Unit Contents

Unit 19 
Transformation 1
Lesson 1 Transformations 2
Lesson 2 The Stretch 19
Lesson 3 The Shear 41
Lesson 4 Matrices and Transformations 59
Lesson 5 Combined Transformation 84
Unit Summary 105
Assignment 107
Assessment 133
 Mathematics 12

Unit 19

Transformation
Introduction
To transform anything is to change it somehow. An example of a simple
transformation could be removing an object from one point to the other. A
book may be on the desk, it can be transformed so that is no longer on the desk
but on the floor. So it has changed position. Or it could be transformed in that
it is still on the desk but it has been rotated. In this topic we are going to learn
different kinds of transformations.
This unit consists of 133 pages. It looks huge but the pages have been
increased greatly by diagrams. This is approximately 6% of the whole course.
Plan your time so that you can complete the whole course on schedule. As
reference, you will need to devote 30 hours to work on this unit, 20 hours for
formal study and 10 hours for self-study and completing
assessments/assignments.

This Unit is Comprised of Five Lessons:

Lesson 1 Transformations
Lesson 2 The Stretch
Lesson 3 The Shear
Lesson 4 Matrices and Transformations
Lesson 5 Combined Transformation

ƒ transform an object by translation

ƒ transform an object by reflection
ƒ transform an object by rotation
Outcomes
ƒ transform an object by enlargement
ƒ transform an object by shearing
ƒ transform an object by stretching
ƒ identify and describe the transformations of shear and stretch connecting given
figures
ƒ find matrices representing transformations
ƒ transform shapes by combining two or three of the following
transformations; reflection, rotation, translation, enlargement, shear and stretch.
ƒ identify and describe a single transformation that maps the original object to the

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final object in combined transformations

Online Resource

If you can get on the internet please utilize the resources at

www.hippocampus.org. It is an excellent source of information for
mathematics and the topics discussed in this unit. Here you will find:
x Presentations
x Simulations
x Videos
x Online Study Groups
x Links to Even More Information
x Textbook Correlations
x Online Courses

Lesson 1 Transformations
In secondary school you have learned the first four transformations which are:
translations, reflections, rotations and enlargements. If you have not met any of
these four transformations before or you need to remind yourself, please
consult you junior mathematics text books.
At the end of this subunit you should be able to:
Identify by looking at the object and its image each of the following
transformations:
x Translation
x Reflection
x Rotation
x Enlargement
Describe fully each of the above mentioned transformations.
Transform an object by enlargement, rotation, reflection and translation.

At this level we are just going to remind ourselves of these first four
transformations and move to the other types of transformations.
Activity 1 is meant to help you remember what you did in secondary on
Activity transformations.
Activity 1
1.

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What kind of transformation does each of the following diagrams show?

a)

Figure 1

b)

Figure 2

c)

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Figure 3

d)

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Figure 4

2. Identify and describe fully the transformations in each of the following

diagrams that maps shape A onto A1.
a)

Figure 5

b)

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Figure 6

c)

Figure 7

d)

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Figure 8

No. 3
a) The single Transformation P maps triangle A onto triangle B as shown
below. Describe fully the transformation P.

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Figure 9

b) The single transformation Q maps triangle A onto triangle C. Describe fully

the single transformation Q.

Figure 10

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c) The single transformation R maps triangle A onto triangle D. Describe fully

the single transformation R.

Figure 11

d) The single transformation S maps triangle X onto triangle Z. Describe fully

the single transformation S.

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Figure 12

No.4
a) Shape A is a triangle such that its coordinates are (0, -2), (-4, 0), (-4, -2).
§  6·
Translate shape A to B with a translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ . Draw both shape A
©3 ¹
and its image B.

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b) Shape C is a triangle with the following coordinates: (0, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1). It
is transformed to shape D by a rotation of the centre of rotation (-1, 0) and
angle - 270 0 . Draw both shape C and its image D.

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c) Triangle ABC has the following coordinates: A (1, 1), B (3, 1), C (1, 2). It is
reflected on the line y=-1. Draw both triangle ABC and its image DEF.

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d) Triangle B has the following coordinates: (-8, 8) (-2, 5) (-2, 8). It has been
1
transformed to shape C by an enlargement, scale factor at the centre of
3
enlargement (-8,-1). Draw both shape B and its image C.

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Compare your answers with those given at the end of the subunit. I hope you
were able to remember all the important features needed in each of the
transformations we have just done. If you think you need more you can consult
with you junior certificate mathematics text book which discusses all the four
transformations in details.

In this Subunit You Have Learned That:

-In a translation the object and the image are the shape and size and are in the
same sense. The only difference is the position.
-A translation is defined by a translation vector.
-In a rotation the object and the image have the same shape and size but all the
points move so that they are the same distance from a fixed point, the centre of
rotation. All the points are turned in arcs with the same angle, the angle of
rotation.

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-A rotation is defined by the centre of rotation, the angle and the direction
(clockwise or anticlockwise).
-In a reflection the object and the image have the same shape and size but in
the opposite sense. The two are same distance from the from the mirror line
but in opposite directions.
-A reflection is defined by the mirror line.
-In an enlargement the size of the object changes but the shape is still the
same.
-The enlargement is defined by the centre of enlargement and the scale factor.

Solutions To activity 1:
1.
a) It is an enlargement.
b) It is a reflection.
c) It is reflection.
d) It is a rotation.
2.
a) It is a translation because the shapes and sizes of the object and the image
are the same and have the same sense. The only difference is the position.
The translation vector is found by:
§ direction and the number of steps moved by each po int on the x  axis · § 2·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
© direction and the number of steps moved by each po int on the y  axis ¹ ©  2¹

b) It is a rotation because the object and the image have the same shape and
size but all the points moved so that they are the same distance from a fixed
point, the centre of rotation. All the points turned in arcs with the same angle
of rotation.
To find the centre of rotation:
i) Mark a point and its image and draw the perpendicular bisector of the line
joining them.
ii) Mark another point and its image and draw the perpendicular bisector of the
line joining them.
iii) The point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors is the centre of
the rotation.
So the centre of rotation is the point (0, 0).
To find the angle of rotation:
i) Mark a point and its image.
ii) Draw a line that joins the point on the object to the centre of rotation.
iii) Draw another line that joins the point on the image to the centre of rotation.

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iv)Then the angle between the two lines or its reflex is the angle of rotation.
The direction is either clockwise on anticlockwise.
So the angle of rotation in this case is 90 0 clockwise or  90 0 .
c) It is a reflection because the object and the image have the same shape and
size but in the opposite sense. The two are same distance from the mirror line
but in opposite directions.
The mirror line is the line y=-x. The mirror line is found by finding the line
equidistant from the object and the image.
d) It is an enlargement because the size of object has changed but the shape is
still the same.
The enlargement is also defined by the centre and the scale factor.
We find the scale factor by dividing one side of the image with the
corresponding side of the object, or dividing the area of the image with that of
the object.
4
In this case the scale factor = 2.
2
The centre of enlargement is found by joining corresponding points of the
object and the image with straight lines. At the point where all these lines meet
is the centre of enlargement.
In our case the centre of enlargement is the point (-1,-2).
3. To find how each of the transformations below is found refer to the answers
of question 2 above.
§3·
a) P is a translation. Translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© ¹
0
b) Q is a rotation. Centre of rotation is (0, 0). Angle of rotation is 45
anticlockwise.
c) R is a reflection with the mirror line x=0 or the y-axis.
4
d) S is an enlargement, centre of enlargement (-2,3) and scale factor = 2.
2
4.
a)

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Figure 13

0 0
b) - 270 is the same as 90 anticlockwise.

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Figure 14

c)

Figure 15

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d) To draw the image, first draw the object B and then draw lines that join the
1
points of triangle B to the centre. The points at of each line from the centre
3
are the points of the image C. Join the points to obtain triangle C.

Figure 16

Up to this far we have reviewed the four types of transformation being

translation, rotation enlargement and reflection. In the next two subtopics we
are going to deal with stretch and shear which are the other two types of
transformation.

Lesson 2 The Stretch

At the end of the subunit you should be able to:
-Identify and describe fully a stretch.
-Find the invariant line.

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-Find the stretch factor.

-Stretch a shape given either a positive or negative stretch factor.

Apart from the other types of transformation that we now know, a shape can
also be transformed by stretch. A stretch is a transformation of the plane in
which all points move at right angles to the fixed line, a distance proportional
to their distance from the line to start with.
Consider the following example.
Example 1
Consider figure 17 below.

Figure 17

In figure 17 I believe you can see that the general difference between the
shapes PQRS and P’Q’R’S’ is towards the right. PQRS is a square and
P’Q’R’S’ is a rectangle. To get P'Q'R'S' from PQRS, the points R and S have
moved towards the right, but the points P and Q have not moved so they are
said to be invariant. Now the line PQ is an invariant line.

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Measure the angles QSR and Q'S'R' and see that QSR= Q'S'R'= 90 0 .
So the points R and S have moved perpendicular to the invariant line.
Any transformation of this kind is a stretch.
Example 2
Let us work together in this example.
Consider figure 18 below.

Figure 18

In figure 18 above which are the points that have moved?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
M and L are the points that have moved.

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Measure angles KLM and K'L'M'.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
0
KLM = K'L'M' = 90 .

How have the points moved in relation to JK?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
The points have moved at right angles or perpendicular to JK.

Which is the invariant line?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
JK is the invariant line.

What kind of a transformation is this?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
It is a stretch.

Find the distance JM, The shortest distance from the invariant line JK to the
object M.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
JM= 2 cm

Find the distance JM', the shortest distance from the invariant line to the object
M'.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answer with the following.
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JM'=J'M'= 8 cm

Find the area of JKLM and of J'K'L'M'.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
Compare your answers with the following.

Area of JKLM= 2cm×6cm=12cm 2 and area of J K'L'M'=8cm×6cm= 48cm 2 .

Find the value of :

JM ' J'M'
a) or
JM JM
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
Compare your answer with the following.
JM ' J'M ' 8cm
4
JM JM 2cm
K ' L'
b) KL
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
Compare your answer with the following.
K ' L' 8cm
4
KL 2cm
c)
area of J ' K ' L' M '
area of JKLM
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________
Compare your answer with the following.
area of J ' K ' L' M ' 48cm 2
4
area of JKLM 12cm 2 .
The value that you have obtained in each case in i) above which is 4 is called
the stretch factor.
Stretch factor which can be either negative or positive is a ratio and is given
by:
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dis tan ce of the image from the in var iant line area of the image
Stretch factor
dis tan ce of the object from the in var iant line area of the object
Note:
A stretch is described by
i) An invariant line.
ii) A stretch factor.
Now try the following activity on stretch.

Activity 2
1. Name the transformation shown in figure 19 below. What are the two
factors that qualify it as the transformation you mentioned?

Activity

Figure 19

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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2. In each of the figures below, Shape ABCD has been transformed by a

stretch into shape A'B'C'D'. Find the invariant line and the stretch factor.
a)

Figure 20

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
b)

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Figure 21

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

c)

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Figure 22

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

3.A trapezium ABCD has vertices A(1,0), B(1,2), C(3,2) and D(2,0),
Trapezium ABCD is mapped onto trapezium A'B'C'D' by a stretch, factor 2
and invariant line y=1. Draw and label trapezium ABCD and A'B'C'D'.

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4. Triangle XYZ has vertices X (-1, 1), Y (1, 4) and Z (2, 2). Triangle XYZ is
mapped onto triangle X'Y'Z' by a stretch, factor 2 and invariant line x=1.
Draw and label XYZ and X’Y’Z’

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Compare your answers with those given at the end of the subunit. I believe you
were able to get all the questions right. If you have some wrong, feel free to
review the examples given in the subunit on the stretch.
A Negative Stretch Factor
Up to this far we have been dealing with stretches where by the invariant line
has always been part of the object, in that in each case some points of the
object always remained invariant and did not move.

Example 1
Consider figure 23 below.

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Figure 23

In figure 23 above HIJK is mapped onto H'I'J'K' by a stretch. As you can see
the image is totally separated from the object which means that all the points
of the object moved. None was invariant. So this suggests that the invariant
line is outside the object. I believe we can again see that H'I'J'K' is 3 times
bigger than HIJK which means that the distance from the invariant line to any
point of H'I'J'K' is 3 times bigger than the distance from the invariant line to
any corresponding point of HIJK. This make the y-axis or the line x=0 the
invariant line.
Now that we know the invariant line, let us try to find the stretch factor.
Let us label the invariant line ‘Y’.
In figure 23:
YH=-2(because we are counting towards the left hand side which is to the
negative side)
YH'=6
YI=-2 YI'=6
YJ=-1 YJ'=3
YK=-1 YK'=3

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YH ' YJ ' 6 YJ ' YK ' 3

So the stretch factor = 3 .
YH YJ 3 YJ YK 1
The stretch factor =-3.This is an example of a negative stretch factor.
Note:
With a negative stretch factor:
-The invariant line lies between the object and its image.
-The figure is stretched and reflected about the invariant line.

Example 2
Consider figure 24 below.

Figure 24

In figure 24 above, object ABCDE has been mapped onto object A'B'C'D'E' by
a stretch.
a) Identify the invariant line.
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
Compare your answer with the following.
The line y = 2 is the invariant line.
b) Naming the invariant line ‘I’, Find:
IA'
i) IA
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________
IB'
ii) IB
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

IC'
iii) IC
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

ID'
iv) ID
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

IE'
v) IE
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

Compare your answers with the following.

IA'  16
2
i) IA 8

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IB'  16
2
ii) IB 8
IC ' 8
2
iii) IC 4
ID'  12
2
iv) ID 6
IE ' 8
2
v) IE 4
c) Now what is the stretch factor?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

Compare your answer with the following.

The stretch factor is -2.
Now that is another example of a negative stretch factor. I hope you
understood. Now try the following activity and see how far you can go.
Activity
Activity 3
1)

Figure 25

In figure 25 above:
a) Find the invariant line.
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_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

b) Find the stretch factor.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
____________________

2) A shape DEFGHI has vertices D(-6,2), E(-4,2), F(-4,4), G(-2,4),H(-2,5) and

I(-6,5). The shape DEFGHI has been mapped onto D'E'F'G'H'I' by a stretch,
stretch factor -2 and invariant line x=-1. Draw and label the shaped DEFGHI
and D'E'F'G'H'I'.

3) A quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A(-8,8), B(-4,8),C(-4,4) and D(-8,4).

The quadrilateral ABCD has been mapped onto A'B'C'D' by a stretch, factor -2
and invariant line y = x. Draw and label quadrilaterals ABCD and A'B'C'D'.

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Compare your answers with those given at the end of the subunit.
We have now come to the end of our discussion on the stretch. If you think
you have missed anything go back to this subunit on stretch and try reviewing
it.
In this subunit you have learned that:
-A stretch is a transformation of the plane in which all points move at right
angles to the fixed line, a distance proportional to their distance from the line
to start with.
-A stretch is described by:
i) An invariant line.
ii) A stretch factor.
-
dis tan ce of the image from the in var iant line area of the image
Stretch factor
dis tan ce of the object from the in var iant line area of the object

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-With a negative scale factor:

The invariant line lies between the object and its image.
The figure is stretched and reflected about the invariant line.

Solutions to Activities:
Solutions To activity 2
1. The transformation shown in figure 19 is a stretch.
The factors that qualify it as a stretch are:
-It has an invariant line, the line AB.
-The points have moved perpendicular to the invariant line.
2.
a) In figure 20 the points A and C have remained invariant, so the invariant
line (I) is the line AC or the x-axis.
IB' 2
The stretch factor = 2.
IB 1
b) In figure 21 the line y = 0 is the invariant line (I).
ID' 2
The stretch factor = 2.
ID 1
c) In figure 22 the line y = 0 is the invariant line (I).
IB'
The stretch factor = 2.
IB

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3.

Figure 26

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4.

Figure 27

Solutions To activity 2
1. a) The invariant line (I) is the line y = -2.
IY ' IX ' 12
b) The stretch factor = 3 .
IY IX 4
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2.

Figure 28

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3.

Figure 29

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Lesson 3 The Shear

At the end of the subunit you should be able to:
-Identify and describe fully a shear.
-Find the invariant line in a shear.
-Find the shear factor.
-Shear a shape given either a positive or negative shear factor.

A transformation in which all points on the invariant line remain fixed

while other points are shifted parallel to the invariant line by a distance
proportional to their perpendicular distance from the invariant line is a
shear.

Shearing a plane figure does not change its area.

Consider figure 30 below and see how shear transformation works.

Figure 30

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In figure 30, ABCD is the object and A'B'C'D' is the image of ABCD
after a shear. The object has been shown with doted lines. The points on
the line AB remain fixed and the points on the line CD are shifted
parallel to the invariant line except those on the invariant line.

Now these two shapes ABCD and A'B'C'D' have the same area since
they have the same bases and the same height.

Now consider another figure below. In figure 31 let us learn how to find
the shear factor.

Figure 31

WXYZ is an object that has two images, W'X'Y'Z' and W''X''Y''Z''. The
line WX is the invariant line.

Now work out the following.

Find the length of YY', ZZ', and YW.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__

Compare your answer with the following:

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YY'=+5

ZZ'=+5

YW=+5

YY ' ZZ '
Now Calculate: and
YW YW

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

Compare your answer with the following.

YY ' 5 ZZ ' 5
2.5 and 2.5
YW 2 YW 2

This is an example of a positive shear factor.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
Perpendicular dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line

Find the length of YY'', ZZ'', and YW.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__

Compare your answer with the following:

YY''=-5

ZZ''=-5

YW=+2

YY ' ' ZZ ' '

Now Calculate: and
YW YW

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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

Compare your answer with the following.

YY ' ' 5
2.5
YW 2

ZZ ' ' 5
2.5
YW 2

This is an example of a negative shear factor. So in general:

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line

Now consider the following examples on shear.

Example 1:

In figure 32 ABCD is the object transformed into A'B'C'D' by a shear.

Find the invariant line and the shear factor.

Figure 32

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Solution

I believe you can see that the points A and B have not changed, so line
AB is the invariant line.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
CC ' DD ' 8
2 .7
AC BD 3

CC' and DD' are negative because the motion has been towards the left.

AC and BD are negative because they are points below the invariant
line.

So the shear factor is positive.

Example 2:

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Figure 33

Figure 33 above shows that shape ABCD has been transformed into
A'B'C'D' by a shear.

Find the invariant line and the shear factor.

Solution

The invariant line is found by extending the lines AC and A'C', where
these two lines meet it is the invariant line. Or the lines BD and B'D' can
be extended so that where they meet is the invariant line. So the
invariant line is the line y=2.

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dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
let the in var iant line be I .
AA' BB' CC ' DD' 8
Shear factor 1
AI BI CI DI 8

In general:

For a shear:

-Points move parallel to the invariant line, except those on the invariant line.

-An invariant line is always parallel to the line segments that do not change in
length.

-To locate the invariant line, extent a pair of corresponding sides that are not
parallel to the invariant line. They meet at a point on the invariant line.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

- Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line

- Points on opposite sides of the invariant line move in opposite direction.

Now try activity 4 on the shear.

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Activity 4

1. Identify and describe fully the transformation shown in each of the

following diagrams.
Activity
a)

Figure 34

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b)

Figure 35

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c)

Figure 36

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2. Triangle ABC has the following coordinates: A (2, 2), B (4, 2), C (2,
4). It has been transformed by a shear, shear factor 2 and the invariant
line is the line AB. Draw both triangle ABC and its image A'B'C'.

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3. ABCD is a trapezium with the following coordinates: A (2, 2), B (4,

2), C (4, 6), D (1, 6). It has been transformed by a shear, shear factor -3
and the invariant line is the line y=4. Draw the shape ABCD and its
image A'B'C'D'.

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4. A rectangle ABCD has coordinates: A (-6, 2), B (-4, 2), C (-4, 6), D (-6, 6).
It has been transformed by a shear, shear factor 1.5 and the invariant line is the
line y=-2. Draw both ABCD and its image A'B'C'D'.

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I hope you were able to answer all the questions in this activity. Compare your
answers with those given at the end of the subtopic. If you have got some
wrong go back to the examples and see where you have missed the concept.

In this Unit You Have Learned that

- A transformation in which all points on the invariant line remain

fixed while other points are shifted parallel to the invariant line
by a distance proportional to their perpendicular distance from
the invariant line is a shear.
- Shearing a plane figure does not change its area.

- A shear is described by:

i) An invariant line.
ii) A shear factor.

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dis tan ce moved by a po int

- Shear factor
Perpendicu lar dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line

Solutions to activity 4:

1.

a) It is a shear because it has an invariant line and the points on

the line AB have moved parallel to invariant line.

The invariant line is the line CD.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
let the in var iant line be I .
AA' BB'  6
Shear factor 1.5
AI BI  4

b) It is a shear because it has an invariant line and the points

have moved parallel to the invariant line.

The invariant line is the y-axis, because the points (0, 2) and (0, -
2) which are on the y-axis have not moved.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
let the in var iant line be I .
BB' CC ' 6 AA' DD' 6
Shear factor 3
BI CI 2 AI DI 2

c)

It is a shear because the points have moved parallel to the

invariant line.

To find the invariant line we first have to extend a pair of

corresponding sides that are not parallel to the invariant line. Where
they meet is part of the invariant line.

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This is shown in figure 37 below.

Figure 37

So the invariant line is the line x = -4.

Now that we know the invariant line we can find the shear factor.

dis tan ce moved by a po int

Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
let the in var iant line be I .
AA' BB'  6 CC ' DD'  10
Shear factor 1.
AI BI 6 CI DI 10

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 Mathematics 12

2.

Figure 38

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3.

Figure 39

4.

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Figure 40

Lesson 4 Matrices and Transformations

At the end of this subunit you should be able to:
-Transform any given object with a given matrix.
-Find the matrix of a given transformation.
This subunit consists of about 18 pages.

Transforming By Matrices
Matrices are another way of defining transformations. In this subtopic we are
treating matrices only in relation to transformation, so if you feel you have no
idea of what matrices are, first consult the unit on matrices.
To transform something is to change it in some way. Consider the following
§ 0  1·
point on a plane: (2, 4), if we multiply this point by the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸
©1 0 ¹
§ 0  1· § 2 · §  4 ·
we get: ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©1 0 ¹ © 4 ¹ © 2 ¹

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 Mathematics 12

This means that the point (2, 4) has been transformed and has the image (-4, 2)
§ 0  1·
after being transformed under the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©1 0 ¹
Example 1:
Triangle ABC has the following coordinates: A (2, 2), B (4, 2), C (2, 4). Find
the coordinates of the vertices of the image triangle A'B'C' under a
§ 1 0·
transformation represented by the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸ . Then draw both triangles
© 0 1¹
ABC and A'B'C'. Identify and describe fully the transformation.
Solution:
To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§ 1 0 ·§ 2 4 2 · §  2  4  2·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸ . Now the coordinates of the image
© 0 1 ¸¹¨© 2 2 4 ¸¹ © 2 2 4 ¸¹
are A' (-2, 2), B' (-4, 2), C' (-2, 4).
Below is Triangle ABC and its image A'B'C'.

Figure 41

The transformation is a reflection through the y- axis as the mirror line.

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 Mathematics 12

Example 2:
Shape ABCD has the following coordinates: A (0, 2), B (2, 2), C (2, 0), D (0,
0). Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image A'B'C' D' under a
§ 1 3·
transformation represented by the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸ . Then draw both shapes
© 0 1¹
ABCD and A'B'C'D' and identify and describe fully the transformation.
Solution:
To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§ 1 3 ·§ 0 2 2 0 · § 6 8 2 0 ·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ Now the coordinates of the image
© 0 1¸¹¨© 2 2 0 0 ¸¹ ¨© 2 2 0 0 ¸¹
are A' (6, 2), B' (8, 2), C' (2, 0), D (0, 0).
ABCD and its image A'B'C'D' are show in the following figure.

Figure 42

The transformation that maps ABCD onto A'B'C'D' is a shear. The invariant
line is the x-axis.
dis tan ce moved by a po int
Shear factor
dis tan ce of a po int from the in var iant line
let the in var iant line be I .
AA' BB' 6
Shear factor 3.
AI BI 2
This is how shapes and points are transformed with matrices. Now try activity
5 to have some practice on matrices and transformations.
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Activity 5
1. ABC is a triangle with the following coordinates: A (1, 0), B (3, 0), C (1,
4). Transform triangle ABC using the following matrices. In each case draw
the image and the object, identify and describe fully the transformation
represented.
§1 0·
Activity ¨¨ ¸¸
a) © 0 1 ¹ Name the image A'B'C'.
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

§ 0 1·
b) ¨¨ ¸¸ Name the image A''B''C''.
©1 0 ¹
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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§ 2 0·
c) ¨¨ ¸¸ Name the image A'''B'''C'''.
© 0 2¹
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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§ 0  1·
¨¨ ¸¸
d) ©1 0 ¹ Name the image A''''B''''C''''.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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2. WXYZ is a rectangle with coordinates: W (1, 1), X (4, 1), Y (1, -2) and Z
(4, -2).
§ 1 0·
a) ¨¨ ¸¸ Name the image W'X'Y'Z'.
© 0 1¹
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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§2 0·
b) ¨¨ ¸ Name the image W''X''Y''Z''.
©0 1 ¸¹
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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§1 3·
c) ¨¨ ¸ Name the image W'''X'''Y'''Z'''.
©0 1¸¹
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

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The answers to activity 5 have been provided at the end of the subunit;
you can compare your answer and see how you have done.

Finding the Matrix of a Transformation

We have seen that transformations can be defined with matrices. This

means that for a given transformation we can find the matrix of that
transformation. In this section we are finding the matrices of given
transformations.

The following examples are meant to help you learn how to find the
matrices of transformations.

Example 1

Point P (1, 1) maps onto (-1, -1) and point Q (3, 1) maps onto (-1, -3),
find the two by two matrix that represents the transformation.

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Solution

§a b ·§1· §  1·
We now know that ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
©c d ¸¹¨©1¸¹ ©  1¹

§a b ·§ 3 · § 1 ·
And that ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
©c d ¸¹¨©1 ¸¹ ©  3¹ .

When combining the two matrix equations we obtain:

§a b ·§1 3· § 1 1 ·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨©1 1¸¹ © 1  3¸¹

Now we can solve for a, b, c and d by multiplying both sides of the

§1 3·
equation with the inverse of the matrix ¨¨ ¸ . To find how to get the
©1 1 ¸¹
inverse of a matrix consult the topic on matrices. The inverse
1 § 1  3·
is ¨¨ ¸
 2 © 1 1 ¸¹ .

Now multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix we

get:

1 § a b ·§1 3 ·§ 1  3· 1 §  1  1 ·§ 1  3·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
 2 © c d ¹©1 1 ¹©  1 1 ¸¹  2 ¨©  1  3 ¸¹¨©  1 1¸¹
1 § a b ·§  2 0· 1 §0 2·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
 2 © c d ¹© 0  2 ¹  2 © 2 0 ¸¹
§ a b ·§1 0 · § 0  1 ·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
© c d ¹© 0 1 ¹ ©  1 0 ¸¹
§ a b · § 0 1 ·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
© c d ¹ © 1 0 ¸¹
Ÿa 0, b 1, c 1 and d 0.

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Example 2

In figure 43 below, triangle A has been transformed into triangle D.

Find the matrix representing the transformation shown in the following
diagram.

Figure 43

Solution:

§a b ·§1 · §  1·
As we see ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 2 ¸¹ © 2¹

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§a b ·§ 2 · §  2·
And ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 3 ¸¹ © 3¹.

When combining the two matrix equations we obtain:

§a b ·§1 2· § 1  1·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 2 3¸¹ © 2 3¸¹

Now we can solve for a, b, c and d by multiplying both sides of the

§1 2·
equation with the inverse of the matrix ¨¨ ¸ . The inverse
©2 3 ¸¹
§ 3  2·
is  1¨¨ ¸
© 2 1 ¸¹ .

Now multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix we

get:

§ a b ·§1 2 ·§ 3  2· § 1  1·§ 3  2·
 1¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ 1¨¨ ¸¨ ¸
© c d ¹© 2 3 ¹©  2 1¹ © 2 3 ¸¹¨©  2 1¸¹
§ a b ·§  1 0 · §1  1·
Ÿ 1¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ 1¨¨ ¸
© c d ¹© 0  1¹ ©0 1¸¹
§ a b ·§1 0 · §1  1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
© c d ¹© 0 1 ¹ © 0 1¸¹
§ a b · §1  1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹ ©0 1 ¸¹
Ÿ a 1, b 1, c 0 and d 1.

So that is how we find the matrix of a transformation.

Now work on activity 6 and see how much you got on finding the
matrix representing a transformation.

Activity 6

1. Triangle ABC has Vertices A (6, 12), B (8, 4), and C (2, 2).Triangle
ABC has been mapped onto triangle FGH with vertices F (-12, 6), G (-
Activity 4, 8) and H (-2, 2) by a transformation.

Find the matrices representing the transformation.

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__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
________________________________

2.

Figure 44

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In the above diagram, O is the origin, A is the point (3, 1), B is (3, 0), C
is (5, 1), D is (1, 3) and E is (0, 3).

The single transformation P maps triangle OAB onto triangle ODE.

The single transformation Q maps triangle OAB onto triangle OCB.

a)

i) Describe P Completely.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) Find the matrix which represents P.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________

b)

i) What kind of transformation is Q?

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________

§1 n·
ii) The matrix which represents Q is ¨¨ ¸
©0 1¸¹ .

Find the value of n.

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________

3. Find the matrix for the following transformation.

(-1, -1) (1, 0) and (2, 0)  (0, 1).

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________

When you are done answering the questions on activity 6 compare your
answers with those given at the end of the subunit. If there is anything
that you have missed feel free to go back to examples and try to
understand better.

In this Subunit You Have Learned that

-2×2 matrices can be used to define and represent matrices.

-To find the matrix of a transformation we take any two points of the object
with corresponding two of the image and form a matrix equation such that the
unknown matrix is multiplied with the matrix of the object to give the matrix
of the image. To solve now for the unknown matrix the inverse of the matrix
of the object multiplies both sides of the equation.

Solutions to Activities:

Activity 5

No.1

a) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.

§1 0 ·§1 3 1· § 1 3 1·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 0  1 ¹© 0 0 4 ¹ © 0 0  4 ¹
Now the coordinates of the image are A' (1, 0), B' (3, 0), C' (1, -4).
Below is Triangle ABC and its image A'B'C'.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 45

The transformation is a reflection in the x- axis

b) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§0 1 ·§1 3 1· § 0 0 4 ·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©1 0 ¹© 0 0 4 ¹ © 1 3 1¹
Now the coordinates of the image are A'' (0, 1), B'' (0, 3), C'' (4, 1).
Below is Triangle ABC and its image A''B''C''.

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Figure 46

The transformation is a reflection through the line y= x.

c) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§2 0 ·§1 3 1· § 2 6 2 ·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸.
©0 2 ¸¹¨© 0 0 4 ¸¹ ¨© 0 0 8 ¸¹
Now the coordinates of the image are A''' (2, 0), B''' (6, 0), C''' (2, 8).
Below is Triangle ABC and its image A'''B'''C'''.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 47

The transformation is an enlargement, centre (0, 0) and scale factor 2.

d) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix. .

Now the coordinates of the image are A'''' (1, 0), B'''' (3, 0), C'''' (1, -4).
Below is Triangle ABC and its image A''''B''''C''''.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 48

The transformation is a rotation about the point (0, 0) through

90 0 anticlockwise.
No.2
a) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§  1 0 ·§1 4 1 4 · § 1  4 1  4 ·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸.
© 0  1 ¹©1 1  2  2 ¹ © 1 1 2 2 ¸¹
Now the coordinates of the image are W' (1, 1), X' (4, 1), Y' (1, -2), Z' (4, -2).
Below is shape WXYZ and its image W'X'Y'Z'.

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Figure 49

The transformation is a rotation through the point (0, 0) 180 0 anticlockwise.

b) ) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.
§2 0 ·§1 4 1 4 · §2 8 2 8·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©0 1 ¸¹¨©1 1  2  2 ¸¹ © 1 1  2  2¹
Now the coordinates of the image are W'' (2, 1), X'' (8, 1), Y'' (2, -2), Z'' (8, -
2).

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Below is the shape WXYZ and its image W''X''Y''Z''.

Figure 50

The transformation is a stretch, stretch factor=3 and the invariant line is the y-
axis.

c) To get the image we multiply the points by the matrix.

§1 3 ·§1 4 1 4 · §4 7 5  2·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸.
©0 1¸¹¨©1 1  2  2 ¸¹ ©1 1 2  2 ¸¹
Now the coordinates of the image are W''' (4, 1), X''' (7, 1), Y''' (-5, -2), Z''' (-2,
-2).
Below is the shape WXYZ and its image W'''X'''Y'''Z'''.

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Figure 51

The transformation is a shear, shear factor = 3 and the invariant line is the x-
axis.

Activity 6

1. To find the matrix we can use only two points of the object and
corresponding two of the image.
§a b·
Let the matrix representing the transformation be ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹ .

Then:

§a b ·§ 6 8· §  12  4·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨©12 4 ¸¹ © 6 8 ¸¹

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Now we can solve for a, b, c and d by multiplying both sides of the

§6 8·
equation with the inverse of the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸ . The inverse
©12 4 ¹
1 § 4 8 ·
is ¨ ¸
 72 ¨©  12 6 ¸¹ .

Now multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix we

get:

1 § a b ·§ 6 8 ·§ 4 8 · 1 §  12  4 ·§ 4  8·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
 72 © c d ¹©12 4 ¹©  12 6 ¹  72 ¨© 6 8 ¸¹¨©  12 6 ¸¹
1 § a b ·§  72 0· 1 § 0 72 ·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨ ¸
 72 © c d ¹© 0  72 ¹  72 ¨©  72 0 ¸¹
§a b ·§1 0· §0  1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 0 1 ¸¹ ©1 0 ¸¹
§a b · §0  1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹ ¨©1 0 ¸¹
Ÿa 0, b 1, c 1 and d 0.

2.
a)
i) P is a reflection, mirror line y=x.
§a b·
Let the matrix representing the transformation be ¨¨ ¸
ii) ©c d ¸¹ .

§a b ·§ 3 3· §0 1·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 0 1 ¸¹ ©3 3¸¹

Now we can solve for a, b, c and d by multiplying both sides of the

§3 3·
equation with the inverse of the matrix ¨¨ ¸ . The inverse
©0 1¸¹
1 § 1  3·
is ¨¨ ¸
3 © 0 3 ¸¹ .

Now multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix we

get:

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 Mathematics 12

1 § a b ·§ 3 3 ·§1  3· 1 §0 1 ·§1  3·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸
3 © c d ¹© 0 1 ¹© 0 3 ¸¹ 3 ¨© 3 3 ¹© 0 3 ¸¹
1 § a b ·§ 3 0 · 1 § 0 3·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
3 © c d ¸¹¨© 0 3 ¸¹ 3 ¨© 3 0 ¸¹
§ a b ·§1 0 · § 0 1 ·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
© c d ¹© 0 1 ¹ ©1 0 ¹
§ a b · § 0 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ P
© c d ¹ ©1 0 ¹
Ÿ a 0, b 1, c 1 and d 0.
b)
i) Q is a shear, invariant line is the x-axis. Shear factor:
AC 2
2
AI 1
ii)
§1 n ·§ 3 3· §5 3·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©0 1¸¹¨© 0 1 ¸¹ ©1 0 ¸¹
§3  n 3· §5 3·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©1 0 ¸¹ ©1 0 ¸¹
Ÿ 3 n 5
Ÿn 2

3.
§a b·
Let the matrix representing the transformation be ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹ .

Then:

§a b ·§  1 2· §1 0·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨©  1 0 ¸¹ ©0 1¸¹

Now we can solve for a, b, c and d by multiplying both sides of the

§ 1 2·
equation with the inverse of the matrix ¨¨ ¸¸ . The inverse
© 1 0 ¹
1 §0  2·
is ¨¨ ¸
2 ©1  1 ¸¹ .

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Now multiplying both sides of the equation by the inverse matrix we

get:

1 § a b ·§  1 2 ·§ 0  2· 1 §1 0 ·§ 0  2·
¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
2 ¨© c d ¸¹¨©  1 0 ¸¹¨©1  1 ¸¹ 2 ¨© 0 1¸¹¨©1  1 ¸¹
1 § a b ·§ 2 0· 1 § 0  2·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
2 © c d ¸¹¨© 0 2 ¹ 2 ©1  1¸¹
§0 1 ·
§ a b ·§1 0· ¨ ¸
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨1 1¸
© c d ¹© 0 1 ¹¸ ¨ ¸
©2 2 ¹
§0 1 ·
§a b· ¨ ¸
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨1 1¸
©c d ¹ ¨ ¸
©2 2 ¹
1 1
Ÿa 0, b 1, c and d .
2 2

Lesson 5 Combined Transformation

At the end of this subunit you should be able to:
-Transform an object by a number of similar or different transformations and
matrices.
-Identify the single transformation that maps the object onto the final image.
This subunit consists of 19 pages.

With combined transformation, we are dealing with a transformation followed

by another on the same object. The following examples are meant to help you
learn how to solve transformation problems with combined transformation be
it transformations of the same kind, different transformation or matrices with
transformations.
Example 1
This is an example of transformations of the same kind.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 52

In the above diagram triangle XYZ ((-4, 2) (-2, 2) (-4, 4)) is translated first by
§ 6·
the translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸
©  2¹ ,

§ 4·
¨¨ ¸¸
To give the image X'Y'Z', then by the translation vector ©
 2 ¹ to give the
image X''Y''Z''.
a) What is the final position of the of the triangle?
b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle XYZ onto
X''Y''Z''.

Solution
a) The final position of the triangle is ((6, -2) (8, -2) (6, 0)).
b) The single transformation that maps triangle XYZ onto triangle X''Y''Z'' is a
§ 10 ·
translation, with translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ which could be obtained by adding
©  4¹
§ 6 · § 4 · § 10 ·
the two translation vectors together. ¨¨ ¸¸  ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©  2 ¹ ©  2¹ ©  4¹
So we can see that the combination of translations gives a translation.

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This is an example of a combination of to transformations of the same kind.

Let us do another example on transformations of the same kind.
Example 2
This also is another example of the transformations of the same kind.

Figure 53

In the above diagram ABCD has been stretched to A'B'C'D', through the
invariant line y=0 and stretch factor 2then A'B'C'D' has been stretched through
the invariant line y=0 with the stretch factor 2 to get A''B''C''D''.
Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle ABCD onto triangle
A''B''C''D''.
Solution
The single transformation that maps triangle ABCD onto triangle A''B''C''D'' is
a stretch with stretch factor 4.I believe we now have an idea of what is meant
by combined transformation. It could be a stretch followed by a stretch, a shear
followed by a shear or anything.

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 Mathematics 12

Example 3
We said earlier in this subtopic that it also can happen that an object goes
through a series of different transformation. This is an example of such.
Triangle A is transformed by an enlargement E with scale factor 2 and centre
(-4, 0).

Figure 54

i) Draw E (A) and label it B.

§ 2·
T ¨¨ ¸¸
ii) This is followed by a translation ©  4 ¹ . Draw TE (A) and label it C.
iii) Describe fully the single transformation which maps A onto C.
Solution:
i), ii)

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 55

iii) The single transformation which maps triangle A onto triangle C is an

enlargement, centre (-6, 4) and factor 2.
I believe you can see that triangle A could have still been directly mapped onto
triangle C through enlargement.
Now consider example 4 and see an example of matrices and combined
transformations.
Example 4
Triangle A in the diagram is transformed using a matrix T followed by a
matrix H, so that T(A)=B and HT(A)=C.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 56

i) Identify the transformation T and write down the matrix of the

transformation.
ii) Identify the transformation H and write down the matrix of the
transformation.
iii) Find the matrix HT and apply it to the vertices of A.
Solution
i) The transformation T is a rotation, centre (0, 0), through 90˚ clockwise.
To find the matrix of the transformation we can use any two points of the
object and corresponding two of the image.

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 Mathematics 12

§a b ·§ 2 2· § 1 3·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹©1 3 ¹ ©  2  2 ¸¹
multiplying by the inverse of the matrix on both sides we get :
1 §a b ·§ 2 2 ·§ 3  2· 1§ 1 3 ·§ 3  2·
¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
4 ¨© c d ¸¹¨©1 3 ¸¹¨©  1 2 ¸¹ 4 ¨©  2  2 ¸¹¨©  1 2 ¸¹
1 §a b ·§ 4 0 · 1§ 0 4· § 0 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
4 ©c d ¹© 0 4¹ 4 ©  4 0¹ © 1 0 ¸¹
§a b ·§1 0· § 0 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 0 1¹ ©  1 0 ¸¹
§a b· § 0 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸ which is the matrix of the transformation.
©c d ¹ © 1 0 ¸¹
ii) Transformation H is a rotation about the point (0, 0), through 180˚.
To find the matrix of the transformation we can use any two points of the
object and corresponding two of the image.
§a b ·§ 1 3 · § 1 3·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹©  2  2 ¹ © 2 2 ¸¹
multiplying by the inverse of the matrix on both sides we get :
1 §a b ·§ 1 3 ·§  2  3· 1 § 1  3 ·§  2  3·
¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
4 ¨© c d ¸¹¨©  2  2 ¸¹¨© 2 1 ¸¹ 4 ¨© 2 2 ¸¹¨© 2 1 ¸¹
1 §a b ·§ 4 0 · 1§ 4 0· § 1 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
4 ©c d ¹© 0 4¹ 4 © 0  4¹ © 0  1¸¹
§a b ·§1 0 · § 1 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 0 1¹ © 0  1¸¹
§a b · § 1 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸ which is the matrix of the transformation.
©c d¹ © 0  1¹¸

iii)

§ 1 0 ·§ 0 1 · §0  1·
The matrix HT ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
© 0  1¹©  1 0 ¹ ©1 0 ¸¹
Now applying the matrix to the vertices of triangle A we get :
§0  1·§ 2 3 2· § 1 1  3·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©1 0 ¹©1 1 3¹ © 2 3 2 ¸¹
which we can see that it gives the coordinates of triangle C.
so triangle A is mapped onto triangle C by a rotation, centre (0,0) through 90 0 anticloc

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 Mathematics 12

I believe you are now ready to go through the activity and answer the question.
If you meet any problems while trying to answer the questions feel free to
go back to the example and try to understand better.
Activity 7
1. In the following diagram, triangle A has been mapped onto triangle B by
§  6·
Activity a translation, translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ , then translated to triangle C by the
© 3¹
§ 4·
translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ and finally translated to triangle D by the translation
© ¹
4
§8 ·
vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 0¹

Figure 57

Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto Triangle D.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________

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2. Triangle A ((-1, 2) (-1, 3) (-2, 3)) has been transformed by a

reflection, with the mirror line as the y-axis to give triangle B, then
reflected again through the line X=2 to give triangle C.

a) Draw Triangles A, B and C.

b) Identify and describe fully the single transformation that maps

triangle A onto triangle C.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

3. Plot the points P (-1, 3), Q (-1, 5), R (2, 5), and S (2, 3) on a pair of
axes.

a) Draw the line y=x. Find the images of PQRS under a reflection in t he
line y=x. Label the image P'Q'R'S'.

b) Draw P''Q''R''S'' the image of P'Q'R'S' under a reflection in the y-axis.

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c) Describe the rotation that will map PQRS directly onto P''Q''R''S''.

4.

The diagram shows triangles A, B, C and D.

Figure 58

a) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto

triangle B.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

b) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle B onto

triangle C.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

c) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle C onto

triangle D.
__________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________
______________________________

d) Write down the matrix that represents the transformation which maps
triangle C onto triangle A.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

5.

Figure 59

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The diagram shows the triangles X, Y, and Z.

The single transformation D maps X onto Y.

Then enlargement E maps X onto Z.

i) Describe D completely.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) Find the coordinates of the centre of enlargement E.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

iii) O is the origin. Find the coordinates of DE (O).

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

6.

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Figure 60

The diagram shows triangles A, B and C.

a) Describe fully the single transformation which maps A onto B.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

b) Describe fully the single transformation which maps A onto C.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

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7.

Figure 61

The diagram shows triangles A, B, C, D, and E.

i) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto

triangle B.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto
triangle C.
__________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________
______________________________

iii) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle B onto
triangle C.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

iv) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto
triangle D.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

8. The vertices of triangle X have coordinates A (1, 1), B (3, 1) and C

(1, 2).

a) Draw and label triangle X.

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§a 0·
b) The matrix of the transformation P is ¨¨ ¸ , and is such that the
©0 a ¸¹
images of the images of A, B and C under P are, respectively, A' (-2, -
2), B' (-6, -2) and C' (-2, -4).

i) Draw triangle A'B'C' and label it P(X).

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) Describe fully the single transformation P and write down the value
of a.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

c) The triangle A''B''C'' is the image of triangle ABC under an

enlargement E with centre (2, 1) and scale factor 4. Draw and label the
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triangle E(X), taking care to label the vertices A''B''C''.

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

d) Triangle A'B'C' can be mapped onto triangle A''B''C'' by a single

transformation F. Describe fully the single transformation F.
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

Compare your answers with those given at the end of the subunit .I
believe you were able to get all the answers. If you got some wrong go
back to the examples and see where you might have gone wrong.

In this Subunit You Have Learned That

-A single object can go through a series of transformations, of the same

kind, different or even transformations with matrices.

- A transformations that maps the object to the final object can be found
after an object has gone through the many transformations.

Solutions to Activity 7

1. The translation that maps triangle A onto triangle D is a translation,

§6·
with translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ . It can also be found
©7¹
§  6· § 4· §8 · §6·
by ¨¨ ¸¸  ¨¨ ¸¸  ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 3 ¹ © 4¹ © 0¹ ©7¹

2. a) The triangle are as follows.

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Figure 62

b) The single transformation that maps triangle A onto C is a translation,

§ 4·
of translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©0¹

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3.

Figure 63

c) The rotation that maps PQRS onto P''Q''R''S'' is a about the point (0,
0), through 90˚ anticlockwise.

4.

a) The single transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle B is a

§  6·
translation with translation vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 3¹

b) The single transformation that maps triangle B onto triangle C is an

1
enlargement centre (-2, 1), factor  . Remember that when the centre
2
of enlargement is between the image and the object the scale factor is
always negative.

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c) The single transformation that maps triangle C onto triangle D is a

rotation, centre (-1, 0), through 90˚ anticlockwise.

d) _To find the matrix of the transformation that maps triangle C onto
triangle A we can use any two points of the object and corresponding
two of the image.

§a b ·§1 0· §  4 0·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 2 1 ¹ ©  2  2 ¸¹
multiplying by the inverse of the matrix on both sides we get :
§a b ·§1 0 ·§ 1 0· § 4 0 ·§ 1 0·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 2 1 ¹©  2 1 ¸¹ © 2  2 ¸¹¨©  2 1¸¹
§a b ·§1 0· §  4 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 0 1 ¸¹ ¨© 2  2 ¸¹
§a b· § 4 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d¹ © 2  2 ¸¹
which is the matrix of the transformation.

5. i) D is a reflection through the line y=1.

ii) The centre of enlargement is (-2, 3)

iii) First E (O) is an enlargement of the point (0, 0) with factor 2 and
centre (-2, 3). So E (O) = (4, -6).

DE (O) is a reflection the point (4, -6) through the line y=1 which gives
(4, 8).

6.

a) The single transformation which maps triangle A onto triangle B is a

reflection through the line y=3.

b) The single transformation which maps triangle A onto C is a stretch with the
invariant line x=0 and factor 3.

7.

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§  5·
i) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle B by a translation, vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©  5¹

ii) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle C by a reflection, mirror line as

the line y=-x.

iii) Triangle B is mapped triangle C by a reflection, mirror line y=-x-5.

iv) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle D by an enlargement, factor -2

and centre (4, 1).

8.

a)

Figure 64

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b) ii) P is an enlargement, centre (0,0) and factor -2.

iii) a=-2.
c) Triangle ABC can be mapped onto triangle ABC by an enlargement, centre
(-2, -1), factor -2.

Unit Summary
In this unit on transformations you have learned that:
-An object can be transformed by translation, reflection, rotation,
enlargement, shear, stretch and matrices.
Summary
- In Translation:
-The transformation is defined by the translation vector.
- After the translation the object is exactly the same as the
object, the only difference is in the position.
-In Reflection:
-The transformation is defined by the mirror line.
-The image is exactly the same shape and size and the
object but in the opposite sense.
-In Rotation:
-The transformation is defined by the centre of rotation,
the angle and the direction.
-All the points of are turned through the same angle
about the centre and appear to move along arcs of concentric circles.
-The image and the object are exactly the same shape
and size.
In Enlargement:
-The transformation is defined by the centre of
enlargement and the scale factor.
-The size of the object is changed, but not the shape.

In Stretch:

- The transformation is defined by an invariant line and a stretch factor.

- All points move at right angles to the invariant line, a distance
proportional to their distance from the invariant line.
In Shear:
- The transformation is defined by an invariant line and a shear factor.
- All points move parallel to the invariant line such that the distance a
point moves is proportional to its distance from that line or plane.

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Assignment
The assessment consists of 8 questions, answer all.
The marks for each question are shown. There are a total of 50 marks.

You are advised to spend no more than 50 minutes on this assessment.

Assignment
Calculators may be used.

Show all the necessary working.

1. Describe fully the transformations shown in each of the following diagrams.

a) The transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle B. (2 marks)

Figure 65

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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b) The transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle C. (2 marks)

Figure 66

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

c) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto A'B'C'. (2 marks)

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Figure 67

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

d) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C'. (2 marks)

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Figure 68

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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e) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C'. (2 marks)

Figure 69

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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f) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C'. (2 marks)

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Figure 70

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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g) The transformation that maps shape ABCD onto shape A'B'C'D'. (2 marks)

Figure 71

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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2. On a squared paper plot the points (5, 5), (7, 5), (7, 7) and (6, 7) and join the points in order
to form a trapezium. Name the trapezium T . (1 mark)

a) Plot the point C (4, 4). (1 mark)

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§  4·
b) i) Draw T1 , the image of T under a translation , vector ¨¨ ¸¸ . (2 marks)
©  4¹

ii) Draw T2 , the image of T under an enlargement, centre C and scale factor -3.

(2 marks)

iii) Draw T3 , the image of T under a rotation of -90˚ about (0, 0). (2 marks)

iv) Draw T4 , the reflection of T in the y-axis. (2 marks)

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3. The quadrilateral ABCD has vertices A (4, 0), B (6, -1), C (7, -2), and D (3, -3). The
quadrilateral ABCD is mapped onto A'B'C'D' by a stretch, factor -2 and invariant line y=2.
Draw and label the quadrilaterals ABCD and A'B'C'D'. (4 marks)

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4. PQRS has vertices P (4, 1), Q (6, 1), R (6, -3) and S (4, -3). PQRS is mapped onto P'Q'R'S'
by a shear, factor 1, and invariant line y=0. Draw and label PQRS and P'Q'R'S'.
(3 marks)

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5. ABCD is a rectangle with A (1, 1), B (4, 1), C (1, -2) and D (4, -2). Transform this rectangle
using the following matrices. Plot A, B, C, and D and the images and identify the
transformations: (12 marks)

§ 1 0·
a ) ¨¨ ¸, label the image A' B' C ' D'
© 0 1 ¸¹
§2 0·
b) ¨¨ ¸, label the image A' ' B ' ' C ' '
©0 1 ¸¹
§ 1 0·
c) ¨¨ ¸, label the image A' ' ' B ' ' ' C ' ' ' D ' ' '
© 2 1 ¸¹

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6. Find the matrices representing the following transformation.

(2, 3)(5, 3) and (3, 5)(8, 5) (3 marks)

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________

7. Triangle XYZ has the following coordinates X (1, 1), Y (3, 2), Z (3, 4).

a) Draw triangle XYZ. (1 mark)

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b) i) Reflect triangle XYZ in the x-axis. Name the image X'Y'Z'. (2 marks)

ii) Describe the transformation which maps triangle X'Y'Z' onto triangle XYZ.

(2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

c) i) Rotate triangle X'Y'Z' through -90˚ about (0,0). Label the image X''Y''Z''.

(2 marks)

ii) Describe the single transformation which will map triangle XYZ onto triangle X''Y''Z''.
(2 marks)
____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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8.

Figure 72

The diagram shows triangles A, B, C, D, E and F.

a) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle B by an enlargement.

Find

i) The scale factor , (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

ii) The coordinates of the centre of the enlargement. (1 mark)

____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

b) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle C by a single transformation.

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Find the matrix which represents this transformation. (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

c) Triangle C is mapped onto triangle D by a single triangle transformation.

Describe fully this transformation. (2 marks)

____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

d) Triangle A is mapped onto triangle F by a transformation V which is made up from separate

transformations.

The first is a clockwise rotation of 90˚ about O; it is followed by a translation represented by

§ 6·
column vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©  2¹
Therefore the transformation V maps the point (x, y) onto (x', y') where

§ x' · § 0 1 ·§ x · § 6 ·
¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸  ¨ ¸ .
© y' ¹ © 1 0 ¸¹¨© y ¸¹ ¨©  2 ¸¹

Show that V maps point (g, h) onto (h+6, -g-2). (2 mark)

____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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Solutions to the assignment:

1.

a) The transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle B is a reflection, through the line y=

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x.

§  8·
b) The transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle C is a translation, vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 7¹
c) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C' is an enlargement, centre (-
2 1
7, 2), and factor .
6 3

d) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C' is an enlargement, centre (-
6
9, 6), and factor 3.
2
e) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C' is a rotation, centre (2, 0),
through 90˚ anticlockwise.

f) The transformation that maps triangle ABC onto triangle A'B'C' is a stretch, invariant line x
IA' 2.5
= 2. Factor 2.5.
IA 1

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g) The transformation that maps quadrilateral ABCD onto quadrilateral ABCD is a

AA' 6
shear invariant line, y= 0. Factor 2.
IA 3

2.

Figure 73

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3.

Figure 74

4.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 75

5.

Firs we will multiply the coordinates of the quadrilateral with the matrices in order to be
able to draw the images.

§ 1 0 ·§1 4 1 4· § 1 4 1  4·
a ) ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸ A' B ' C ' D '
© 0 1 ¸¹¨©1 1  2  2 ¸¹ © 1 1 2  2 ¸¹
§2 0 ·§1 4 1 4· §2 8 2 8·
b) ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸ A' ' B ' ' C ' '
©0 1 ¸¹¨©1 1  2  2 ¸¹ ©1 1 2  2 ¸¹
§ 1 0 ·§1 4 1 4· § 1 4 1 4 ·
c) ¨¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸ A' ' ' B ' ' ' C ' ' ' D ' ' '
© 2 1 ¸¹¨©1 1 2  2 ¸¹ © 1 7 4  10 ¸¹

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Figure 76

a) A'B'C'D' is a reflection of ABCD, the line x=0 as the mirror line.

b) A''B''C''D'' is a stretch of ABCD, invariant line is the line x= 0, and the factor is 2.

c) A'''B'''C'''D''' is a shear, the invariant line is the line x= 0, and the shear factor= 2.

6.

To find the matrix of the transformation we use any two points of the object and
corresponding two of the image.

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 Mathematics 12

§a b ·§ 2 3· § 5 8·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 3 5 ¹ ©3 5 ¸¹
multiplying by the inverse of the matrix on both sides we get :
§a b ·§ 2 3 ·§ 5  3· §5 8 ·§ 5  3·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸
©c d ¸¹¨© 3 5 ¹©  3 2 ¸¹ ¨© 3 5 ¸¹¨©  3 2 ¸¹
§a b ·§1 0· § 1 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 0 1 ¹ ©0 1¸¹
§a b· §1 1·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹ ©0 1¸¹
which is the matrix of the transformation.

7.

Figure 77

b) ii) Triangle X'Y'Z' is mapped onto triangle XYZ by a reflection through the x-axis.

c) ii) The single transformation that maps triangle XYZ onto X''Y''Z'' is a reflection
through the line y= -x.

8.

6 3
a) i) scale factor = 3.
2 1

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ii) the centre of rotation is the point (-8, -1).

b)
To find the matrix of the transformation we use any two points of the object and
corresponding two of the image.

§a b ·§  6  8· § 6 8·
¨¨ ¸¸¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d ¹© 1 2 ¹ ©1 2 ¸¹
multiplying by the inverse of the matrix on both sides we get :
1 §a b ·§  6  8 ·§ 2 8 · 1 §6 8 ·§ 2 8 ·
¨ ¸¨ ¸¨ ¸¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸¸
 4 ¨© c d ¸¹¨© 1 2 ¸¹¨©  1 6 ¹  4 ¨©1 2 ¸¹¨©  1 6 ¹
1 §a b ·§  4 0· 1 §4 0·
Ÿ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨ ¸
 4 ¨© c d ¸¹¨© 0  4 ¸¹  4 ¨© 0  4 ¸¹
§a b · § 1 0·
Ÿ ¨¨ ¸¸ ¨¨ ¸
©c d¹ © 0 1 ¸¹
which is the matrix of the transformation.

c) Triangle C is mapped onto triangle D by a reflection, through the line y=x.

§ 0 1 ·§ g · § 6 · § h · § 6 · § h6 ·
¨¨ ¸¨ ¸  ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ¨¨ ¸¸
d) ©  1 0 ¸¹¨© h ¸¹ ¨©  2 ¸¹ ¨©  g ¸¹ ¨©  2 ¸¹ ©  g  2¹
So V maps ( g , h) onto (h  6, g  2).

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Assessment

The assessment consists of 5 questions, answer all.

The marks for each question are shown. There are a total of 30 marks.

You are advised to spend no more than 40 minutes on this assessment.

Calculators may be used.

Show all the necessary working.

Good luck!!

1.

Figure 78

The diagram shows the triangles P and Q.

a) The enlargement E maps triangle P onto triangle Q.
For this enlargement:

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 Mathematics 12

i) Write down the scale factor,

(2 mark)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
ii) Find the coordinates of the centre of enlargement.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________

2. Figure --- shows triangle A, B, C and D.

Figure 79

i) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle A onto triangle
B. (2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
ii) Describe fully the single transformation that maps triangle C onto triangle
D. (2 marks)

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 Mathematics 12

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
iii) Write down the matrix that represents the transformation which maps
triangle C onto triangle D.

(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________

3.

a) The diagrams show triangles A, B, C and D.

i) The single transformation P maps triangle A onto triangle B.

Figure 80

Describe fully the transformation P.

(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________
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 Mathematics 12

__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) The single transformation Q maps triangle A onto triangle C.

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Figure 81

Describe fully the transformation Q.

(2 marks)

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iii) The reflection R maps triangle A onto triangle D.

Figure 82

Find the matrix that represents the reflection R.

(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

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b) The diagram shows the points E (1, 3), F (2, 3), and G (-1, 3). An
enlargement, centre E, maps F onto G.

Figure 83

Write down:

i) The scale factor,

(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) The coordinates of the image of (0, 4), under the same enlargement.
(1 mark)
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 Mathematics 12

__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

§ 1 3·
c) M ¨¨ ¸
© 2 4 ¸¹

i) Find the determinant of M.

(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

ii) Write down the inverse of M.

(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

§ 4 ·
iii) Find the matrix X, such that MX= ¨¨ ¸¸ .
© 2 ¹
(2 marks)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

4.

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 Mathematics 12

Figure 84

In the above diagram, a triangle has vertices A (2, 1), B (4, 2) and C (5, 0).
An enlargement, centre the origin maps triangle ABC onto triangle A 1 B 1 C 1
where B 1 is (20, 10).

Find
i) The scale factor of the enlargement.
(1 mark)

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________

ii) The matrix which represents the enlargement.

(1 mark)

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 Mathematics 12

___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________

iii) The coordinates of C1 .

(1 mark)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______________________________

5. Triangle A has vertices (6, -2) (8, -2) (6, -5).

a) Draw and label triangle A.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
§ 4·
b) The translation T is represented by the column vector ¨¨ ¸¸ .
©3¹
The translation T maps triangle A onto triangle B, so that T (A) =B.
Draw and label triangle B.
(1 mark)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
c) The transformation R is a rotation through 90˚ clockwise, centre (3, 4).
The transformation R maps triangle A onto triangle C, so that R (A) = C.
Draw and label triangle C.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
d) Given that TR (A) = D, draw and label triangle D.
(2 marks)
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________
e) Triangle E has vertices (2, -2), (4, -2), and (-4, -5).
The single transformation H maps triangle A onto triangle E.
Describe fully the transformation H.
(2 marks)
___________________________________________________________

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