Q1.Draw and explain fiber optic cable.

Ans:
Diagram:

Fiber optic cable:

∙ A fiber-optic cable is made up of glass or plastic.
∙ It transmits signals in the form of light.
∙ The outer jacket is made up of PVC or Teflon.
∙ Kevlar strands are placed inside the jacket to strengthen the cable.
∙ Below the Kevlar strands, there is another plastic coating which acts as a
cushion.
∙ The fiber is at the center of the cable, and it consists of cladding and glass core.
∙ The density of the cladding is less than that of the core.
∙ Optical fibers use the principle of ‘reflection’ to pass light through a channel.

Q2. Q.Draw a neat diagram of twisted pair cable and state its type
A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own
plastic insulation, twisted together, as shown in Figure.
Types of Twisted–Pair Cables
There are two types of twisted pair cables –
∙ Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): These generally comprise of wires and
insulators. Unshielded twisted pair cables are classified into seven categories –
∙ Category 1 − UTP used in telephone lines with data rate < 0.1 Mbps
∙ Category 2 − UTP used in transmission lines with a data rate of 2 Mbps
∙ Category 3 − UTP used in LANs with a data rate of 10 Mbps
∙ Category 4 − UTP used in Token Ring networks with a data rate of 20 Mbps
∙ Category 5 − UTP used in LANs with a data rate of 100 Mbps
∙ Category 6 − UTP used in LANs with a data rate of 200 Mbps
● Category 7 − STP used in LANs with a data rate of 10 Mbps
∙ Shielded Twisted Pair ( STP ): STP cable has a metal foil or braided mesh covering
that encases each pair of insulated conductors

Q3. Define and Types of guided and unguided communication media

1. Guided Media (Wired Communication)
Guided media involve physical paths or channels that guide signals from sender to
receiver.
Types of Guided Media:
● Twisted Pair Cable:
Consists of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together. Commonly
used in telephony and LANs.
Examples: UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), STP (Shielded Twisted Pair).
● Coaxial Cable:
Has a central conductor, insulating layer, metallic shield, and outer
insulating layer. Used for cable TV and broadband internet.
Examples: RG-6, RG-59.
● Fiber Optic Cable:
Uses light signals transmitted through glass or plastic fibers. Offers high
bandwidth and low attenuation over long distances.
Examples: Single-mode fiber, Multi-mode fiber.
2. Unguided Media (Wireless Communication)
Unguided media transmit data through the air or space without physical means.
Types of Unguided Media:
 ● Radio Waves:
Covers large distances, used for AM/FM radio, television, and wireless
LANs. Operates in low-frequency ranges.
Examples: Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz), Bluetooth.
● Microwaves:
Higher frequencies than radio waves, requiring line-of-sight transmission.
Used in satellite communication and cellular networks.
Examples: Satellite links, terrestrial microwave links.
● Infrared:
Used for short-range communication, such as remote controls and short-
distance data transfer. Requires direct line of sight.
Examples: TV remote controls, IrDA ports.
● Satellite Communication:
Relays signals between sender and receiver via satellites in Earth's orbit.
Useful for broadcasting and long-distance telecommunication.
Each medium has its own set of advantages, limitations, and typical use cases,
depending on factors like bandwidth requirements, distance, cost, and
environmental conditions.

Q4. Explain satellite communication.

1. Satellite is a manmade system which is kept in continuous rotation around the
earth in a specific orbit at a specific height above the earth and with specific
speed.
2. In satellite communication, signal transferring between the sender and receiver
is done with the help of satellite.
3. In this process, the signal which is basically a beam of modulated microwaves
is sent towards the satellite called UPLINK (6 GHz).
4. . Then the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back to the receiver’s
antenna present on the earth’s surface called as DOWNLINK (4Ghz), as shown in
the diagram given:
5 . As the entire signal transferring is happening in space. Thus this type of
communication is known as space communication. The satellite does the
functions of an antenna and the repeater together. If the earth along with its
ground stations is revolving and the satellite is stationery, the sending and
receiving earth stations and the satellite can be out of sync over time.
 6. Therefore Geosynchronous satellites are used which move at same RPM as
that of the earth in the same direction.
7. So the relative position of the ground station with respect to the satellite never
changes.
8. However 3 satellites are needed to cover earth’s surface entirely.

Q. State various Computer Network applications

Ans: Computer Network Applications:
1. File Sharing
2. Printer Sharing
3. Application Services
4. E-mail Services
5. Remote access
6. Internet & Intranet

Q5. Q. Describe line of sight transmission.

Ans:
Line of sight communication
∙ Line of sight (LOS) is a type of communication that can transmit and receive data
only where transmit and receive stations are in view of each other without any
sort of an obstacle between them.
∙ Transmitting and receiving media should be in line of sight.
∙ In line of sight communication, very high frequency signals are transmitted in
straight lines directly from antenna to antenna.
∙ Antenna must be directional, facing each other, and either tall enough or close
enough together not to be effected by the curvature of earth.
∙ Above 30 MHz, neither ground wave nor sky wave propagation modes operate,
and communication must be by line of sight
∙ For satellite communication, a signal above 30 MHz is not reflected by the
ionosphere and therefore a signal can be transmitted between an earth station
and a satellite overhead that is not beyond the horizon. For ground-based
communication the transmitting and receiving antennas must be within an
effective line of sight of each other.
This is better understood with the help of the following diagram:

The figure depicts this mode of propagation very clearly. The line-of-sight
propagation will not be smooth if there occurs any obstacle in its transmission
path. As the signal can travel only to lesser distances in this mode, this
transmission is used for infrared or microwave transmissions.
Q1. Define following terms: -
i) Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a
protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating, just as a
person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only
Japanese.
ii) Bandwidth: The bandwidth of a composite signal is the difference between
the highest and the lowest frequencies contained in that signal. For
example, if a composite signal contains frequencies between 1000 and
5000, its bandwidth is 5000 - 1000, or 4000.
iii) Bit Rate: Bit rate is simply the number of bits (i.e., 0's and 1's) transmitted
per unit time.
iv) Baud Rate: Baud rate is the number of signal units transmitted per unit
time that is needed to represent those bits.
v) Computer Network: A computer network is a group of computer systems
and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through
communication channels to facilitate communication and resource sharing
among a wide range of users.

Q2. All modes of data communication with diagram explain.

Ans:
Transmission mode refers to the mechanism of transferring of data between two
devices connected over a network. It is also called Communication Mode. These
modes direct the direction of flow of information. There are three types of
transmission modes. They are:
∙ Simplex Mode
∙ Half duplex Mode
∙ Full duplex Mode
1. In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, as on a one-way
street. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other can
only receive. The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel
to send data in one direction. Keyboards, traditional monitors and printers
are examples of simplex devices.
 2. In half-duplex mode, each station can both transmit and receive, but not at
the same time. When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa. The half-duplex mode is used in cases where there is no need for
communication in both directions at the same time. The entire capacity of
the channel can be utilized for each direction -for example: Walkie-talkies.

3. In full-duplex mode both stations can transmit and receive data simultaneously.
The transmission medium sharing can occur in two ways, namely, either the link
must contain two physically separate transmission paths or the capacity of the
channel is divided between signals traveling in both directions .One common
example of full-duplex communication is the telephone network. When two
people are communicating by a telephone line, both can talk and listen at the
same time.
Q3. Describe the components of data communication with neat diagram
Ans :
Components of data communication: -

Figure: components of data communication

1. Message - It is the information to be communicated. Popular forms of
information include text, pictures, audio, video etc. Text is converted to binary,
number doesn’t converted, image is converted to pixels, etc.
2. Sender - It is the device which sends the data messages. It can be a computer,
workstation, telephone handset etc.
3. Receiver - It is the device which receives the data messages. It can be a
computer, workstation, telephone handset etc.
4. Transmission Medium - It is the physical path by which a message travels from
sender to receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, radio
waves etc.
5. Protocol - It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It
represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a
protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating.
Application :Internet Access and Communication ,File Sharing ,cloud computing ,
Remote Access, Online Services, Distributed Systems, internet of things,
healthcare, gaming ,Business Application
Q. Classify the network based on geographical area and transmission technology
Ans: Classification of networks based on geography:
● LAN-Local Area Network
● WAN Wide Area Network
● CAN- Campus Area Network
● PAN Personal Area Network

LAN: LAN is local area network. LAN is privately-owned networks covering a small
geographic area(less than 1 km), like a home, office, building or group of
buildings. LAN transmits data with a speed of several megabits per second.
MAN: A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that
spans a metropolitan area or campus. 2. A MAN typically covers an area up to 10
kms (city). The best example of MAN is the cable Television network, available in
many cities.
WAN: WAN is wide area network. WAN is a long-distance communication
network that covers a wide geographic area, such as state or country. The most
common example is internet.
Q5. Difference Between analog and digital signal