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Lecture For Active Filters PDF

This document discusses active filters in electronic engineering, focusing on the need for inductor-less filters due to the limitations of passive LC filters at low frequencies. It outlines the filter design process, including the identification of desired responses, the importance of passband and stopband, and the use of transfer functions. Additionally, it covers various filter types, such as Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, and their characteristics and design considerations.

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12 views27 pages

Lecture For Active Filters PDF

This document discusses active filters in electronic engineering, focusing on the need for inductor-less filters due to the limitations of passive LC filters at low frequencies. It outlines the filter design process, including the identification of desired responses, the importance of passband and stopband, and the use of transfer functions. Additionally, it covers various filter types, such as Butterworth and Chebyshev filters, and their characteristics and design considerations.

Uploaded by

zeadhb600
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic engineering

Active filters

1
Introduction
❑ Filters are used in all communication systems
❑ Oldest Technology used for Filter design is Passive LC
Filters
❑ Passive LC filters works well for high frequencies, however
for low- frequencies the inductors used are large and
bulky
❑ Large inductors can’t be fabricated in ASIC, therefore
inductor-less filters became a need for electronics
engineers
❑ Different techniques are used to realize inductor-less
filters, we will focus on these methods in our Course
2
Examples of filters application

3
Filter Description
❑ A voltage Filter circuit is a linear circuit that can be
represented as a two-port network with transfer function
T(s)

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.

❑ Gain G(ω) of the filter is the magnitude of T(s) in dB, and


Attenuation A(ω) function is the inverse of the Gain

4
Filter description
❑ The filter shapes the magnitude and phase of the input
signal according to the transmission function
❑ Magnitude of T(s) is defined as 𝑇 𝑗𝜔
❑ Phase function of T(s) is defined as ∅𝑗𝜔
❑ The filter job is to select from the frequency spectrum the
desired signal or to change the phase of the input signals
❑ Pass signals within a certain frequency range and stop
signals outside this range
❑ Thus a filter must have passband(s) and stopband

5
Filter types and ideal response

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 6


Filter design process
❑ Filter design begins with the
user identifying the desired
filter response
❑ However, ideal response cannot
be achieved by physical circuits
❑ The filter user must define
acceptable deviations from the
ideal response
➢ Amax ‘Passband ripple’ is the
maximum attenuation in the
passband (0.05 to 3dB)
➢ Amin is the minimum attenuation
in the stopband (20 to 100dB)

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 7


Filter design process
❑ Filter design begins with the
user identifying the desired
filter response
❑ A transition band between the
passband and stopband is
defined as the response
cannot fall abruptly
❑ Transition band is defined
between ωp and ωs
❑ Selectivity factor is the ratio
between ωs and ωp

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 8


Filter design process
❑ Filter response is defined by:
❑ Passband frequencyωp
❑ Stopband frequency ωs
❑ Amax and Amin
❑ Selectivity factor ωs/ ωp
❑ The ideal filter response
have unity selectivity factor,
very small Amax and very
large Amin
❑Higher order filter and
complex hardware
9
Filter Response characteristics
Filter design process
❑ Once the filter desired response is selected, selection of
T(s) that meets the desired response isdone
❑ Filter Approximation

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 11


Filter Transfer function
❑ T(s) is defined by a ratio between two polynomials
❑ The filter order is N, and for stable system M ≤ N

❑ Zeros of T(s) are called transmission zeros


❑ Poles of T(s) are called natural modes

12
Filter transfer function
❑ Zeros and poles can be real or complex (Complex
conjugate)
❑ Transmission zeros occur in the stopband of the filter (jω
axis)
❑ We have transmission zeros at ∞ (N-M zeros)
❑ Poles must be in the LHP(negative real parts)
❑ Poles are located in the passband

13
Filter transfer function
example

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 14


Filter approximation
❑ There are two famous filter approximations for lowpass
response
❑ Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters
❑ These filters responses can realize different
responses via frequency transformations
❑ These functions can be used directly to design the filter as
long as the filter specs aredefined

15
Butterworth filter
❑ All pole filter
❑ All transmission zeros are
located at ∞
❑ Maximally flat response
❑ Magnitude response of
Nth order filter

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 16


Butterworth filter
❑Є is a parameter that
depends on Amax

❑ As N increase the degree of


passband flatness increases
❑ The order of the filter ‘N’ is
selected according to Amin

16
Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
Butterworth filter
❑ Poles (natural modes) of
the filter is defined from a
graphical representation
given below
❑ Poles are located in a
circle with radius
ωp(1/Є)1/N
❑ Poles are spaced by
equal π/N

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 18


Butterworth filter
❑ All poles have radial
distance from the origin
with ωo=ωp(1/Є)1/N
❑ The gain of the filter can
be adjusted as required
❑ K is DCgain

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 19


Chebyshev filter
❑ All pole filter
❑ Equiripple response in passband
❑ Number of maxima and minima in the passband is
the filter’s order
❑ Magnitude response of Nth order filter

20
Chebyshev filter

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 21


Chebyshev filter
❑ Є is a parameter that depends onAmax

❑ The order of the filter ‘N’ is selected according to Amin

21
Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
23
First order filter functions
❑ A cascade of first-order filters can realize higher order
ones
❑ First-order filters can be cascaded with second order
sections to realize odd order filters
❑ In case of cascading Active-RC sections, the loading effect is
negligible
❑ Transfer function is the product of each sectionT(s)
❑ General first-order transfer function:

24
First order filter functions
❑ Natural mode at 𝑠 = −𝜔𝑜
❑ Transmission zero at 𝑠 = − 𝑎𝑜 𝑎
1
❑ High frequency gain at a1
❑ Values of a1 and ao will determine the filter’s response

25
First order filter functions

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 26


First order filter functions

Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 27

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