Mathematics in the Modern World
Module 2. Speaking Mathematically
2.1 Variables - Set-Builder Notation is a notation that states the
properties of its elements
- A variable can be used as a placeholder.
Set of Rainbow Colors: {x | x is a rainbow color}
Doubling a number and adding 3 gives the same result as
- Subset
squaring the same number: 2x + 3 = x 2 A is a subset of B (A ⊆ B), if, and only if every element
- Universal Statements contain some variation of the of A is also an element of B.
words “for all.” - Proper Subset
All positive numbers are greater than zero. A is a proper subset of B, if every element of A is in B but
there is at least one element of B that is not in A.
- Conditional Statements contain versions of the words A = {1, 2} B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
“if-then.”
- Union of Sets
If 96 is divisible by 8, then 96 is divisible by 4. A = {1, 2} B = {3, 4} A ⋃ B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
- Existential Statement states that something exists. - Intersection of Sets
There is a prime number that is even. A = {1, 2, 3} B = {2, 3, 4} A ꓵB = {2, 3}
- Universal Conditional Statement is a statement that is - Compliment of Sets
both universal and conditional. U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8} A = {2, 4, 6}
For all animals a, if a is a dog, then a is a mammal. A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8}
If an animal is a dog, then the animal is a mammal. - Ordered Pair, usually in the form (a, b) or (x, y)
- Universal Existential Statement is a statement that its - Cartesian Product, usually in the form A x B
first part says that a certain property is true for all objects A = {1, 2} B = {1, 2, 3}
of a given type, and it is existential because its second part A x B = {(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3)}
asserts the existence of something.
Every real number has an additive inverse. 2.3 The Language of Relations and Functions
All real numbers have additive inverse. - Relation is a set of ordered pairs.
- Existential Universal Statement is the opposite of - Function, usually denoted as f(x), is also a set of ordered
universal existential statement. pairs given that no two ordered pairs have the same x-
There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to value but different y-values.
every positive integer.
*All functions are relations but not all relations are
- Mathematical Expression functions.
Numbers, variables, sets, functions, relations
- Mathematical Sentences
Formula, theories, equations, inequalities
2.2 The Language of Sets
- Descriptive Form is a notation describing the elements.
Set of rainbow colors, Set of integers greater than 3
- Set-Roster Notation is a notation wherein the elements
of a set are located between or inside braces. {1, 2, 3, …}
