ADVANCED SQL

Techniques

Baraa Khatib Salkini

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SQL Course | Challenges & Solutions of Complex SQL Projects
SQL Course | Database Architecture
 Subquery

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Subquery
 How
Subquery
Works

SQL Course | Subquery

 SUBQUERY

SQL Course | Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery
SQL Course | Subquery Result Types
SQL Course | Subquery | How DB Execute Subquery
 Subquery in
FROM Clause

Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM ( SELECT column FROM table1 WHERE condition )AS alias

Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery |FROM

 Subquery in
FROM Clause
 Subquery in
SELECT Clause
Main Query

SELECT
Column1,

( SELECT column FROM table1 WHERE condition ) AS alias

FROM table1

Subquery
Rules
Only Scalar Subqueries are allowed to be used

SQL Course | Subquery|SELECT

Subquery in
SELECT
Clause
 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
Comparison Operators
Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM table1

WHERE column =( SELECT column FROM table2 WHERE condition )

Rules Subquery
Only Scalar Subqueries are allowed to be used

SQL Course | Subquery|WHERE Comparison

 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
Comparison Operators

= Equal WHERE Sales = (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

!= <> Not Equal WHERE Sales != (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

> Greater than WHERE Sales > (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

< Less than WHERE Sales < (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

>= Greater than or equal to WHERE Sales >= (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

<= Less than or equal to WHERE Sales <= (SELECT AVG(Sales) FROM ORDERS)

SQL Course | Subquery|WHERE Comparison

 Comparison
Operators

Subquery in
WHERE Clause
Comparison Operators
 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
In Operator
Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM table1

WHERE column IN ( SELECT column FROM table2 WHERE condition )

Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery|WHERE IN

 Logical
Operators

IN Checks if a value matches any value in a list WHERE Sales IN (SELECT …)

NOT IN Checks if a value does not matches any value in a list WHERE Sales NOT IN (SELECT …)

EXISTS Checks if subquery returns any rows WHERE EXISTS (SELECT …)

NOT EXISTS Checks if subquery returns no rows WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT …)

ANY Returns true if a value matches any value in a list. WHERE Sales < ANY (SELECT …)

ALL Returns true if a value matches all values in a list. WHERE Sales > ALL (SELECT …)
 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
In Operator
 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
ALL Operators

Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM table1

WHERE column < ALL( SELECT column FROM table1 WHERE condition )

Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery|WHERE ALL

 Subquery in
WHERE Clause
ANY Operator

Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM table1

WHERE column < ANY( SELECT column FROM table1 WHERE condition )

Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery|WHERE ANY

SQL Course | Subquery|Correlated
 Non-Correlated Subquery Correlated Subquery

Definition Subquery is independent of the main query Subquery is dependent of the main query

Executed once and its result is used by the main query Executed for each row processed by the main query
Execution
Can be executed on its Own Can't be executed on its Own.

Easy to use Easier to read Harder to read and more complex

Performance Executed only once leads to better Performance Executed multiple times leads to bad Performance

Usage Static Comparisons, Filtering with Constants Row-by-Row Comparisons, Dynamic Filtering

SQL Course | Subquery|Correlated

 Correlated Subquery in
WHERE Clause
EXISTS Operator Main Query

SELECT column1, column2,…

FROM Table2

WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT 1

FROM Table1

WHERE Table1.ID = Table2.ID

)

Subquery

SQL Course | Subquery|Correlated

 How EXISTS Works?

For each row in

Runs outer
Main query
Query

Run outer
Runs Subquery
query

No Result? returns Value ?

Row of Main Query Row of Main Query

Runs outer query Runs outer query
is excluded is included

SQL Course | Subquery|Correlated

 JOINS SUBQUERIES

SELECT *
SELECT o.*
FROM Orders
FROM Orders o
WHERE CustomerID IN
Syntax JOIN Customers c
(SELECT CustomerID
ON c.CustomerID = o.CustomerID
FROM Customers
AND c.Country = 'USA'
WHERE Country = 'USA')

Readability Not easy to read & maintain easy to read & maintain

Performance Fast Slow

Duplicate May lead to duplicate Safer

no risk to have duplicates

Best
Practices
Useful with Larg tables Useful with small tables

SQL Course | Subquery vs Joins

 CTE
Common Table Expression

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | CTE
SQL Course | CTE vs Subquery
SQL Course | CTE vs Subquery
SQL Course | CTE
SQL Course | CTE
SQL Course | CTE | How DB Execute CTE
SQL Course | CTE Types
SQL Course | Standalone CTE
 Standalone CTE

SQL Course | Standalone CTE

 Standalone CTE

WITH CTE-Name AS
(
SELECT … CTE Query
FROM … - CTE Definition -

WHERE …
)

SELECT …
FROM CTE-Name Main Query
- CTE Usage -
WHERE …

SQL Course | CTE Syntax

 Multiple CTEs

SQL Course | Multiple CTE

 Multiple CTEs

WITH CTE-Name1 AS
(
CTE Query
- CTE Definition - SELECT …
FROM …
WHERE …
)
, CTE-Name2 AS
(
CTE Query
SELECT …
- CTE Definition - FROM …
WHERE …
)

SELECT …
Main Query FROM CTE-Name1
- CTE Usage - JOIN CTE-Name2
WHERE …
SQL Course | Multiple CTE
SQL Course | Nested CTE
 Nested CTEs

SQL Course | Nested CTE

 Nested CTEs

WITH CTE-Name1 AS
(
SELECT … CTE Query
Standalone CTE - CTE Definition -
FROM …
WHERE …
)
, CTE-Name2 AS
(
NESTED CTE SELECT … CTE Query
- CTE Definition -
FROM CTE-Name1
WHERE …
)

SELECT …
Main Query
FROM CTE-Name2 - CTE Usage -
WHERE …

SQL Course | Nested CTE

SQL Course | Recursive CTE
 Recursive CTE

SQL Course | Recursive CTE

 Recursive CTE

WITH CTE-Name AS
(
SELECT …
Anchor
FROM …
Query
WHERE …
CTE Query
- CTE Definition - UNION ALL
SELECT …
Recursive
FROM CTE-Name Query
WHERE [Break Condition]
)

SELECT …
Main Query FROM CTE-Name
- CTE Usage -
WHERE …

SQL Course | Recursive CTE

SQL Course | Recursive CTE
SQL Course | Recursive CTE
SQL Course | Recursive CTE
SQL Course | CTE
 Views
Database Object

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Views
SQL Course | Views | Database Structure
SQL Course | Views | 3 Layers Architecture of Database
SQL Course | Views
SQL Course | Views vs Tables
SQL Course | Views vs Tables
SQL Course | Views | Central Logic
SQL Course | Views | Central Logic
SQL Course | Views vs CTE
SQL Course | Views vs CTE
 VIEWS

DDL
Statement
CREATE VIEW VIEW-NAME AS
(
SELECT …
FROM …
Query WHERE …
)

SQL Course | Views

 Flexibility & Dynamic

SQL Course | Views | Flexibility & Dynamic

 Hide Complexity

SQL Course | Views | Hide Complexity

 Security

SQL Course | Views | Security

 Multiple Languages

SQL Course | Views | Multiple Languages

 Virtual Data Marts

SQL Course | Views | Virtual Data Marts

 CTAS
Create Table As SELECT

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | CTAS
SQL Course | CTAS | What are Tables
SQL Course | CTAS | What are Tables
SQL Course | CTAS | What are Tables
SQL Course | CTAS | Table Types
SQL Course | CTAS vs CREATE/INSERT
SQL Course | CTAS | Table vs Views
 CREATE / INSERT
syntax

DDL CREATE TABLE Table-Name

Statement (
ID INT,
Name VARCHAR (50)
)

INSERT INTO Table-Name

Insert VALUES (1, ’Frank’)
Statement

SQL Course | CTAS | Create/INSERT Syntax

 CTAS
syntax

DDL
Statement
CREATE TABLE NAME AS
SELECT …
(
SELECT … INTO New-Table
FROM …
Query FROM …
WHERE …
WHERE …
)
MySQL | Postgres | Oracle Sql Server

SQL Course | CTAS Syntax

 Optimize Performance

SQL Course | CTAS | Optimize Performance

 Create Snapshot

You want to preserve

the current state of
data before
performing operations
that might change it.

SQL Course | CTAS | Creating Snapshot

 Physical Data Marts

SQL Course | CTAS | Physical Data Marts

 TEMPORARY
TABLE

SELECT …
INTO # New-Table
FROM …
WHERE …

Sql Server

SQL Course | TEMP Tables

 PERMENANT TEMPORARY
CREATE TABLE TABLE

CREATE TABLE TABLE-NAME AS CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE TABLE-NAME AS

( (
SELECT … SELECT …
FROM … FROM …
WHERE … WHERE …
) )

MySQL | Postgres | Oracle

SQL Course | TEMP Tables

SQL Course | TEMP Tables
SQL Course | TEMP Tables
 Empty Permenant Temporary
View
Table Table Table

CREATE VIEW View-Name AS SELECT … SELECT …

CREATE TABLE Table-Name
(
( INTO New-Table INTO #New-Table
SELECT …
ID INT,
FROM …
Name VARCHAR (50) FROM … FROM …
WHERE …
) WHERE … WHERE …
)

SQL Course | DB Objects

 Big Picture
All Techniques
Baraa Khatib Salkini
YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Comparison
 Stored Procedure

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Stored Procedure
 Stored Procedure

SQL Course | Stored Procedure

SQL Course | Stored Procedure vs Query
 Stored Procedure vs Python

SQL Course | Stored Procedure vs Python

 Stored Procedure

CREATE PROCEDURE ProcedureName AS

BEGIN
Stored Procedure
Definition
-- SQL STATEMENTS GO HERE

END

Stored Procedure
Execution (Call) EXEC ProcedureName

SQL Course | Stored Procedure | Syntax

 Error Handling
Start

BEGIN TRY
Execute
-- SQL statements that might cause an error
TRY

END TRY

Error
Error?
BEGIN CATCH
-- SQL statements To Handle The Error Execute
No CATCH
END CATCH Error

End

SQL Course | Stored Procedure | Error Handling

 Flow Control

Start

Value is Yes
NULL?

Update
No To Zero

End

SQL Course | Stored Procedure | Flow Control

 Triggers

Baraa Khatib Salkini

YouTube | DATA WITH BARAA
SQL Course | Triggers
 Triggers

SQL Course | Triggers

SQL Course | Trigger Types
 Maintaining Logs

SQL Course | Triggers | Maintaining Logs

 Triggers

CREATE TRIGGER TriggerName ON TableName

WHEN AFTER INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
BEGIN
WHAT -- SQL STATEMENTS GO HERE
END

SQL Course | Triggers | Syntax