Experiment Title

No.
1 Calibration of a Multimeter
2 Use of Megger for Insulation testing of a transformer
3 Design of an Analog Signal Conditioning Circuit to produce 0-5V using
op-amp and voltage divider circuit
4 Design of R-2R Ladder Digital to Analog Converter
5 Data Acquisition System using Arduino and Matlab/Simulink
6 Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller

Course Title: Instrumentation and Microprocessor Laboratory Work

Course Code: EEEG 306
Credit Hours: 1

1
Experiment-I
Experiment-I
Title: Calibration of a Multimeter
Apparatus:
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Multimeter 0-220V Digital 1
3 DC voltage supply 0-15V 1
4 Resistor 1kΩ 2
5 Bread-board 1
6 Wires Few

Theory:
A digital multimeter is used to measure voltage,current,resistance and as well as check the
continuity of the circuit. The display shows the measured value.A multimeter is calibrated to
a known zero value prior to readings for accurate measurements.
Circuit diagram:

Figure 1. Connection of a Multimeter

for calibration
Procedure:
1. The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1.
2. The input of dc supply was varied from 0 to 10V with a step of 1V.
3. The readings of voltmeter and ammeter was observed and noted under test.
4. The percentage relative square error (rse (%)) was calculated using (1)

2
 rse ( % )=¿ Am −¿ A ∨ ¿ ∗100% ¿ ¿ (1)
t
At

where Am is the measured value and At is the true value.

5. The calibration curve (Am vs At) was shown in graph for both voltmeter and ammeter.

Consider an error tolerance of 1%

Observation Table:

S. No. Readings Standard Error Status Readings Standard Erro Status

of reading (%) of reading r (%)
Voltmeter (V) Ammeter (A)
under test under
test
(V)
(A)
1.(1V) 0.5 0.528 5.6 FALS 0.0005 0.001 100 FALSE
E
2.(2V) 1 1.047 4.7 FALS 0.001 0.001 0 TRUE
E
3.(3V) 1.5 1.538 2.53 FALS 0.0015 0.002 33.33 FALSE
E
4.(4V) 2 2.019 0.95 TRUE 0.002 0.002 0 TRUE
5.(5V) 2.5 2.522 0.88 TRUE 0.0025 0.003 -2 FALSE
6.(6V) 3 3.019 0.63 TRUE 0.003 0.003 0 TRUE
7.(7V) 3.5 3.516 0.45 TRUE 0.0035 0.004 1.42 FALSE

3
4
Conclusion:
Hence,the calibration of the multimeter was done by taking both voltmeter and ammeter
readings.The percentage relative square error(rse) was also calculated by using the formula.
The status was concluded to be true if rse was less than or equal to 0, otherwise false.The
calibration curve was shown in graph for Am vs At for both readings.

5
Experiment-II
Title: Use of Megger for Insulation testing of a transformer
Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Megger 230V, 1-phase 1
2 Connecting wires 3/22, 15A Few
3 Transformer

Theory
Megger is used for insulation testing. The insulation should be high in MΩ for good
equipment and will lie in Ω range for damaged equipment.

Circuit diagram:

(a) (b)
Figure 1 (a). Transformer (b) Transformer insulation testing using megger

6
Procedure:
1. Remove completely external supply to transformer.
2. Connect leads to megger and set the megger voltage to 1000V.
3. Measure the insulation resistance

Observation Table:
Table 1. Phase-ground insulation resistance check
S. No. Connection Resistance (MΩ)
1 1.2-Ground
2 1.1-Ground
… ..

Table 2. Phase-phase insulation resistance check

S. No. Connection Resistance (MΩ)
1 1.2-2.1
2 1.2-2.2
… ..

Conclusion:

7
Experiment-III
Title: Design of an Analog Signal Conditioning Circuit to produce 0-5V using op-
amp and voltage –divider circuit
Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltage supply DC 1
2 Op-amp LM741 1
3 DC voltage supply 1
4 Resistor 1kΩ 1
5 Resistor 10 kΩ Potentiometer 1
6 Breadboard 1
7 Wires Few

Circuit diagram:

8
 Figure 1. Potentiometer as a sensor for angular displacement measurement [I]

Figure 2. Angular position vs Resistance

Figure 3. Signal conditioning circuit for angular displacement using op-amp

Procedure for signal conditioning using op-amp:
1.Calculate the value for R1 using following relationships:
9
Desired:
When Rs = 0kΩ, Vo = 0V, Vcc = + 12V
Rs = 10kΩ, Vo = 5V

Use single slope intercept formula to find the value of R1.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 3.
3. Vary the sensor resistance from 0o step wise upto 270o and note the output voltage.

Procedure for signal conditioning using voltage divider:

1. Calculate the value for R using following relationships:
Desired:
When Rs = 0kΩ, Vo = 0V, Vcc = 12V
Rs = 10kΩ, Vo = 5V, Vcc = 12V

Use the voltage divider circuit formula to find the output voltage as:

V o=
( Rs
)V
Rs + R cc

Put, Rs = 10kΩ, Vo = 5V, Vcc = 12V to find the value of R.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 4.
3. Vary the sensor resistance from 0o step wise upto 270o and note the output voltage.

Figure 4. Signal conditioning circuit for angular displacement using voltage-divider

Observation Table:
S. No. Sensor output in Sensor output in Output Output
degrees kΩ voltage voltage

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 from op-amp from divider
1 0 0
2 … … .. ..
3 ..
4 …
5 …
6 270 10

● Plot the graph of output voltage vs angular position for both signal conditioning
circuits.

Conclusion:

References:
I. https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-potentiometer (Accessed on: October
12, 2021, 12:02 PM)
II. https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf (Accessed on: October 12, 2021, 12:02
PM)

Appendix

11
Experiment-IV
Title: Design of a R-2R Ladder Digital to Analog converter

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Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Voltage supply DC 1
2 Op-amp LM741 1
3 DC voltage supply 1
4 Resistor 1kΩ 4
5 Resistor 2kΩ 4
6 Breadboard 1
7 Wires Few

Circuit diagram:

Figure 1. Circuit for R-2R Digital to Analog converter

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.
2. Start with all the switch position as S1 = 0, S2 = 0, S3 = 0.
3. Change the switch position as S1 = 1, S2 = 0, S3 = 0 and measure the output voltage (Vm).
Use (1) to measure the actual output voltage (Va)

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 −Rf
V a =¿ V R ¿ ] (1)
R
Use Rf = R = 1kΩ, VR = 5V
4. Calculate the percentage relative square error rse (%) using (2).
rse ( % )=¿ V m−¿ V ∨ ¿ ∗100 % ¿ ¿ (2)
a
Va

3. Continue the experiment until S1 = 1, S2 = 1, S3 = 1.

Observation Table:

S. No. S1 S2 S3 Measured Expected rse (%)

output output
voltage voltage
(V)
(V)

1 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
3 0 1 0
4 0 1 1
5 1 0 0
6 1 0 1
7 1 1 0
8 1 1 1
Average rse (%)

Conclusion:

References:
I. https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-potentiometer (Accessed on: October
12, 2021, 12:02 PM)

14
 II. https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf (Accessed on: October 12, 2021, 12:02
PM)

Appendix

15
Experiment-V
Title: Data acquisition system using Arduino and Matlab/Simulink
Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Arduino Uno 1
2 Resistor 0-10kΩ Potentiometer 1
3 Wires Few
4 Computer 1
5 Matlab 2017b or
higher with
Arduino package
6 Breadboard 1

Circuit diagram:

Figure 1. Data acquisition system for monitoring of angular position

16
Figure 2. Set up for data acquisition [I]

Figure 3. Arduino pin map [II]

17
Important Formula:
Vi
D out =
step ¿ ¿¿

Where Dout : digital data output in (decimal), Vi: analog input voltage,
Step size (resolution) = Vref/2n where n is the number of bit

18
Procedure:
1. Open MATLAB/ Simulink and create a new blank model

19
2. Copy Display and scope from Simulink-> Sinks into the model

20
3. Add Simulink-> Simulink Support Package for Hardware ->Comon-> Analog Input into the model

21
4. Connect all the blocks as shown below.
Gain=1/2n , where n is number of bits θ (deg) = (Vo*270)/5

5. Click on Simulation.

22
6. Select your hardware board as shown below

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7. Change as shown below and run the simulation

24
References:
I. https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-potentiometer (Accessed on: October 12, 2021, 12:02 PM)
II. https://components101.com/microcontrollers/arduino-uno

25
Experiment-VI
Title: Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller
Apparatus
S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity
1 Computer 1
2 Arduino 1
3 Led 1
4 Resistor 220 Ω 1
5 Matlab 2017b or higher 1
with Arduino package
6 Breadboard 1
7 Wires Few

Input: Temperature (deg. c): [0-50]

Cold: [0-25], Warm: [20-30], Hot: [25-50]

Output: Motor speed (rpm): [0-300]

Slow: [0-120], Medium: [80-220], Fast: [200-300]

Membership function: Triangular

Rules:
If Then
Temperature is Cold Motor speed is Slow
Temperature is Warm Motor speed is Medium
Temperature is Hot Motor speed is Fast

26
Pulse width modulation and output voltage

Figure 1. Concept of Pulse width modulation [I]

27
Figure 2. Display of pulse width modulation function of Arduino using LED [I]

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29
References:
[I] https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/muhammad-aqib/arduino-pwm-tutorial-ae9d71

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 EXTRA
Title: Development of a closed loop control system design using Simulink
Apparatus

S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Arduino Uno 1

2 Temperature sensor LM 35

2 Resistor 500Ω Potentiometer 1

3 Wires Few

4 Breadboard 1

5 LED Few

6 Breadboard 1

Theory:
This lab will discuss closed loop control system design to maintain the temperature in a closed area.
The plant is the heater. The overall control system will be developed in Simulink.

Block diagram:

Controller Plant
Error Actual temp.
Reference Input
Arduino Heater
Temperature Transducer

Reference
Voltage Temperature
sensor (LM35)
Actual voltage
Output transducer

Figure 1. Closed loop control system for temperature regulation

Note, that the heater is replaced by LED for demonstration purposes.

31
Figure 2. Closed loop implementation in Simulink

32
 EXTRA
Title: Development of a closed loop control system design using Simulink
Apparatus

S. No. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Arduino Uno 1

2 Temperature sensor LM 35

2 Resistor 500Ω Potentiometer 1

3 Wires Few

4 Breadboard 1

5 LED Few

6 Breadboard 1

Theory:
This lab will discuss closed loop control system design to maintain the temperature in a closed area.
The plant is the heater. The overall control system will be developed in Simulink.

Block diagram:

Controller Plant
Error Actual temp.
Reference Input
Arduino Heater
Temperature Transducer

Reference
Voltage Temperature
sensor (LM35)
Actual voltage
Output transducer

Figure 1. Closed loop control system for temperature regulation

Note, that the heater is replaced by LED for demonstration purposes.

33
Figure 2. Closed loop implementation in Simulink

34