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Module 3

The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting their differences and providing examples of each. It introduces Polya's Four-Step Problem Solving Strategy, which includes understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and reviewing the solution. Additionally, it covers sequences, nth-term formulas, and the use of graphs to display data.

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7 views1 page

Module 3

The document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning, highlighting their differences and providing examples of each. It introduces Polya's Four-Step Problem Solving Strategy, which includes understanding the problem, devising a plan, carrying out the plan, and reviewing the solution. Additionally, it covers sequences, nth-term formulas, and the use of graphs to display data.

Uploaded by

chupongdan16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 3. Problem Solving

2.1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning - Difference Tables show the differences between
successive terms of a sequence, and in some cases, it can
- Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a
be used to predict the next term in a sequence.
general conclusion by examining specific examples.
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21
- A conclusion based on inductive reasoning is called a
conjecture. A conjecture may or may not be correct. 2.3 Problem Solving Strategies
Procedure: Pick a number. Choose 5. Multiply the - Polya’s Four-Step Problem Solving Strategy
number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by
2, and subtract 3. The result is 20. 1. Understand the problem.
Can you restate the problem in your own words?
Conjecture: Following the given procedure gives a What is the goal?
number that is four times the original number.
2. Devise a plan.
- Deductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a Make a list of known information.
conclusion by applying general assumptions, procedures, Write an equation.
or principles. Make a table or chart.
Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 3. Carry out the plan.
8, add 6 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and Work carefully.
subtract 3. Keep an accurate record of your attempts.
Let n represent the number. 4. Review the solution.
Ensure the consistency of the solution.
Multiply by 8: 8n
Interpret the solution in relation to the problem.
Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6
8n+6
Divide the sum by 2: 2
= 4n + 3 Example problem:
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n A baseball team won two out of four games. In how many
different orders could they have two wins and two losses?
Following the given procedure gives a number that
Step 1. Given: 2 wins and 2 losses
is four times the original number.
Required: All possible arrangements
- A statement is a true statement if it is true in all cases. If Step 2. Making a list is the best way.
there is one case in which a statement is not true, called a Step 3. WWLL WLWL WLLW
counterexample, then the statement is a false statement. LWWL LWLW LLWW
Step 4. The list has no duplicates, and it lists all
|x|>0 possibilities. Thus, there are six different orders.
Counterexample: x = 0
- Graphs are used to display data in a visual format.
2.2 Problem Solving with Patterns
Bar Graphs Circle Graphs or Pie Charts
- Sequence is an ordered list of numbers wherein each
number in a sequence is called a term of the sequence.

- The notation 𝒂𝒏 is used to designate the nth term of a


sequence. A formula that can be used to generate all the
Broken-line Graphs
terms of a sequence is called an nth-term formula.

Examples of nth-term formula:


1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
𝒂𝒏 = 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒏𝟐

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