What is Computer :

Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with

Information.The term computer is derived from the Latin term
‘computare’, this means to calculate.Computer can not do anything
without a Program.it represents the decimal numbers through a string of
binary digits. The Word 'Computer'usually refers to the Center Processor
Unit plus Internal memory.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input

from the user and processes these data under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output
for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical
(arithmetic and logical) calculations.The basic components of a modern
digital computer are: Input Device,Output Device,Central Processor. A
Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips.

Charles Babbage is called the "Grand Father" of the computer.The First

mechanical computer designed by charles Babbage was called Analytical
Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

Four Functions about computer are:

accepts data Input

processes data Processing
produces output Output
stores results Storage

Input (Data):

Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input
devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal
process of the computer system.

Output:

Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing.

Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage
devices for the future use.
Uses of a Computer

Education :

Getting the right kind of information is a major challenge as is getting

information to make sense. College students spend an average of 5-6 hours
a week on the internet.Research shows that computers can significantly
enhance performance in learning. Students exposed to the internet say they
think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic
research and of their written work. One revolution in education is the
advent of distance learning. This offers a variety of internet and video-based
online courses.

Health and Medicine :

Computer technology is radically changing the tools of medicine. All

medical information can now be digitized. Software is now able to computer
the risk of a disease. Mental health researchers are using computers to
screen troubled teenagers in need of psychotherapy. A patient paralyzed by
a stroke has received an implant that allows communication between his
brain and a computer; as a result, he can move a cursor across a screen by
brainpower and convey simple messages.

Science :

Scientists have long been users of it. A new adventure among scientists is
the idea of a “collaboratory”, an internet based collaborative laboratory, in
which researchers all over the world can work easily together even at a
distance. An example is space physics where space physicists are allowed to
band together to measure the earth’s ionosphere from instruments on four
parts of the world.

Business :
Business clearly see the interest as a way to enhance productivity and
competitiveness. Some areas of business that are undergoing rapid changes
are sales and marketing, retailing, banking, stock trading, etc. Sales
representatives not only need to be better educated and more
knowledgeable about their customer’s businesses, but also must be
comfortable with computer technology. The internet has become a popular
marketing tool. The world of cybercash has come to banking – not only
smart cards but internet banking, electronic deposit, bill paying, online
stock and bond trading, etc.

Recreation and Entertainment:

Our entertainment and pleasure-time have also been affected by

computerization. For example:

i) In movies, computer generated graphics give freedom to designers so that

special effects and even imaginary characters can play a part in making
movies, videos, and commercials.

ii) In sports, computers compile statistics, sell tickets, create training

programs and diets for athletes, and suggest game plan strategies based on
the competitor’s past performance.

iii) In restaurants, almost every one has eaten food where the clerk enters
an order by indicating choices on a rather unusual looking cash register;
the device directly enters the actual data into a computer, and calculates
the cost and then prints a receipt.

Government:

Various departments of the Government use computer for their planning,

control and law enforcement activities. To name a few – Traffic, Tourism,
Information & Broadcasting, Education, Aviation and many others.

Defence:

There are many uses computers in Defence such as:

1) Controlling UAV or unmanned air-crafts an example is Predator. If you
have cable I would recommend watching the shows “Future Weapons" and
“Modern Marvels". The show future weapon gives an entire hour to the
predator.

2) They are also used on Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) that

uses GPS and Computers to help the missile get to the target.

3) Computers are used to track incoming missiles and help slew weapons
systems onto the incoming target to destroy them.

4) Computers are used in helping the military find out where all their assets
are (Situational Awareness) and in Communications/Battle Management
Systems.

5) Computers are used in the logistic and ordering functions of getting

equipments to and around the battlefield.

6) Computers are used in tanks and planes and ships to target enemy
forces, help run the platform and more recently to help diagnose any
problems with the platforms.

7) Computers help design and test new systems.

Sports:

In today's technologically growing society, computers are being used in

nearly every activity.

Recording Information

Official statistics keepers and some scouts use computers to record

statistics, take notes and chat online while attending and working at a
sports event.

Analyzing Movements
The best athletes pay close attention to detail. Computers can slow
recorded video and allow people to study their specific movements to try to
improve their tendencies and repair poor habits.

Writers

Many sportswriters attend several sporting events a week, and they take
their computers with them to write during the game or shortly after while
their thoughts are fresh in their mind.

Scoreboard

While some scoreboards are manually updated, most professional sports

venues have very modern scoreboards that are programmed to update
statistics and information immediately after the information is entered into
the computer.

Safety

Computers have aided in the design of safety equipment in sports such as

football helmets to shoes to mouth guards
Block Diagram of Computer and Explain its Various Components

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve
highly complicated problems quickly and accurately. A computer as shown
in Fig. performs basically five major computer operations or functions
irrespective of their size and make. These are

1) it accepts data or instructions by way of input,

2) it stores data,

3) it can process data as required by the user,

4) it gives results in the form of output, and

5) it controls all operations inside a computer.

We discuss below each of these Computer operations

Fig : Basic computer

Operations
1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the
computer system. You should know that computer is an electronic machine
like any other machine which takes as inputs raw data and performs some
processing giving out processed data. Therefore, the input unit takes data
from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing.

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is

known as storage. Data has to be fed into the system before the actual
processing starts. It is because the processing speed of Central Processing
Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be provided to CPU with the same
speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit for faster access
and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer
system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for
storing data and instructions.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:

• All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.

• Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and

logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of
calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided.
It is then sent back to the storage unit.

4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for
getting useful information. Similarly the output produced by the computer
after processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before
being given to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored
inside the computer for further processing.

5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above
operations are performed. Controlling of all operations like input,
processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step
by step processing of all operations inside the computer.
FUNCTIONAL UNITS

In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the
computer allocates the task between its various functional units. The
computer system is divided into three separate units for its operation. They
are

1) arithmetic logical unit

2) control unit.

3) central processing unit.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Logical Unit

Logical Unit :After you enter data through the input device it is stored in
the primary storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction
are performed by Arithmetic Logical Unit. The major operations performed
by the ALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logic and
comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required.
After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further
processing or getting stored.

Control Unit (CU)

The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the
supervisor seeing that things are done in proper fashion. Control Unit is
responsible for co ordinating various operations using time signal. The
control unit determines the sequence in which computer programs and
instructions are executed. Things like processing of programs stored in the
main memory, interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for
other units of the computer to execute them. It also acts as a switch board
operator when several users access the computer simultaneously. Thereby
it coordinates the activities of computer’s peripheral equipment as they
perform the input and output.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central
processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is
just like brain that takes all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations
and directs different parts of the computer functions by activating and
controlling the operations.

Classification of Computers

Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are

classified according to purpose, data handling and functionality.

According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or specific

purpose. General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of
tasks.

They have the ability to store numerous programs, but lack in speed and
efficiency. Specific purpose computers are designed to handle a specific
problem or to perform a specific task. A set of instructions is built into the
machine.

According to data handling, computers are analog, digital or hybrid. Analog

computers work on the principle of measuring, in which the measurements
obtained are translated into data. Modern analog computers usually employ
electrical parameters, such as voltages, resistances or currents, to
represent the quantities being manipulated. Such computers do not deal
directly with the numbers. They measure continuous physical magnitudes.
Digital computers are those that operate with information, numerical or
otherwise, represented in a digital form. Such computers process data into
a digital value (in 0s and 1s). They give the results with more accuracy and
at a faster rate. Hybrid computers incorporate the measuring feature of an
analog computer and counting feature of a digital computer. For
computational purposes, these computers use analog components and for
storage, digital memories are used.

According to functionality, computers are classified as :

Analog Computer

An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of

computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical,
mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved

Digital Computer

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with

quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system

Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting

in both digital and analog signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a
cost effective method of performing complex simulations.

On the basis of Size

Super Computer

The fastest and most powerful type of computer Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require
immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather
forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers
include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy
research, and petroleum exploration.

The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a

supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast
as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently.

Mainframe Computer

A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or

even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarchy that starts with a
simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the bottom and moves to
supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In
some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because
they support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can
execute a single program faster than a mainframe.

Mini Computer

A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie between

workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction between
large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has
the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in
general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting
from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

Micro Computer or Personal Computer


 Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on
a desk.
 Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen
and keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and
larger than a notebook computer.
 Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized
computer. Palmtops have no keyboard but the screen serves both as an input
and output device.

Workstations

A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation is

just a generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a
"server" or "mainframe."
Characteristic of a Computer

Basic characteristics about computer are:

1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few
seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will be
surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of
instructions and even more per second.

Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of microsecond

(10-6 part of a second) or nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a second).
From this you can imagine how fast your computer performs work.

2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every

calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is
determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are
due to human and inaccurate data.

3. Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration,

fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any error. If millions of
calculations are to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation
with the same accuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human being
in routine type of work.

4. Versatility: - It means the capacity to perform completely different type

of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment
you may use it for inventory management or to prepare electric bills.

5. Power of Remembering: - Computer has the power of storing any

amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled
as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It depends entirely upon
you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to lose or
retrieve these data.

6. No IQ: - Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without

instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed
and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what
sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.

7. No Feeling: - It does not have feelings or emotion, taste, knowledge and

experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does
not distinguish between users.

8. Storage: - The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a

large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices
such as floppies, which can be kept outside your computer and can be
carried to other computers.
History of computer

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological

development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate,
resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient
and reliable devices.

The various generations of computers an listed below :

(i) First Generation (1946-1954) : In 1946 there was no 'best' way of

storing instructions and data in a computer memory. There were four
competing technologies for providing computer memory: electrostatic
storage tubes, acoustic delay lines (mercury or nickel), magnetic drums
(and disks?), and magnetic core storage.

The digital computes using electronic valves (Vacuum tubes) are known as
first generation computers. the first 'computer' to use electronic valves (ie.
vacuum tubes). The high cost of vacuum tubes prevented their use for main
memory. They stored information in the form of propagating sound waves.

The vacuum tube consumes a lot of power. The Vacuum tube was developed
by Lee DeForest in 1908. These computers were large in size and writing
programs on them was difficult. Some of the computers of this generation
were:

Mark I : The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC),

called the Mark I by Harvard University, was an electro-mechanical
computer. Mark I is the first machine to successfully perform a long
services of arithmetic and logical operation. Mark I is the First
Generation Computer. it was the first operating machine that could
execute long computations automatically. Mark I computer which was
built as a partnership between Harvard and IBM in 1944. This was the
first programmable digital computer made in the U.S. But it was not a
purely electronic computer. Instead the Mark I was constructed out of
switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. The machine weighed 5 tons,
incorporated 500 miles of wire, was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long, and had a
50 ft rotating shaft running its length, turned by a 5 horsepower electric
motor.

ENIAC: It was the first general-purpose electronic computer built in

1946 at University of Pennsylvania, USA by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert. The completed machine was announced to the public the
evening of February 14, 1946. It was named Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum
tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than
30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8 by 3 by 100 feet (2.4 m × 0.9 m × 30 m),
took up 1800 square feet (167 m2), and consumed 150 kW of power. Input
was possible from an IBM card reader, and an IBM card punch was used
for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline
using an IBM accounting machine, such as the IBM 405. Today your
favorite computer is many times as powerful as ENIAC, still size is very
small.

EDVAC: It stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic

Computer and was developed in 1950.it was to be a vast improvement
upon ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program
computer. The concept of storing data and instructions inside the
computer was introduced here. This allowed much faster operation since
the computer had rapid access to both data and instructions. The other
advantage of storing instruction was that computer could do logical decision
internally.

The EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition,

subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking
with an ultrasonic serial memory. EDVAC's addition time was 864
microseconds and its multiplication time was 2900 microseconds (2.9
milliseconds).
The computer had almost 6,000 vacuum tubes and 12,000 diodes, and
consumed 56 kW of power. It covered 490 ft² (45.5 m²) of floor space and
weighed 17,300 lb (7,850 kg).

EDSAC: It stands for Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer

and was developed by M.V. Wilkes at Cambridge University in 1949.
Two groups of individuals were working at the same time to develop the
first stored-program computer. In the United States, at the University of
Pennsylvania the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) was being worked on. In England at Cambridge, the EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) was also being developed.
The EDSAC won the race as the first stored-program computer beating
the United States’ EDVAC by two months. The EDSAC performed
computations in the three millisecond range. It performed arithmetic and
logical operations without human intervention. The key to the success was
in the stored instructions which it depended upon solely for its operation.
This machine marked the beginning of the computer age. EDSAC is
the first computer is used to store a program

UNIVAC-1: Ecker and Mauchly produced it in 1951 by Universal

Accounting Computer setup. it was the first commercial computer
produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper
Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC.

The machine was 25 feet by 50 feet in length, contained 5,600 tubes, 18,000
crystal diodes, and 300 relays. It utilized serial circuitry, 2.25 MHz bit rate,
and had an internal storage capacity 1,000 words or 12,000 characters.

It utilized a Mercury delay line, magnetic tape, and typewriter output.

The UNIVAC was used for general purpose computing with large
amounts of input and output.

Power consumption was about 120 kva. Its reported processing speed was
0.525 milliseconds for arithmetic functions, 2.15 milliseconds for
multiplication and 3.9 Milliseconds for division.
The UNIVAC was also the first computer to come equipped with a magnetic
tape unit and was the first computer to use buffer memory.

Other Important Computers of First Generation

Some other computers of this time worth mentioning are the Whirlwind,
developed at Massachussets Institute of Technology, and JOHNNIAC, by the
Rand Corporation. The Whirlwind was the first computer to display real
time video and use core memory. The JOHNNIAC was named in honor of Jon
Von Neumann. Computers at this time were usually kept in special locations
like government and university research labs or military compounds.

Limitations of First Generation Computer

Followings are the major drawbacks of First generation computers.

1. They used valves or vacuum tubes as their main electronic component.

2. They were large in size, slow in processing and had less storage capacity.

3. They consumed lots of electricity and produced lots of heat.

4. Their computing capabilities were limited.

5. They were not so accurate and reliable.

6. They used machine level language for programming.

7. They were very expensive.

Example: ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650 etc

(ii) Second Generation (1955-1964) : The second-generation computer

used transistors for CPU components & ferrite cores for main memory
& magnetic disks for secondary memory. They used high-level languages
such as FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1960) & COBOL (1960 - 1961). I/O
processor was included to control I/O operations.
Around 1955 a device called Transistor replaced the bulky Vacuum tubes
in the first generation computer. Transistors are smaller than Vacuum tubes
and have higher operating speed. They have no filament and require no
heating. Manufacturing cost was also very low. Thus the size of the
computer got reduced considerably.

It is in the second generation that the concept of Central Processing Unit

(CPU), memory, programming language and input and output units were
developed. The programming languages such as COBOL, FORTRAN were
developed during this period. Some of the computers of the Second
Generation were

1. IBM 1620: Its size was smaller as compared to First Generation

computers and mostly used for scientific purpose.

2. IBM 1401: Its size was small to medium and used for business
applications.

3. CDC 3600: Its size was large and is used for scientific purposes.

Features:

1. Transistors were used instead of Vacuum Tube.

2. Processing speed is faster than First Generation Computers (Micro

Second)

3. Smaller in Size (51 square feet)

4. The input and output devices were faster.

Example: IBM 1400 and 7000 Series, Control Data 3600 etc.

(iii) Third Generation (1964-1977) : By the development of a

small chip consisting of the capacity of the 300 transistors. These ICs are
popularly known as Chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers and
capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon. So it is quite obvious that
the size of the computer got further reduced. Some of the computers
developed during this period were IBM-360, ICL-1900, IBM-370, and
VAX-750. Higher level language such as BASIC (Beginners All purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed during this period.
Computers of this generation were small in size, low cost, large memory
and processing speed is very high. Very soon ICs Were replaced by LSI
(Large Scale Integration), which consisted about 100 components. An IC
containing about 100 components is called LSI.

Features:

1. They used Integrated Circuit (IC) chips in place of the transistors.

2. Semi conductor memory devices were used.

3. The size was greatly reduced, the speed of processing was high, they
were more accurate and reliable.

4. Large Scale Integration (LSI) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
were also developed.

5. The mini computers were introduced in this generation.

6. They used high level language for programming.

Example: IBM 360, IBM 370 etc.

(iv) Fourth Generation : An IC containing about 100 components is

called LSI (Large Scale Integration) and the one, which has more than 1000
such components, is called as VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration). It
uses large scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) built on a single silicon chip
called microprocessors. Due to the development of microprocessor it is
possible to place computer’s central processing unit (CPU) on single chip.
These computers are called microcomputers. Later very large scale
Integrated Circuits (VLSIC) replaced LSICs. Thus the computer which was
occupying a very large room in earlier days can now be placed on a table.
The personal computer (PC) that you see in your school is a Fourth
Generation Computer Main memory used fast semiconductors chips up to 4
M bits size. Hard disks were used as secondary memory. Keyboards, dot
matrix printers etc. were developed. OS-such as MS-DOS, UNIX, Apple’s
Macintosh were available. Object oriented language, C++ etc were
developed.

Features:

1. They used Microprocessor (VLSI) as their main switching element.

2. They are also called as micro computers or personal computers.

3. Their size varies from desktop to laptop or palmtop.

4. They have very high speed of processing; they are 100% accurate,
reliable, diligent and versatile.

5. They have very large storage capacity.

Example: IBM PC, Apple-Macintosh etc.

(v) Fifth Generation (1991- continued) : 5th generation computers use

ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips. Millions of transistors are
placed in a single IC in ULSI chips. 64 bit microprocessors have been
developed during this period. Data flow & EPIC architecture of these
processors have been developed. RISC & CISC, both types of designs are
used in modern processors. Memory chips and flash memory up to 1 GB,
hard disks up to 600 GB & optical disks up to 50 GB have been developed.
fifth generation digital computer will be Artificial intelligence.
CPU - Central Processing Unit

Every things computer does is controlled by its Central Processing Unit

(CPU). The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to
simply as the central processor or Nerve Centre or heart, but more
commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place.

In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a

computer system. It add and compare its data in cpu chip. A CPU or
Processors of all computers, whether micro, mini or mainframe must have
three element or parts primary storage, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and
control unit. Control Unit (CU) - decodes the program instruction. CPU chip
used in a computer is partially made out of Silica. on other words silicon
chip used for data processing are called Micro Processor.

Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the Pc.

Sometimes it is called as processor. It is the brain that runs the show inside
the Pc. All work that is done on a computer is performed directly or
indirectly by the processor. Obviously, it is one of the most important
components of the Pc. It is also, scientifically, not only one of the most
amazing parts of the PC, but one of the most amazing devices in the world
of technology. The processor plays a significant role in the following
important aspects of your computer system;

Performance: The processor is probably the most important single

determinant of system performance in the Pc. While other components also
playa key role in determining performance, the processor's capabilities
dictate the maximum performance of a system. The other devices only allow
the processor to reach its full potential.

Software Support: Newer, faster processors enable the use of the latest
software. In addition, new processors such as the Pentium with MMX
Technology, enable the use of specialized software not usable on earlier
machines.
Reliability and Stability: The quality of the processor is one factor that
determines how reliably your system will run. While most processors are
very dependable, some are not. This also depends to some extent on the age
of the processor and how much energy it consumes.

Energy Consumption and Cooling: Originally processors consumed

relatively little power compared to other system devices. Newer processors
can consume a great deal of power. Power consumption has an impact on
everything from cooling method selection to overall system reliability.

Motherboard Support: The processor that decides to use in your system

will be a major determining factor in what sort of chipset we must use, and
hence what motherboard you buy. The motherboard in turn dictates many
facets of. The system's capabilities and performance.
Personal Computer - What is personal computer?

A computer is a machine that can handle and manipulate data in

accordance with the instructions, and is also able to generate visible results
on a screen or monitor. Different computer do different kinds of work, a
small computer that has been designed to be used by one person, at home
or in an office. It is often simply called a PC.

What is a personal computer?

A personal computer is a computer small and low cost, which is intended

for personal use (or for use by a small group of individuals). The term
"personal computer" is used to describe desktop computers (desktops). It is
often shortened to the acronym PC or microcomputer, whose meaning in
English is "personal computer". It is a very common type of machines.

Personal Computer (acronym PC) consists of a Processor (CPU), central

processing unit (CPU) contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry
on an single (IC) integrated circuit; two types of memory, main memory,
such as RAM, and ROM, magnetic hard disks (HDD) and compact discs and
various input/output devices, including a display screen, keyboard and
mouse, modem, and printer.
History of Personal Computer

Prior to the Personal Computer (acronym PC), computers were designed for
large organization who attached thin terminals for multiple users to a single
large computer whose resources were shared among all users. The advent
of the personal computer (PC), they break up the tradition of terminals
computing. By the late 1980s, technology advances made it feasible to build
a small computer that an individual could own and use.

The personal computer began to be widespread in the 1980s. The first was
expensive, work late and had little capacity seen with today's eyes. History
shows that they had their antecedents in particular as calculating machines.
It was the development of an effective operating system and a user friendly
interface which gave impetus to the development and let them be word
processors.

According to the Computer History, the first "personal computer" was the
Kenbak-1, launched in 1971. Had 256 bytes of memory and was advertised
in Scientific American for $ 750, however, did not have CPU and was, like
other systems of this era, designed for educational use.

Uses of Personal Computers

Personal computer (PC) is used for Work with word processing, Internet
communications, and sound compositions and also for DTP. The PC is a
most valued piece of technology around the world. The data processing
capabilities of PC have added to their usage.