of load, or loss of generation.
For determination of this form of stability requires the examination of the dynamic performance
of the system over a period sufficient to capture of such devices as under load tap changing
transformers, generator field, and current limiters. Large disturbance voltage studies can be
studied by using non-linear time domain simulations which include proper modeling.

Small-Disturbances Voltage Stability – The operating state of a power system is said to have
small disturbances voltage stability if the system has small disturbances, a voltage near loads
does not change or remain close to the pre-disturbance values. The concept of small disturbance
stability is related to steady state and be analyzed using a small-signal model of the system.

Voltage Stability Limit

The Voltage stability limit can be defined as the limiting stage in a power system beyond which
no amount of reactive power injection will raise the system voltage to its nominal state. The
system voltage can only be adjusted by reactive power injections till the system voltage
stability is maintained.

The power transfer over a lossless line is given by:


where P = power transferred per phase
Vs = sending-end phase voltage
Vr = receiving-end phase voltage
X = transfer reactance per phase
δ = phase angle between Vs and Vr.
Since the Line is lossless

For maximum power transfer:


δ = 90º, so that as δ→∞
Above equation gives the location of the critical point on the δ versus V s curve. It is assumed
that the receiving end voltage is constant.

The Similar result can be obtained assuming the sending end voltage constant and analyzing
the system taken Vr as a variable parameter. In this case, the resultant equation is

Above equation represents steady-state voltage stability limit. It shows that, at steady state
stability limit, the reactive power becomes infinite. This means that dQ/dV r becomes zero.
Hence the rotor angle stability limit under steady state conditions is coincident with steady state
voltage stability limit. The voltage stability at steady state is also affected by the load.

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